Respiratory - Anatomy Flashcards
1
Q
What is the role of the nose?
A
- Warm inspired air
- Humidify inspired air
- Filter inspired air: cilia in nose
2
Q
What do the anterior nares open onto?
A
Nasal vestibule
3
Q
What is the nasal vestibule?
A
Area lined with skin epithelium and hairs, just past nostrils.
4
Q
What are turbinates/concha?
A
Sections of bone ion the nasal cavity
5
Q
What are the 3 meatuses and what are the divided by?
A
- Superior, middle and inferior
- Separated by concha
6
Q
What are the paranasal sinuses?
A
- Pneumatised ares (hollow/air-cell filled bone)
- Areas of the frontal, maxillary, ethmois and sphenoid bones.
Arranged in pairs at each side.
7
Q
Describe the frontal sinus (including innervation)
A
- Made from the frontal bone
- Lie over orbit
- Innervated by the opthalmic division of the Trigeminal Nerve
8
Q
Describe the maxillary sinus (including innervation)
A
- Made from body of maxilla
- Pyramidal shape
- Innervated by maxillary division of Trigeminal Nerve
- Roof: floor of orbit
- Floor: Alveolar process (bone with teeth sockets in)
- Opens into middle meatus
9
Q
Describe the ethmoid sinus (including innervation)
A
- Lies between the eyes
- Innervated by the opthalmic and maxillary divisions of the Trigeminal Nerve
10
Q
Describe the sphenoid sinus (including innervation)
A
- Innervated by the opthalmic branch of Trigeminal Nerve
11
Q
Where does the pharynx begin and end?
A
Base of skull to cricoid cartilage (at C6)
12
Q
What is the pharynx made up of?
A
- Nasopharynx
- Oropharynx
- Laryngeopharynx
13
Q
Where does the nasopharynx go from and to?
A
Base of skull to soft palate
14
Q
Where does the oropharynx go from and to?
A
Soft palate to superior border of epiglottis
15
Q
Where does the laryngopharynx go from and to?
A
Superior border of epiglottis to cricoid cartilage (at C6)
16
Q
What is the origin of the superior pharyngeal constrictor?
A
Pterigoid plate and pterygomandibular raphe
17
Q
What is the origin of the middle pharyngeal constrictor?
A
Hyoid bone
18
Q
What is the origin of the inferior pharyngeal constrictor?
A
Thyroid and cricoid cartilage
19
Q
What are the pharyngeal constrictors innervated by?
A
Pharyngeal branch of vagus nerve
20
Q
What is the function of the pharyngeal constrictors?
A
Contract sequentially to propel food to oesophagus
21
Q
What are the 3 longitudinal pharyngeal muscles?
A
- Stylopharangeus
- Palatopharygeus
- Salpingopharyngeus
22
Q
What is the origin of the stylopharyngeus muscle?
A
- Styloid process of frontal bone to pharynx
23
Q
What is the function of the longitudinal pharyngeal muscles?
A
Shorten, widen and elevate the pharynx
24
Q
What is contained within the carotid sheath?
A
- Carotid artery
- Jugular vein
- Vagus nerve
25
What epithelium lines the nasopharynx?
Respiratory epithelium - ciliated pseudo-stratified coloumnar with goblet cells
26
What epithelium lines the oropharynx and laryngopharynx?
Non-keratinised stratified squamous
27
Which part of the pharynx contains the eustachian tube and what is its role?
Nasopharynx - goes from here to middle ear, equalises air pressure.
28
What are the 3 unpaired cartilages of the larynx?
- Thyroid
- Cricoid
- Epiglottis
29
What are the 3 paired cartilages of the larynx?
- Cuneiform
- Corniculate
- Arytenoid
30
Where does the thyroid membrane go from and to?
Superior aspect of thyroid cartilage to hyoid bone
31
Where does the cricothyroid membrane go from and to?
Thyroid cartilage to cricoid cartilage
32
What are the extrinsic muscles of the larynx?
Suprahyoid, infrahyoid
33
What is the role of the suprahyoid muscles?
Elevate larynx
34
What is the role of the infrahyoid muscles?
Depress larynx
35
What is the role of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx?
