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Medicine > Respiratory Anatomy > Flashcards

Respiratory Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the opening at the top of the thoracic cavity called

A

Superior thoracic aperture

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2
Q

What is the opening at the bottom of the thoracic cavity called

A

Inferior thoracic aperture

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3
Q

What vertebral level is the sternal angle at

A

Lower border of T4

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4
Q

What level does the trachea bifurcate

A

Lower T4

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5
Q

Name A, B, C, D, E, F

A

A - Head
B - Neck
C - tubercle
D - Scalene tubercle
E - Groove for subclavian vein
F - Groove for subclavian artery

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6
Q

Which ribs are true ribs

A

1-7

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7
Q

Which ribs are false ribs

A

8-10

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8
Q

Which ribs are floating

A

11-12

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9
Q

Name A - G

A

A - Superior articular facet
B - Inferior articular facet
C - Head
D - Neck
E - Body
F - Costal Groove
G - Costal cartilage articulation

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10
Q

Name A - D

A

A - Superior costotransverse ligament
B - Costovertebral joints
C - Joint with vertebral body
D - Costotransverse joint

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11
Q

What does the tubercule of the rib articulate with

A

Tranverse process of vertebrae

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12
Q

Name A - E

A

A - Accessory muscles
B - External intercostals
C - Diaphragm
D - Internal intercostals
E - Abdominal muscles

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13
Q

What lies within the costal groove, superior to inferior

A

VAN
Intercostal:
-Vein
-Artery
-Nerve

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14
Q

What do the collateral branches just above ribs contain, superior to inferior

A

NAV
-Nerve
-Artery
-Vein

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15
Q

Describe the venous drainage of the thoracic wall

A

Internal thoracic veins > accessory hemiazygous vein > azygous vein > SVC

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16
Q

Describe the artery supply of thoracic wall

A

Desc. Aorta > posterior intercostal arteries

Subclavian arteries > Internal thoracic arteries > anterior intercostal arteries

Branches from axillary arteries

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17
Q

Describe lymphatic drainage of the breasts

A

Majority - Axillary LN
Medial breast - Parasternal LN
Lower breast - Abdominal LN

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18
Q

How is the mediastinum split

A

Superior
Inferior:
-Anterior
-Middle
-Posterior

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19
Q

What level is the inferior and superior mediastinum split

A

Sternal angle/lower T4

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20
Q

What are the 3 peripheral attachments of the diaphragm

A

Lumbar vertebrae and arcuate ligament
Costal cartilage of ribs 7-12
Xiphoid process

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21
Q

What is the central attachment of the diaphragm

A

Central tendon

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22
Q

What are crura

A

Tendon like structures that attach the diaphragm to the vertebral column

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23
Q

Right crus insertion

A

L1-3

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24
Q

Left crus insertion

A

L1-2

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25
Q

Other function of right crus

A

Surrounds oesophageal opening and helps prevent reflux of gastric contents

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26
Q

What are the sides of the diaphragm called

A

Right and left domes

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27
Q

Where does the central tendon of the diaphragm attach

A

Fibrous pericardium

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28
Q

What are the 3 openings in the diaphragm

A

Caval opening
Oesophageal hiatus
Aortic hiatus

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29
Q

What level is the caval opening

A

T8

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30
Q

What level is the Oesophageal hiatus

A

T10

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31
Q

What level is the aortic hiatus

A

T12

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32
Q

What goes through the caval opening

A

IVC
Right phrenic nerve

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33
Q

What goes through the oesophageal hiatus

A

Oesophagus
Both vagus nerves

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34
Q

What goes through the aortic hiatus

A

Aorta
Azygos vein
Hemiazygos vein
Thoracic duct

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35
Q

Where is the caval opening located

A

Passes through the central tendon of the diaphragm

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36
Q

Where is the oesophageal hiatus located

A

Through the muscular sling of the right crus

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37
Q

Where is the aortic hiatus located

A

Between the left and right crus

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38
Q

What are the nerve roots of the phrenic nerve

A

Mainly anterior C3-C5

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39
Q

What function does the phrenic nerve provide

A

Motor AND sensory

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40
Q

How do phrenic motor nerves supply the diaphragm

A

They pierce it and supply from the inferior side

41
Q

What part of the diaphragm receives sensory supply from the phrenic nerve

A

Central part

42
Q

What other nerves innervate the diaphragm

A

Vagus
Sensory intercostal nerves (T7-T12)

43
Q

What is in the upper respiratory tract

A

Nose
Pharynx
Larynx

44
Q

What is in the lower respiratory tract

A

Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli

45
Q

What level does the trachea bifurcate

A

T4 lower

46
Q

What is the triangular cartilage at the bifurcation of the trachea called

A

Carina

47
Q

How many c shaped hyaline rings surround the trachea

A

15-20

48
Q

What lobes are in the left lung

A

Superior
Inferior

49
Q

What lobes are in the right lung

A

Superior Middle inferior

50
Q

Why has the left lung only got 2 lobes

A

Space for cardiac notch and heart

51
Q

What are the 3 lung surfaces

A

Diaphragmatic
Costal
Mediastinal

52
Q

What splits the lungs into upper and lower

A

Oblique fissure

53
Q

What is the fissure that is only found in the right lung

A

Horizontal fissure

54
Q

What is a lung root vs hlium

A

Root - the structures that enter the hilum

Hilum - the area of lung on the mediastinal surface

55
Q

What holds the lungs in place

A

Pulmonary ligaments

56
Q

What is within the right hilum

A

top - pulmonary arteries
middle - bronchi
Bottom - pulmonary veins

57
Q

What is within the left hilum

A

Top - pulmonary arteries
Middle - bronchus
Bottom - pulmonary veins

58
Q

Major structures that lie on the left lung mediastinal surface

A

Aortic arch
Heart
Oesophagus
Left brachiocephalic vein
Left subclavian vein

59
Q

Major structures that lie on the right lung mediastinal surface

A

Heart - R.Atrium
IVC + SVC
Oesophagus
Right subclavian artery
Right subclavian vein

