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Phase 1 Med > Respiratory - Anatomy > Flashcards

Respiratory - Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of the nose?

A
  • Warm inspired air
  • Humidify inspired air
  • Filter inspired air: cilia in nose
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2
Q

What do the anterior nares open onto?

A

Nasal vestibule

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3
Q

What is the nasal vestibule?

A

Area lined with skin epithelium and hairs, just past nostrils.

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4
Q

What are turbinates/concha?

A

Sections of bone ion the nasal cavity

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5
Q

What are the 3 meatuses and what are the divided by?

A
  • Superior, middle and inferior

- Separated by concha

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6
Q

What are the paranasal sinuses?

A
  • Pneumatised ares (hollow/air-cell filled bone)
  • Areas of the frontal, maxillary, ethmois and sphenoid bones.
    Arranged in pairs at each side.
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7
Q

Describe the frontal sinus (including innervation)

A
  • Made from the frontal bone
  • Lie over orbit
  • Innervated by the opthalmic division of the Trigeminal Nerve
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8
Q

Describe the maxillary sinus (including innervation)

A
  • Made from body of maxilla
  • Pyramidal shape
  • Innervated by maxillary division of Trigeminal Nerve
  • Roof: floor of orbit
  • Floor: Alveolar process (bone with teeth sockets in)
  • Opens into middle meatus
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9
Q

Describe the ethmoid sinus (including innervation)

A
  • Lies between the eyes

- Innervated by the opthalmic and maxillary divisions of the Trigeminal Nerve

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10
Q

Describe the sphenoid sinus (including innervation)

A
  • Innervated by the opthalmic branch of Trigeminal Nerve
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11
Q

Where does the pharynx begin and end?

A

Base of skull to cricoid cartilage (at C6)

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12
Q

What is the pharynx made up of?

A
  • Nasopharynx
  • Oropharynx
  • Laryngeopharynx
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13
Q

Where does the nasopharynx go from and to?

A

Base of skull to soft palate

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14
Q

Where does the oropharynx go from and to?

A

Soft palate to superior border of epiglottis

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15
Q

Where does the laryngopharynx go from and to?

A

Superior border of epiglottis to cricoid cartilage (at C6)

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16
Q

What is the origin of the superior pharyngeal constrictor?

A

Pterigoid plate and pterygomandibular raphe

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17
Q

What is the origin of the middle pharyngeal constrictor?

A

Hyoid bone

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18
Q

What is the origin of the inferior pharyngeal constrictor?

A

Thyroid and cricoid cartilage

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19
Q

What are the pharyngeal constrictors innervated by?

A

Pharyngeal branch of vagus nerve

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20
Q

What is the function of the pharyngeal constrictors?

A

Contract sequentially to propel food to oesophagus

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21
Q

What are the 3 longitudinal pharyngeal muscles?

A
  • Stylopharangeus
  • Palatopharygeus
  • Salpingopharyngeus
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22
Q

What is the origin of the stylopharyngeus muscle?

A
  • Styloid process of frontal bone to pharynx
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23
Q

What is the function of the longitudinal pharyngeal muscles?

A

Shorten, widen and elevate the pharynx

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24
Q

What is contained within the carotid sheath?

A
  • Carotid artery
  • Jugular vein
  • Vagus nerve
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25
Q

What epithelium lines the nasopharynx?

A

Respiratory epithelium - ciliated pseudo-stratified coloumnar with goblet cells

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26
Q

What epithelium lines the oropharynx and laryngopharynx?

A

Non-keratinised stratified squamous

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27
Q

Which part of the pharynx contains the eustachian tube and what is its role?

A

Nasopharynx - goes from here to middle ear, equalises air pressure.

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28
Q

What are the 3 unpaired cartilages of the larynx?

A
  • Thyroid
  • Cricoid
  • Epiglottis
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29
Q

What are the 3 paired cartilages of the larynx?

A
  • Cuneiform
  • Corniculate
  • Arytenoid
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30
Q

Where does the thyroid membrane go from and to?

A

Superior aspect of thyroid cartilage to hyoid bone

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31
Q

Where does the cricothyroid membrane go from and to?

A

Thyroid cartilage to cricoid cartilage

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32
Q

What are the extrinsic muscles of the larynx?

A

Suprahyoid, infrahyoid

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33
Q

What is the role of the suprahyoid muscles?

A

Elevate larynx

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34
Q

What is the role of the infrahyoid muscles?

A

Depress larynx

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35
Q

What is the role of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx?

