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Phase 1 Med > Gastrointestinal - Anatomy > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal - Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the surface markings of the abdomen from top left?

A
  • Right hypochondrium
  • Epigastric
  • Left hypochondrium
  • Right flank/lumbar
  • Umbilical
  • Left flank/lumbar
  • Right iliac/groin
  • Pubic/hypogastric
  • Left iliac/groin
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2
Q

What are the retroperitoneal organs?

A 
Suprarenal (adrenal) glands
Aorta/IVC
Duodenum (2+3 segments)
Pancreas (except tail)
Ureters 
Colon (ascending and descending)
Kidney
(o)Esophagus 
Rectum
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3
Q

What does retroperitoneal mean?

A

Organs which only have peritoneum on their anterior surface.

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4
Q

What are primary retroperitoneal organs, and which organs are they?

A
  • Organs which developed AND remained outside of parietal peritoneum.
  • KER: Kidney, (o)esophagus, rectum
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5
Q

What are secondary retroperitoneal organs, and which organs are they?

A
  • Organs which were intraperitoneal but became retroperitoneal during embryological development.
  • Colon
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6
Q

What is the GI tract?

A

A hollow muscular tube from mouth to anus, which contains accessory organs.

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7
Q

List the course of the GI tract.

A 
Mouth 
Oral cavity
Pharynx
Oesophagus 
Stomach
Intestines
Rectum
Anus
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8
Q

List the accessory organs of the GI tract

A
  • Salivary glands
  • Liver
  • Pancreas
  • Gallbladder
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9
Q

What are the 4 basic layers of the entire GI tract?

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Serosa/Adventitia

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10
Q

What is the transpyloric plane of Addison?

A

Level at L1.

Location of gallbladder, pancreas and pylorus of stomach.

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11
Q

What is McBurney’s point?

A

2/3 of the way between the line that joins umbilicus and right anterior superior iliac spine.
Shows base of appendix.

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12
Q

What are the layers of the abdominal wall?

A
  • Skin
  • Fascia
  • Muscle
  • Parietal peritoneum
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13
Q

What is the fascia of the abdominal wall above and below the umbilicus?

A
  • Above: single layer.
  • Below:
    fatty layer - Camper’s
    membranous layer: Scarpa’s
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14
Q

What are the 2 groups of muscle in the abdominal wall and how many of each?

A
  • Flat: 3

- Vertical: 2

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15
Q

List the vertical and flat muscles of the abdominal wall.

A

Flat: external oblique, internal oblique, transversus abdominis.
Vertical: rectus abdominis, pyrimidalis.

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16
Q

What is the origin, attachment and innervation of the external oblique?

A
  • Origin: Ribs 5-12
  • Insertion: pubic tubercle and iliac crest
  • Innervation: T7-T12
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17
Q

What is the origin, attachment and innervation of the internal oblique?

A
  • Origin: Inguinal ligament and iliac crest
  • Insertion: Ribs 10 - 12
  • Innervation: T6-T12
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18
Q

What is the origin, attachment and innervation of the transversus abdominis?

A
  • Origin: Inguinal ligament, iliac crest, costal cartilages 7-12
  • Insertion: Xiphois process, pubic crest.
  • Innervation: T6-T12
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19
Q

What is the origin, attachment and innervation of the rectus abdominis?

A
  • Origin: Pubic crest
  • Insertion: Xiphoid process, costal cartilages 5-7
  • Innervation: T7-T11
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20
Q

What is an aponeurosis?

A

Where muscles meet/attach.

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21
Q

What is the linea alba?

A

An aponeurosis in the midline of all the flat muscles.

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22
Q

How is the inguinal ligament formed?

A

By the free border of the external oblique aponeurosis.

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23
Q

What is the rectus sheath?

A

Aponeurosis of the 3 flat muscles which encloses the vertical muscles.

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24
Q

What are the layers of the rectus sheath from top to bottom?

A
  • External oblique
  • Internal oblique
  • Transversus abdominis
  • Transversalis fascia
  • Parietal peritoneum
  • ** Rectus abdominis lies in middle of this.
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25
Q

What is the peritoneum?

A

2 continuous layers, parietal and visceral, made of simple squamous epithelium.

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26
Q

What does the parietal peritoneum line?

A

The abdominal wall

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27
Q

What does the visceral peritoneum line?

A

Invaginates to line the viscera of the abdomen - i.e. the gut and other organs

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28
Q

What is the potential space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum called?

A

Peritoneal cavity

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29
Q

What is mesentery?

A

A double layer of visceral peritoneum usually connecting interperitoneal organs to the posterior abdominal wall.

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30
Q

What is the greater omentum?

A

4 layers of peritoneum, descending from the greater curvature of the stomach, looping back up to attach to the anterior surface of the transverse colon.

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31
Q

What is the lesser sac formed by?

A

The lesser and greater omentum and surrounding organs

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32
Q

Where is the lesser sac located?

A

Roughly behind the stomach

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33
Q

How are the greater and lesser sac connected?

A

By an opening in the lesser sac called the epiploic foramen

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34
Q

What is the pouch created by the peritoneum in the male pelvis called and where is it located?

A

Rectovesical pouch, between the bladder and rectum.

35
Q

What is the pouch created by the peritoneum in the female pelvis called and where is it located?

A

Rectouternine pouch (Pouch of Douglas). Between the rectum and posterior uterine wall

36
Q

What are the 4 parts of the stomach from oesophagus to duodenum?

A

Cardia, fundus, body, pylorus

37
Q

What are the 2 sphincters of the stomach and where are they located?

A
  • Inferior oesophageal: Where oesophagus and stomach meet.