Control shape of glottis and length of vocal cords
36
Name an intrinsic muscle of the larynx and its origins
Cricothyroid muscle from cricoid cartilage to thyroid cartilage
37
What does the superior laryngeal nerve split into?
Internal and external
38
What is the role of the internal laryngeal nerve?
Provides sensation for larynx
39
What is the role of the external laryngeal nerve?
Innervates the cricothyroid muscle (motor)
40
What is the role of the recurrent laryngeal nerve?
Innervates all muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid (motor)
41
What is the afferent nerve in the cough reflex?
Internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve
42
Where is the thyroid gland located?
Anterior neck, between C5-T1, wrapped around cricoid cartilage, below thyroid cartilage
43
What is the structure of the thyroid gland?
Left and right lobes joined by isthmus
44
What supplies the thyroid gland with blood?
Superior and inferior thyroid arteries
45
What is the superior thyroid artery a branch of and what does it supply?
- 1st branch of external carotid artery.
| - Supplies superior and anterior part of thyroid gland.
46
What is the inferior thyroid artery a branch of and what does it supply?
- Branch of thryocervical trunk, which is in turn a branch of the subclavian artery.
- Supplies posterior and inferior part of thyroid gland.
47
What makes up the venous plexus for venous drainage of the thyroid gland?
Superior, middle and inferior thyroid veins
48
What do the superior and middle thyroid veins drain into?
Internal jugular vein
49
What does the inferior thyroid vein drain into?
Brachiocephalic vein
50
What is the anterior triangle of the neck bounded by superiorly?
Inferior border of mandible
51
What is the anterior triangle of the neck bounded by laterally?
Medial border of sternocleidomastoid
52
What is the anterior triangle of the neck bounded by medially?
Imaginary line down midline of body
53
What is the origin and insertion of sternocleidomastoid?
- Origin: Manubrium of sternum and the clavicle
| - Insertion: Mastoid process of temporal bone (pokes out behind ear)
54
What is the function of the sternocleidomastoid muscle?
- Allows head to turn
- Allows head to move towards chest
- Elevates sternum and clavicle to expand thoracic cavity during heavy breathing (accessory muscle)
55
What type of innervation do the layers of the pleura have?
- Parietal: Pain sensation
| - Visceral: Only autonomic
56
What are the 2 types of blood circulation in the lungs and what do they do?
- Bronchial: Supplies lung tissue
| - Pulmonary: Blood taken to lungs to be oxygenated
57
What is the path of the upper airway?
Trachea - main bronchi (L+R) - lobar bronchi - segmental bronchi - terminal bronchioles - respiratory bronchioles - alveolar ducts - alveoli
58
Which parts of the upper airway are conducting and respiratory?
- Conducting: trachea, main bronchi, lobar bronchi, segmental bronchi, terminal bronchioles
Respiratory: respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and sacs
59
What is the carina and what level is it at?
- Division of the L+R main bronchi
| - At T5
60
How do the main bronchi split at the carina and what implications does this have?
- Right is more horizontal than left, meaning food etc more likely to get stuck and cause choking than in left.
61
What branches do the lobar bronchi have?
- Right: to upper middle and lower lobes of lung
| - Left: to upper and lower lobes of lung
62
How many branches do the left and right segmental bronchi have in total?
Right: 10
Left: 8
63
Where is smooth muscle found in the airways?
Main bronchi - bronchioles
64
Where are partial cartilagenous rings found in the airways?
Main bronchi to segmental bronchi
65
Where is respiratory epithelium found in the airways?
Trachea to bronchioles
66
Where are seromucinous glands and goblet cells found in the airways?
Main bronchi to segmental bronchi (small amounts of goblet cells in bronchioles)
67
Where are Clara cells found in the airways?
In bronchioles
68
What is the role of Clara cells?
- Function relatively unknown
| - Lots of sER and mitochondria
69
How many lobes does the right lung have and what are they called?
3 - superior, middle and inferior
70
How many lobes does the left lung have and what are they called?
2 - superior and inferior
71
What separates the lobes of the lungs?
Right: horizontal and oblique fissures
Left: oblique fissure
72
In which lung can an indentation be found on one border, what is it called, and what is it caused by?