A

Control shape of glottis and length of vocal cords

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36
Q

Name an intrinsic muscle of the larynx and its origins

A

Cricothyroid muscle from cricoid cartilage to thyroid cartilage

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37
Q

What does the superior laryngeal nerve split into?

A

Internal and external

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38
Q

What is the role of the internal laryngeal nerve?

A

Provides sensation for larynx

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39
Q

What is the role of the external laryngeal nerve?

A

Innervates the cricothyroid muscle (motor)

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40
Q

What is the role of the recurrent laryngeal nerve?

A

Innervates all muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid (motor)

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41
Q

What is the afferent nerve in the cough reflex?

A

Internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve

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42
Q

Where is the thyroid gland located?

A

Anterior neck, between C5-T1, wrapped around cricoid cartilage, below thyroid cartilage

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43
Q

What is the structure of the thyroid gland?

A

Left and right lobes joined by isthmus

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44
Q

What supplies the thyroid gland with blood?

A

Superior and inferior thyroid arteries

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45
Q

What is the superior thyroid artery a branch of and what does it supply?

A
  • 1st branch of external carotid artery.

- Supplies superior and anterior part of thyroid gland.

46
Q

What is the inferior thyroid artery a branch of and what does it supply?

A
  • Branch of thryocervical trunk, which is in turn a branch of the subclavian artery.
  • Supplies posterior and inferior part of thyroid gland.
47
Q

What makes up the venous plexus for venous drainage of the thyroid gland?

A

Superior, middle and inferior thyroid veins

48
Q

What do the superior and middle thyroid veins drain into?

A

Internal jugular vein

49
Q

What does the inferior thyroid vein drain into?

A

Brachiocephalic vein

50
Q

What is the anterior triangle of the neck bounded by superiorly?

A

Inferior border of mandible

51
Q

What is the anterior triangle of the neck bounded by laterally?

A

Medial border of sternocleidomastoid

52
Q

What is the anterior triangle of the neck bounded by medially?

A

Imaginary line down midline of body

53
Q

What is the origin and insertion of sternocleidomastoid?

A
  • Origin: Manubrium of sternum and the clavicle

- Insertion: Mastoid process of temporal bone (pokes out behind ear)

54
Q

What is the function of the sternocleidomastoid muscle?

A
  • Allows head to turn
  • Allows head to move towards chest
  • Elevates sternum and clavicle to expand thoracic cavity during heavy breathing (accessory muscle)
55
Q

What type of innervation do the layers of the pleura have?

A
  • Parietal: Pain sensation

- Visceral: Only autonomic

56
Q

What are the 2 types of blood circulation in the lungs and what do they do?

A
  • Bronchial: Supplies lung tissue

- Pulmonary: Blood taken to lungs to be oxygenated

57
Q

What is the path of the upper airway?

A

Trachea - main bronchi (L+R) - lobar bronchi - segmental bronchi - terminal bronchioles - respiratory bronchioles - alveolar ducts - alveoli

58
Q

Which parts of the upper airway are conducting and respiratory?

A
  • Conducting: trachea, main bronchi, lobar bronchi, segmental bronchi, terminal bronchioles

Respiratory: respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and sacs

59
Q

What is the carina and what level is it at?

A
  • Division of the L+R main bronchi

- At T5

60
Q

How do the main bronchi split at the carina and what implications does this have?

A
  • Right is more horizontal than left, meaning food etc more likely to get stuck and cause choking than in left.
61
Q

What branches do the lobar bronchi have?

A
  • Right: to upper middle and lower lobes of lung

- Left: to upper and lower lobes of lung

62
Q

How many branches do the left and right segmental bronchi have in total?

A

Right: 10
Left: 8

63
Q

Where is smooth muscle found in the airways?

A

Main bronchi - bronchioles

64
Q

Where are partial cartilagenous rings found in the airways?

A

Main bronchi to segmental bronchi

65
Q

Where is respiratory epithelium found in the airways?

A

Trachea to bronchioles

66
Q

Where are seromucinous glands and goblet cells found in the airways?

A

Main bronchi to segmental bronchi (small amounts of goblet cells in bronchioles)

67
Q

Where are Clara cells found in the airways?

A

In bronchioles

68
Q

What is the role of Clara cells?

A
  • Function relatively unknown

- Lots of sER and mitochondria

69
Q

How many lobes does the right lung have and what are they called?

A

3 - superior, middle and inferior

70
Q

How many lobes does the left lung have and what are they called?

A

2 - superior and inferior

71
Q

What separates the lobes of the lungs?

A

Right: horizontal and oblique fissures
Left: oblique fissure

72
Q

In which lung can an indentation be found on one border, what is it called, and what is it caused by?