60
Q

What is the blood supply of the lungs

A

Bronchial arteries
2 left
1 right

61
Q

Blood drainage of lungs

A

Bronchial veins > azygos system

62
Q

Lymphatic drainage of the lungs

A

Superficial and deep plexus’
(Broncho)pulmonary LN > Tracheobronchial LN > bronchomediastinal LN > Bronchomediastinal lymph trunk

63
Q

Autonomic innervation of lungs

A

Parasympathetic - Vagus
Sympathetic - T2-T5

64
Q

4 parts of the parietal pleura

A

Cervical - top
Costal
Diaphragmatic
Mediastinal

65
Q

Nerve supply of parietal pleura

A

Somatic:
-intercostal nerves
-phrenic nerves
Pain sensitive

66
Q

Nerve supply of Visceral pleura

A

Autonomic nerves

67
Q

What is a pleural reflection

A

Where parietal pleura changes direction of travel

68
Q

What is a pleural recess

A

The increased space between pleural layers at pleural reflections

69
Q

What are the inferior margins of the lung

A

Midclavicular - rib 6
Midaxillary - rib 8
Paravertebral - rib 10

70
Q

What are the inferior margins of the parietal pleura

A

Midclavicular - rib 8
Midaxillary - rib 10
Paravertebral - rib 12

71
Q

Where is the horizontal fissure located

A

Follows 4th rib anteriorly

72
Q

Where are the oblique fissures located

A

Begins at spine of T3/2 and follows line of 6th rib anteriorly

73
Q

Name A-D

A

A - Left subclavian artery
B - Left Brachiocephalic vein
C - Aortic arch
D - Pulmonary Artery

74
Q

Name E-H

A

E - Pulmonary vein
F - Thoracic aorta
G - Oesophagus
H - Bronchus

75
Q

Name A-D

A

A - Subclavian artery
B - Oesophagus
C - Azygous Vein
D - Inferior vena cava

76
Q

Name E - H

A

E - Pulmonary veins
F - Pulmonary artery
G - Superior vena cava
H - Left brachiocephalic vein

77
Q

Name I and J

A

I - Right brachiocephalic vein
J - Subclavian vein

78
Q

Name A-D

A

A - Aortic Hiatus
B - Central tendon
C - Caval opening
D - Xiphoid process

79
Q

Name E-G

A

E - Oesophageal Hiatus
F - Costal Cartilage
G - Diaphragm muscle

80
Q

What is the cell that mediates gas exchange called

A

Type 1 pneumocyte

81
Q

What are the 4 main layers in the histology of the respiratory system

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Cartilage and/or muscle
Adventitia

82
Q

What fill the spaces between cartilage rings in the trachea

A

Trachealis muscle
Fibroelastic tissue

83
Q

What are the 3 layers in the trachea

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Adventitia - contains cartilage

84
Q

What does the mucosa of the trachea consist of

A

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells

Lamina Propria - contains elastin h and blood vessels

85
Q

What does the submucosa of the trachea consist of

A

Mixed sero-mucous glands

86
Q

What is the adventitia of the trachea

A

Supports and connects to surroundings

Contains vessels, adipose and nerves

87
Q

What is the difference between intra vs extrapulmonary bronchi

A

Intrapulmonary is within the lung
Extra is outside the lung

88
Q

Whats the difference between intrapulmonary and extrapulmonary bronchi histologically

A

Intrapulmonary bronchus have gaps in the cartilage rings

89
Q

What does the bronchi have that the trachea doesnt histologically

A

Muscle layer between mucosa and submucosa

90
Q

How big are bronchioles

A

1mm diameter

91
Q

Histological features of bronchioles

A

Smooth muscle increases
Clara cells present
No goblet cells
Non-ciliated epithelium
No submucosal glands
No cartilage

92
Q

What are the 4 parts of the respiratory tube

A

Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs
Alveoli

93
Q

What type of epithelium do bronchioles have

A

Simple columnar

94
Q

What type of epithelium do alveoli have

A

Simple squamous

95
Q

Name A-D

A

A - Pseudostratified columnar epithelia
B - Sero-mucosa, submucosa
C - Hyaline cartilage
D - Adventitia

96
Q

Name A-C

A

A - Cilia
B - Mucous of goblet cell
C - Nucleus of goblet cell

97
Q

Name D - F

A

D - nucleus of basal cell
E - Basement membrane
F - Lamina propria

98
Q

Name A - E

A

A - Pseudostratified columnar epithelia
B - Mucosa
C - Lamina Propria
D - Submucosa
E - Hyaline cartilage

Medicine (13 decks)

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