- Left lung
- Cardiac notch
- Caused by ventricle of heart
73
What are the hilum of the lungs?
Where vessels enter/leave the lung. Only point of contact between lung and rest of body.
74
What vessels/structures are within the hilum?
- Bronchus
- Pulmonary artery
- 2 pulmonary veins
75
How can you tell the difference between the left and right hilum?
In the right one, everyhting is more unofrm. I.e. the veins are next to each other
76
What are the costodiaphragmatic and costomediastinal recesses?
- Costodiaphragmatic recess: potential space in pleurae of lung on the diaphragmatic surface.
- Costomediastinal recess: potential space in pleurae of lung on mediastnal surface. Most obvious in gap between cardiac notch and pleura of left lung
77
What is the surface marking for the apex of the lungs?
3cm above clavicle
78
What is the surface marking for the lower border of the lungs?
T6 (midclavicular)
T8 (midaxillary)
T10 (posteriorly)
79
What is the surface marking for the lower border of the pleural cavity?
T8 (midclavicular)
T10 (midaxillary)
T12 (posteriorly)
80
What are the 3 opening in the diaphragm and what level are they at?
- Caval opening = T8 (vena cava - 8 letters)
- Oesophageal hiatus = T10 (oesophagus - 10 letters)
- Aortic hiatus = T12 (12 letters)
81
Where does the azygous vein enter the mediastinum?
Aortic hiatus of diaphragm
82
Where does the azygous vein drain into?
Superior vena cava
83
Where does the hemiazygous vein enter the mediastinum?
Left crus of diaphragm
84
Where does the hemiazygous vein drain into?
Turns right at T8 to join azygous vein
85
Where is the thoracic duct found?
Right side of lower oesophagus
86
What is the function of the thoracic duct?
Drain lymph from the bottom half of the body back into the bloodstream
87
Where does the thoracic duct drain?
Between left subclavian and left internal jugular vein
88
Where is the sympathetic trunk located?
Runs alongside verterbal bodies
89
What is the sympathetic trunk?
Series of ganglia connected by nerve fibres
90
How many ganglia of the sympathetic trunk in the neck, thorax and abdomen?
- Neck: 3
| - Thorax and abdomen: 1 per vertebra
91
Which ganglia of the sympathetic trunk form the splanchnic nerves?
T5 - T12
92
Which ganglia of the sympathetic trunk form greater, lesser and least splanchnic nerves?
- Greater: T5-T9
- Lesser: T10-T11
- Least: T12
93
What do the greater, lesser and least splanchnic nerves supply?
- Greater: foregut
- Lesser: midgut
- Least: hindgut
94
What is the surface marking of the apex of the heart?
- 5th intercostal space, midclavicular line
95
How many layers of intercostal muscles are there? What are they called? What direction do they run in?
3: innermost (top to bottom), internal (top left to bottom right), external (top right to bottom left)
96
What is the acromion process of the scapula?
The bony part on top of the shoulder
97
What is the suprasternal notch?
Dip visible in the idline of the neck
98
What is the sternal angle?
Where the manubrium and body of the sternum join
99
What is the xiphoid process?
The part sticking out of the bottom of the body of the sternum
100
What is the origin of the pectoralis major?
Clavicle, sternum and costal cartilages
101
What is the insertion of the pectoralis major?
Humerus
102
What is the innervation of the pectoralis major?
Medial and lateral pectoral nerves
103
What is the action of the pectoralis major?
- Adduction of the arm
| - Medial (inwards) rotation of the humerus
104
What is the origin of the pectoralis minor?
Ribs 3-5
105
What is the insertion of the pectoralis minor?
Carocoid process of scapula
106
What is the innervation of the pectoralis minor?
Medial pectoral nerve
107
What is the action of the pectoralis minor?
Protraction of shoulder
108
What is the origin of the serratus anterior?
Lower 8 ribs
109
What is the insertion of the serratus anterior?
Costal border of scapula (i.e. insdie)
110
What is the action of the serratus anterior?
Protraction of scapula
111
What is the innervation of the serratus anterior?
Long thoracic nerve
