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Phase 1 Med > IMMS 2 > Flashcards

IMMS 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Define metabolism

A

Chemical processes by which an organism uses food/water etc to grow, heal and maintain life.

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2
Q

How much energy do carbohydrates provide?

A

4 kcal/g

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3
Q

How much energy do proteins provide?

A

4 kcal/g

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4
Q

How much energy does alcohol provide?

A

7 kcal/g

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5
Q

How much energy do lipids provide?

A

9 kcal/g

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6
Q

Where is excess fat stored?

A

Adipose tissue

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7
Q

Where are excess carbohydrates stored?

A

As glycogen in liver and muscle

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8
Q

Where is excess protein stored?

A

In muscle

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9
Q

Define basal metabolic rate (BMR)

A

Energy needed to maintain basic bodily functions. Around 1 kcal/kg body weight/hour.

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10
Q

What factors increase BMR?

A
  • Increased BMI
  • Hyperthyroidism
  • Naturally higher temperature
  • Infection/ fever
  • Stimulants
  • Exercise
  • Pregnancy
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11
Q

What factors decrease BMR?

A
  • Increasing age
  • Being female
  • Dieting or starvation
  • Hypothyroidism
  • Decreased muscle mass
  • Drug use
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12
Q

Describe the ATP-ADP Cycle

A

ATP contains 3 P groups. ATPases phosphorylate it to remove one P group. Fuel sources in the body are broken down to release P groups. These are added back to ADP to produce ATP. Repeat.

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13
Q

What is the rate-limiting enzyme in glycolysis?

A

Phosphofructokinase-1

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14
Q

Why does acidosis inhibit glycolysis?

A

Because acidosis inhibits the action of PFK1, the rate-limiting enzyme in glycolysis.

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15
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

The cytoplasm (cytosol) of a cell

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16
Q

What happens to pyruvate in anaerobic respiration?

A

It is converted to lactate. Produces 2 reduced NAD and 2 ATP. The enzyme lactate dehydrogenase is used.

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17
Q

Outline the link reaction

A

Pyruvate (3C) – loss of CO2, addition of NAD–> Acetate (2C) – addition of Co A–> Acetyl Co A (2C)

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18
Q

Where does the Krebs’ Cycle occur?

A

In the mitochondrial matrix

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19
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme in the Krebs’ Cycle?

A

Isocrate dehydrogenase

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20
Q

Where does oxidative phosphorylation take place?

A

Inner mitochondrial matrix (on cristae)

21
Q

Where are fatty acids activated, and then where are they passed on to?

A

Activated in cytoplasm, passed on to mitochondria.

22
Q

Outline fatty acid activation

A

Fatty acid – add ATP –> acyl adenylate – add HS-CoA and remove AMP. acyl-Co A synthetase enzyme –> acyl-Co A

23
Q

How are fatty acids transported into the mitochondria for oxidation?

A

By the carnitine shuttle

24
Q

When does ketogenesis occur?

A

When there are high levels of fatty acid oxidation, and the generated acetyl-Co A exceeds capacity of Krebs’, so undergoes ketogenesis instead.

25
Q

Where does ketogenesis occur?

A

Hepatocytes of the liver.

26
Q

How does ketoacidosis occur?

A
  • When an insulin-dependent diabetic’s dose is inadequate/ they become insulin resistant.
  • Due to alcohol abuse.
27
Q

What happens to pH, pO2, pCO2 and HCO3 levels during ketoacidosis?

A

pH dec.
pO2 increased
pCO2 dec.
HCO3 dec.

28
Q

Define an acid

A

Proton donor: HA H+ + A-

29
Q

Define a base

A

Proton acceptor: B + H+ BH+

30
Q

What is the body’s optimum pH?

A

7.4

31
Q

What is the body’s acceptbale pH range?

A

7.35 - 7.45

32
Q

Write the equilibrium for acid/base balance in the body

A

CO2 + H2O H2CO3 HCO3- + H+

33
Q

Describe the key features of respiratory acidosis

A
  • Decreased ventilation.
  • Increased CO2.
  • Lower pH.
34
Q

Describe the key features of respiratory alkalosis

A
  • Increased ventilation.
  • Decreased CO2.
  • Higher pH
35
Q

Describe the key features of metabolic acidosis

A
  • Decreased metabolism of acid.
    (- Increased [H+].)
  • Decreased [HCO3-].
  • Lower pH.
36
Q

Describe the key features of respiratory alkalosis

A
  • Increased metabolism of acid.
    (- Decreased [H+].)
  • Increased [HCO3-].
  • Higher pH.
37
Q

What is a reactive oxygen species (ROS)?

A

Reactive molecules/free radicals containing oxygen.

38
Q

What is a free radical?

A

A species with an unpaired electron in its outer orbital.

39
Q

Write the equation of the formation of an ROS

A

O2 –> O2- –> H2O2 –> OH –> H2O (loses e- each time)

40
Q

Write the Fenton Reaction

A

H2O2 + Fe2+ –> Fe3+ + OH- + OH*

41
Q

Write the Haber-Weiss Reaction

A

O2- + H2O2 –H+–> O2 + H2O + OH

42
Q

What are the 4 defences against free radical damage within the body?

A
  • Antioxidant enzymes
  • Antioxidant vitamins
  • Cellular compartmentalisation
  • Repair
43
Q

What is a respiratory burst?

A

Rapid release of the ROS superoxide, which then generates other ROS’s during phagocytosis to destroy bacteria by damaging its membrane.

44
Q

Write the equation for a respiratory burst

A

O2 –(NADPH in, use NADPH Oxidase)–> O2- –>H2O2 –> HOCl (add Cl- and use myeloperoxidase) and OH (Fe2+ oxidised to Fe3+ = Fenton reaction)

45
Q

What does Alcian Blue stain and what colour is it?

A
  • Polysaccharides
  • GAGs
  • Cartilage
  • Blue/purple colour
46
Q

What does Eosin stain and what colour is it?

A
  • RBCs
  • Cytoplasmic proteins
  • Purple colour
47
Q

What does Haematoxylin stain and what colour is it?

A
  • Nuclei
  • RNA
  • Dark blue colour
48
Q

What does PAS stain and what colour is it?

A
  • Polysaccharides
  • Glycoproteins
  • Glycolipids
  • Beige/ purple colour
49
Q

What is the H&E stain a combination of?

A

Haematoxylin and Eosin

Phase 1 Med (20 decks)

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