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Anatomy & Physiology 208 > Respiratory Anatomy > Flashcards

Respiratory Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

functions of the respiratory system

A
  • supply o2, dispose of co2
  • vocalization
  • olfaction
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2
Q

respiration equation

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> ATP + 6CO2 + 6H2O

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3
Q

4 processes of respiration

A
  1. pulmonary ventilation
  2. external respiration
  3. transportation of respiratory gases
  4. internal respiration
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4
Q

pulmonary ventilation (respiratory system)

A

(breathing) inspiration + expiration
- air moving in and out of the lungs

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5
Q

external respiration (respiratory system)

A
  • o2 diffuses from the lungs into the blood
  • co2 diffuses from the blood into the lungs
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6
Q

transportation of respiratory gases (cardiovascular system)

A

completed by the cardiovascular system - blood is the vehicle

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7
Q

internal respiration (cardiovascular system)

A
  • o2 diffuses from blood into the tissue cells
  • co2 diffuses from the tissue cells into the blood
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8
Q

major organs of respiratory system

A

Nose, nasal cavity, and paranasal sinuses
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi + Branches
Lungs + Alveoli
- not formally included, but essential: diaphragm + intercostal muscles

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9
Q

upper respiratory system organs

A

Nose -> Larynx

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10
Q

lower respiratory system organs

A

Larynx -> Alveoli

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11
Q

upper respiratory system

A
  • part of the conducting zone
  • fairly rigid conduits down to the microscopic sites of gas exchange
  • functions to warm, humidify, and filter air (preparing air to be exchanged)
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12
Q

functions of the nose

A

Provides an airway
Moistens and warms entering air
Filters/cleans entering air
Serves as a resonating chamber for speech
Houses olfactory receptors

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13
Q

Two Regions of the nose

A

1- External Nose and 2 -Nasal Cavity
- External nose is nasal, frontal, maxillary bones + hyaline cartilage
- Nasal cavity is within and posterior to the external nose – divided by nasal septum
- Roof formed by the ethmoid and sphenoid bones; floor formed by hard and soft palates

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14
Q

olfactory mucosa

A

contains olfactory epithelium with smell receptors

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15
Q

respiratory mucosa

A

lines the remainder of the nasal cavity
- Pseudostratified, ciliated, columnar epithelium
- Mucus and serous secretions contain lysozyme and defensins
- Inspired air is warmed by plexuses of capillaries and veins
- A rich supply of sensory nerve endings will trigger a sneeze upon contact with irritants

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16
Q

cilia

A

within respiratory mucosa
- move contaminated mucus posteriorly to the throat for swallowing/digestion
- slowed by cold temperatures and harmed by smoking

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17
Q

nasal conchae

A
  • 3 conchae protrude medially from each lateral wall of the cavity - superior, middle, and inferior
  • Covered in mucosa
  • Increase mucosal surface area and turbulence for enhanced warming/filtering
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18
Q

nasal meatus

A

the groove inferior to each concha

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19
Q

inhalation

A

air is filtered, warmed, moistened

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20
Q

exhalation

A

heat and moisture are reclaimed

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21
Q

paranasal sinuses

A

form ring around nasal cavity
- located in frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones

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22
Q

paranasal sinus functions

A
  • lighten the skull
  • give resonance to the voice
  • produce mucus/warm and moisten the air
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23
Q

pharynx

A

muscular tube from the base of the skull
- called the throat
- connects the nasal cavity and mouth to the larynx and esophagus
- composed of skeletal muscle

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24
Q

three regions of the pharynx

A
  • nasopharynx
  • oropharynx
  • laryngopharynx
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25
Q

nasopharynx

A

passageway for air posterior to the nasal cavity
- lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium
- soft palate and uvula close it during swallowing
- posterior wall contains pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids)

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26
Q

pharyngotympanic tubes

A

within the nasophaynx - drain the middle ear cavities and allow middle ear pressre to equalize with atmospheric pressure
- protected by tubal tonsils

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27
Q

orophayrnx

A

passageway for food and air
- lined by protective stratified squamous epithelium
- paired palatine tonsils are embedded in lateral walls
- lingual tonsil exists on posterior surface of tongue
- soft palate -> epiglottis

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28
Q

laryngopharynx

A
  • passageway for food and air
  • lined by stratified squamous epithelium
  • posterior to the upright epiglottis/larynx, extends to the inferior edge of the cricoid cartilage
  • continuous with esophagus
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29
Q

larynx

A
  • voice box
  • attaches to hyoid bone + extends from c3-c6
  • continuous with trachea
  • arrangement of 9 cartilages connected by membranes/ligaments
  • all cartilage is hyaline (except epiglottis)
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30
Q

larynx 3 functions

A
  • provides a patent airway
  • routes air and food into the proper channels
  • produces sound/vocalization - houses vocal folds
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31
Q

thyroid cartilage (larynx)

A

large, shaped like a shield
- laryngeal prominence = adam’s apple
- secondary to secretion of sex hormes during puberty, it’s larger in males

32
Q

cricoid cartilage (larynx)

A

ring shaped
- 3 small, paired cartilages form posterior and lateral walls
- arytenoid, cuneiform, corniculate

33
Q

epiglottis (larynx)

A

flexible, spoon shaped, elastic cartilage
- covers the laryngeal inlet during swallowing

34
Q

cough reflex (larynx)

A

triggered by anything other than air entering the airway

35
Q

vocal ligaments (larynx)

A

deep to the laryngeal mucosa, attach arytenoid cartilages to the thyroid cartilage, form the core of the vocal folds

36
Q

vocal folds (larynx)