- Pyloric: Between pylorus and duodenum

38
Q

What supplies blood to the lesser curvature of the stomach?

A

Right and left gastric arteries

39
Q

What supplies blood to the greater curvature of the stomach?

A

Right and left gastro-omental arteries

40
Q

What are the veins of the stomach and where do they run?

A

Right and left gastric veins, right and left gastro-omental veins. Run parallel to arteries.

41
Q

Where do the right and left gastric arteries drain?

A

Hepatic portal vein

42
Q

Where do the right and left gastro-omental arteries drain?

A

Superior mesenteric vein

43
Q

What are the 4 parts of the jejunum from stomach to jejunum?

A

Superior, descending, inferior, ascending

44
Q

What is the duodenum supplied blood by?

A
  • Gastroduodenal artery

- Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery

45
Q

Which part of the small intestine is in contact with the mesentery and what does this do?

A

Jejunum and ileum. Anchors them to the posterior abdominal wall.

46
Q

What are the differences between jejunum and ileum?

A

Jejunum:

  • Less complex arterial arcades.
  • Longer vasa recta.
  • More inner foldings (plicae circulares)
  • No fat in mesentery
47
Q

What are the jejunum and ileum supplied blood by?

A
  • Superior mesenteric artery which branches into arcades (loops), which then become vasa recta (long, straight arteries.)
48
Q

Where is venous drainage of the jejunum and ileum?

A
  • Superior mesenteric vein.
49
Q

What are the 5 parts of the large intestines?

A
  • Caecum
  • Appendix
  • Colon
  • Rectum
  • Anus
50
Q

What are the 4 parts of the colon?

A
  • Ascending
  • Transverse
  • Descending
  • Sigmoid
51
Q

What is the structure and function of the caecum?

A

Blind ended tube. Was used for cellulose digestion in ancestors, but now is just a reservoir for chyme from ileum.

52
Q

What is the structure and function of the veriform appendix?

A

Blind ended tube. Contains large amount of lymphoid tissue, but it has no vital function.

53
Q

In which region are the ceacum and appendix found?

A
  • Right iliac.
54
Q

Where does the caecum begin?

A

Ileo-caecal valve

55
Q

Where does the top of the appendix lie within the abdomen?

A

It’s position is highly variable.

56
Q

What is the blood supply to the caecum?

A

ileocolic artery (superior mesenteric)

57
Q

What is the venous drainage of the caecum?

A

ileocolic vein (superior mesenteric)

58
Q

What is the blood supply to the appendix?

A

Appendicular artery (superior mesenteric)

59
Q

What is the venous drainage of the appendix?

A

Appendicular vein (superior mesenteric)

60
Q

Where does the colon run?

A

From the caecum to anal canal.

61
Q

What is the function of the colon?

A

Receives digested food from the small intestines, absorbs water and ions to form faeces.

62
Q

Is the ascending colon retroperitoneal or intraperitoneal and within a mesentery?

A

Retroperitoneal

63
Q

What is the name if the 90 degree turn of the ascending colon and where does this occur?

A
  • Right colic (hepatic) flexure.

- Occurs at right lobe of liver.

64
Q

Where does the transverse colon run?

A

From the right colic (hepatic) flexure to the spleen.

65
Q

What is the name if the 90 degree turn of the transverse colon and where does this occur?

A
  • Left colic (splenic) flexure.

- Occurs at spleen.

66
Q

What is the name of the ligament attaching the transverse colon to the diaphragm?

A

Phrenicocolic ligament

67
Q

Is the transverse colon retroperitoneal or intraperitoneal and within a mesentery?

A

Intraperitoneal and within a mesentery

68
Q

Is the descending colon retroperitoneal or intraperitoneal and within a mesentery?

A

Retroperitoneal

69
Q

Is the sigmoid colon retroperitoneal or intraperitoneal and within a mesentery?

A

Intraperitoneal and within a mesentery

70
Q

What are omentum appendices?

A

Small pouches of fat-filled peritoneum

71
Q

How many layers of muscle run longitudinally along the colon and what are they called?

A
  • 3

- Teniae coli

72
Q

What is the name of the bulges created by the contraction of the teniae coli, causing the inner layer to bulge out?

73
Q

What happens to the teniae coli at the rectum?

A

It broadens to form a continuous layer.

74
Q

What supplies the ascending colon with blood? Where do the vessels originate?

A

Ileocolic and right colic arteries from superior mesenteric artery

75
Q

What supplies the transverse colon with blood? Where do the vessels originate?

A

Right colic artery from superior mesenteric artery.
Middle colic artery from superior mesenteric artery.
= first 2/3
Left colic artery from inferior mesenteric artery.
= distal 1/3

76
Q

What supplies the descending colon with blood? Where do the vessels originate?

A

Left colic artery from inferior mesenteric artery.

77
Q

What supplies the sigmoid colon with blood? Where do the vessels originate?

A

Sigmoid arteries, branches of the inferior mesenteric artery.

78
Q

What is the venous drainage for the colon?

A

Same as supplying arteries, but the veins.

79
Q

Where does the foregut start and end?

A

Mouth to descending duodenum (2nd part.)

80
Q

Where does the midgut start and end?

A

Inferior duodenum (3rd part) to 2/3 along transverse colon.

81
Q

Where does the hindgut start and end?

A

Distal 1/3 of colon to anal canal.

82
Q

What is the foregut innervated by?

A

Greater splanchnic nerve (T5-T9.)

83
Q

What is the midgut innervated by?

A

Lesser splanchnic nerve (T10-T11.)

84
Q

What is the hindgut innervated by?

A

Leasr splanchnic nerve (T12.)

Phase 1 Med (20 decks)

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