A
  • Left lung
  • Cardiac notch
  • Caused by ventricle of heart
73
Q

What are the hilum of the lungs?

A

Where vessels enter/leave the lung. Only point of contact between lung and rest of body.

74
Q

What vessels/structures are within the hilum?

A
  • Bronchus
  • Pulmonary artery
  • 2 pulmonary veins
75
Q

How can you tell the difference between the left and right hilum?

A

In the right one, everyhting is more unofrm. I.e. the veins are next to each other

76
Q

What are the costodiaphragmatic and costomediastinal recesses?

A
  • Costodiaphragmatic recess: potential space in pleurae of lung on the diaphragmatic surface.
  • Costomediastinal recess: potential space in pleurae of lung on mediastnal surface. Most obvious in gap between cardiac notch and pleura of left lung
77
Q

What is the surface marking for the apex of the lungs?

A

3cm above clavicle

78
Q

What is the surface marking for the lower border of the lungs?

A

T6 (midclavicular)
T8 (midaxillary)
T10 (posteriorly)

79
Q

What is the surface marking for the lower border of the pleural cavity?

A

T8 (midclavicular)
T10 (midaxillary)
T12 (posteriorly)

80
Q

What are the 3 opening in the diaphragm and what level are they at?

A
  • Caval opening = T8 (vena cava - 8 letters)
  • Oesophageal hiatus = T10 (oesophagus - 10 letters)
  • Aortic hiatus = T12 (12 letters)
81
Q

Where does the azygous vein enter the mediastinum?

A

Aortic hiatus of diaphragm

82
Q

Where does the azygous vein drain into?

A

Superior vena cava

83
Q

Where does the hemiazygous vein enter the mediastinum?

A

Left crus of diaphragm

84
Q

Where does the hemiazygous vein drain into?

A

Turns right at T8 to join azygous vein

85
Q

Where is the thoracic duct found?

A

Right side of lower oesophagus

86
Q

What is the function of the thoracic duct?

A

Drain lymph from the bottom half of the body back into the bloodstream

87
Q

Where does the thoracic duct drain?

A

Between left subclavian and left internal jugular vein

88
Q

Where is the sympathetic trunk located?

A

Runs alongside verterbal bodies

89
Q

What is the sympathetic trunk?

A

Series of ganglia connected by nerve fibres

90
Q

How many ganglia of the sympathetic trunk in the neck, thorax and abdomen?

A
  • Neck: 3

- Thorax and abdomen: 1 per vertebra

91
Q

Which ganglia of the sympathetic trunk form the splanchnic nerves?

92
Q

Which ganglia of the sympathetic trunk form greater, lesser and least splanchnic nerves?

A
  • Greater: T5-T9
  • Lesser: T10-T11
  • Least: T12
93
Q

What do the greater, lesser and least splanchnic nerves supply?

A
  • Greater: foregut
  • Lesser: midgut
  • Least: hindgut
94
Q

What is the surface marking of the apex of the heart?

A
  • 5th intercostal space, midclavicular line
95
Q

How many layers of intercostal muscles are there? What are they called? What direction do they run in?

A

3: innermost (top to bottom), internal (top left to bottom right), external (top right to bottom left)

96
Q

What is the acromion process of the scapula?

A

The bony part on top of the shoulder

97
Q

What is the suprasternal notch?

A

Dip visible in the idline of the neck

98
Q

What is the sternal angle?

A

Where the manubrium and body of the sternum join

99
Q

What is the xiphoid process?

A

The part sticking out of the bottom of the body of the sternum

100
Q

What is the origin of the pectoralis major?

A

Clavicle, sternum and costal cartilages

101
Q

What is the insertion of the pectoralis major?

102
Q

What is the innervation of the pectoralis major?

A

Medial and lateral pectoral nerves

103
Q

What is the action of the pectoralis major?

A
  • Adduction of the arm

- Medial (inwards) rotation of the humerus

104
Q

What is the origin of the pectoralis minor?

105
Q

What is the insertion of the pectoralis minor?

A

Carocoid process of scapula

106
Q

What is the innervation of the pectoralis minor?

A

Medial pectoral nerve

107
Q

What is the action of the pectoralis minor?

A

Protraction of shoulder

108
Q

What is the origin of the serratus anterior?

A

Lower 8 ribs

109
Q

What is the insertion of the serratus anterior?

A

Costal border of scapula (i.e. insdie)

110
Q

What is the action of the serratus anterior?

A

Protraction of scapula

111
Q

What is the innervation of the serratus anterior?

A

Long thoracic nerve

Phase 1 Med (20 decks)

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