A

true vocal cords
- vibrate to produce sound as air rushes up
- lack blood vessels and appear pearly white
- glottis: the opening between the vocal folds

37
Q

vestibular folds (larynx)

A

false vocal cords
- lie superiorly to the vocal cords
- play no part in sound production
- assist in closing the glottis during swallowing

38
Q

speech

A

intermittent release of expired air while opening and closing the glottis

39
Q

vocal pitch

A

determined by the length and tension of the vocal cords
- as the layrnx grows, the vocal fold become thicker and longer - the voice deepens

40
Q

volume

A

determined by force of air - no vibration with a whisper

41
Q

vocal quality

A

determined by the resonating chambers og the pharynx and the oral, nasal, and sinus cavities

42
Q

enunciation

A

determined by the activity of the muscles of the pharynx, tongue, soft palate, and lips

43
Q

sphincter function

A

vocal folds can act as a sphincter to prevent air passage during the valsalva maneuver

44
Q

trachea

A
  • windpipe
  • extends from layrnx down to mediastinum
  • 3 layers
  • flexible enough to move inferiorly and stretch during inspiration and recoil during exhalation; cartilage rings prevent collapse
  • posterior surface of tracheal rings are connected by smooth muscle trachealis - allows esophagus to expand when food is swallowed
45
Q

3 layers of trachea

A

mucosa, submucosa, adventitia

46
Q

mucosa

A

ciliated, psuedostratified epithelium with goblet cells

47
Q

submucosa

A

connective tissue with seromucous glands

48
Q

adventitia

A

connective tissue, encases 16-20 c-shaped hyaline cartilage rings

49
Q

carina

A

projects posteriorly from the inner surface of the last tracheal cartilage, marks the point where the trachea branches into the 2 main bronchi

50
Q

heimlich maneuver

A
  • in response to obstructed trachea
  • only to be used on conscious adults who can’t speak, breathe, or cough
  • exerts pressure on diaphragm to compress lungs and and force air out of the airway
51
Q

bronchial tree

A

pattern of air passageways in the lungs that branch ~23 times

52
Q

bronchi

A
  • trachea divides into right and left main bronchi at about T7
  • main bronchi plunge into hilum of each lung
  • right main bronchi is wider, shorter, and more vertical than the left
  • inside the lung, each main bronchi divides into lobar or secondary bronchi
53
Q

lobar bronch

A

divide into segmental or tertiary bronchi

54
Q

bronchioles

A

bronchi less the 1 mm in diameter

55
Q

terminal bronchioles

A

smallest bronchioles, less than .5mm in diameter

56
Q

respiratory zone

A

defined by the presence of thin-walled air sacs called alveoli; begins when the terminal bronchioles feed into respiratory bronchioles
Respiratory Bronchioles -> Alveolar Ducts -> Alveolar Sacs -> Alveoli

57
Q

alveoli

A

provide tremendous surface area for gas exchange
- ~300 million alveoli make up most of the volume of each lung
- external surfaces of the alveoli are densely covered with pulmonary capillaries

58
Q

respiratory membrane

A

alveolar and capillary walls + their fused basement membranes
- only about .5μm thick - gases are exchanged by simple diffusion

59
Q

type I alveolar cells

A

a single layer of squamous epithelial cells that make up alveolar walls
- 15x thinner than tissue paper

60
Q

type II alveolar cells

A

scattered, cuboidal cells that secrete surfactant and antimicrobial proteins

61
Q

surfactant

A

fluid that contains a detergent-like substance; coats the gas-exposed alveolar surfaces

62
Q

alveolar macrophages

A

crawl freely along the internal alveolar surfaces consuming bacteria, dust, and other debris

63
Q

surroundings of alveoli

A

fine, elastic fibers and pulmonary capillaries

64
Q

alveolar pores

A

openings that connect adjacent alveoli
- equalize air pressure throughout the lung
- allow for re-routing in the event of collapsed/diseased alveoli
– aged and dead macrophages get swept up in the ciliary current and carried to the pharynx (abt 2mil/hour)

65
Q

lungs position

A

outside of the mediastinum, the lungs fill the thoracic cavity
- cling tightly to the thoracic wall - they passively expand and recoil in response to changes in the volume of the thoracic cavity

66
Q

apex

A

lung’s superior tip, deep to the clavicle

67
Q

base

A

lungs inferior surface, rests on the diaphragm

68
Q

hilum

A

on the mediastinal surface; site of entry/exit of blood vessels, bronchi, lymphatic vessels, and nerves

69
Q

left lung

A

two lobes, smaller than the right
- cardiac notch: the concavity/impression of the heart
- oblique fissure: separates the superior/inferior lobes

70
Q

right lung

A

3 lobes, larger than the left
- horizontal fissure: separates superior and middle lobes
- oblique fissure: separates the middle and inferior lobes

71
Q

pleurae

A

thin, double layered serosa (parietal/visceral)

72
Q

parietal pleura

A

lines the thoracic wall, superior surface of the diaphragm, around the heart, and between the lungs

73
Q

visceral pleura

A

lines the external surface of the lungs

74
Q

pleural cavity

A

slit-like space between the parietal and visceral pleurae

75
Q

pleural fluid

A

produced by the pleurae, fills the cavity
- provides both lubrication and surface tension

76
Q

pleurisy

A

inflammation of the pleurae - causes increased friction
- typically results from pneumonia
- symptom: stabbing pain with each breath
- as disease progresses, extra fluid is produced - friction and pain are reduced, but pressure is exerted on the lungs

77
Q

pleural effusion

A

fluid accumulation in the pleural cavity, can sometimes be drained

Anatomy & Physiology 208 (39 decks)

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