Medicine > Respiratory Anatomy > Flashcards

Respiratory Anatomy Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the opening at the top of the thoracic cavity called

A

Superior thoracic aperture

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2
Q

What is the opening at the bottom of the thoracic cavity called

A

Inferior thoracic aperture

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3
Q

What vertebral level is the sternal angle at

A

Lower border of T4

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4
Q

What level does the trachea bifurcate

A

Lower T4

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5
Q

Name A, B, C, D, E, F

A

A - Head
B - Neck
C - tubercle
D - Scalene tubercle
E - Groove for subclavian vein
F - Groove for subclavian artery

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6
Q

Which ribs are true ribs

A

1-7

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7
Q

Which ribs are false ribs

A

8-10

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8
Q

Which ribs are floating

A

11-12

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9
Q

Name A - G

A

A - Superior articular facet
B - Inferior articular facet
C - Head
D - Neck
E - Body
F - Costal Groove
G - Costal cartilage articulation

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10
Q

Name A - D

A

A - Superior costotransverse ligament
B - Costovertebral joints
C - Joint with vertebral body
D - Costotransverse joint

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11
Q

What does the tubercule of the rib articulate with

A

Tranverse process of vertebrae

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12
Q

Name A - E

A

A - Accessory muscles
B - External intercostals
C - Diaphragm
D - Internal intercostals
E - Abdominal muscles

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13
Q

What lies within the costal groove, superior to inferior

A

VAN
Intercostal:
-Vein
-Artery
-Nerve

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14
Q

What do the collateral branches just above ribs contain, superior to inferior

A

NAV
-Nerve
-Artery
-Vein

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15
Q

Describe the venous drainage of the thoracic wall

A

Internal thoracic veins > accessory hemiazygous vein > azygous vein > SVC

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16
Q

Describe the artery supply of thoracic wall

A

Desc. Aorta > posterior intercostal arteries

Subclavian arteries > Internal thoracic arteries > anterior intercostal arteries

Branches from axillary arteries

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17
Q

Describe lymphatic drainage of the breasts

A

Majority - Axillary LN
Medial breast - Parasternal LN
Lower breast - Abdominal LN

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18
Q

How is the mediastinum split

A

Superior
Inferior:
-Anterior
-Middle
-Posterior

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19
Q

What level is the inferior and superior mediastinum split

A

Sternal angle/lower T4

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20
Q

What are the 3 peripheral attachments of the diaphragm

A

Lumbar vertebrae and arcuate ligament
Costal cartilage of ribs 7-12
Xiphoid process

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21
Q

What is the central attachment of the diaphragm

A

Central tendon

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22
Q

What are crura

A

Tendon like structures that attach the diaphragm to the vertebral column

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23
Q

Right crus insertion

A

L1-3

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24
Q

Left crus insertion

A

L1-2

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25
Other function of right crus
Surrounds oesophageal opening and helps prevent reflux of gastric contents
26
What are the sides of the diaphragm called
Right and left domes
27
Where does the central tendon of the diaphragm attach
Fibrous pericardium
28
What are the 3 openings in the diaphragm
Caval opening Oesophageal hiatus Aortic hiatus
29
What level is the caval opening
T8
30
What level is the Oesophageal hiatus
T10
31
What level is the aortic hiatus
T12
32
What goes through the caval opening
IVC Right phrenic nerve
33
What goes through the oesophageal hiatus
Oesophagus Both vagus nerves
34
What goes through the aortic hiatus
Aorta Azygos vein Hemiazygos vein Thoracic duct
35
Where is the caval opening located
Passes through the central tendon of the diaphragm
36
Where is the oesophageal hiatus located
Through the muscular sling of the right crus
37
Where is the aortic hiatus located
Between the left and right crus
38
What are the nerve roots of the phrenic nerve
Mainly anterior C3-C5
39
What function does the phrenic nerve provide
Motor AND sensory
40
How do phrenic motor nerves supply the diaphragm
They pierce it and supply from the inferior side
41
What part of the diaphragm receives sensory supply from the phrenic nerve
Central part
42
What other nerves innervate the diaphragm
Vagus Sensory intercostal nerves (T7-T12)
43
What is in the upper respiratory tract
Nose Pharynx Larynx
44
What is in the lower respiratory tract
Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli
45
What level does the trachea bifurcate
T4 lower
46
What is the triangular cartilage at the bifurcation of the trachea called
Carina
47
How many c shaped hyaline rings surround the trachea
15-20
48
What lobes are in the left lung
Superior Inferior
49
What lobes are in the right lung
Superior Middle inferior
50
Why has the left lung only got 2 lobes
Space for cardiac notch and heart
51
What are the 3 lung surfaces
Diaphragmatic Costal Mediastinal
52
What splits the lungs into upper and lower
Oblique fissure
53
What is the fissure that is only found in the right lung
Horizontal fissure
54
What is a lung root vs hlium
Root - the structures that enter the hilum Hilum - the area of lung on the mediastinal surface
55
What holds the lungs in place
Pulmonary ligaments
56
What is within the right hilum
top - pulmonary arteries middle - bronchi Bottom - pulmonary veins
57
What is within the left hilum
Top - pulmonary arteries Middle - bronchus Bottom - pulmonary veins
58
Major structures that lie on the left lung mediastinal surface
Aortic arch Heart Oesophagus Left brachiocephalic vein Left subclavian vein
59
Major structures that lie on the right lung mediastinal surface
Heart - R.Atrium IVC + SVC Oesophagus Right subclavian artery Right subclavian vein
60
What is the blood supply of the lungs
Bronchial arteries 2 left 1 right
61
Blood drainage of lungs
Bronchial veins > azygos system
62
Lymphatic drainage of the lungs
Superficial and deep plexus' (Broncho)pulmonary LN > Tracheobronchial LN > bronchomediastinal LN > Bronchomediastinal lymph trunk
63
Autonomic innervation of lungs
Parasympathetic - Vagus Sympathetic - T2-T5
64
4 parts of the parietal pleura
Cervical - top Costal Diaphragmatic Mediastinal
65
Nerve supply of parietal pleura
Somatic: -intercostal nerves -phrenic nerves Pain sensitive
66
Nerve supply of Visceral pleura
Autonomic nerves
67
What is a pleural reflection
Where parietal pleura changes direction of travel
68
What is a pleural recess
The increased space between pleural layers at pleural reflections
69
What are the inferior margins of the lung
Midclavicular - rib 6 Midaxillary - rib 8 Paravertebral - rib 10
70
What are the inferior margins of the parietal pleura
Midclavicular - rib 8 Midaxillary - rib 10 Paravertebral - rib 12
71
Where is the horizontal fissure located
Follows 4th rib anteriorly
72
Where are the oblique fissures located
Begins at spine of T3/2 and follows line of 6th rib anteriorly
73
Name A-D
A - Left subclavian artery B - Left Brachiocephalic vein C - Aortic arch D - Pulmonary Artery
74
Name E-H
E - Pulmonary vein F - Thoracic aorta G - Oesophagus H - Bronchus
75
Name A-D
A - Subclavian artery B - Oesophagus C - Azygous Vein D - Inferior vena cava
76
Name E - H
E - Pulmonary veins F - Pulmonary artery G - Superior vena cava H - Left brachiocephalic vein
77
Name I and J
I - Right brachiocephalic vein J - Subclavian vein
78
Name A-D
A - Aortic Hiatus B - Central tendon C - Caval opening D - Xiphoid process
79
Name E-G
E - Oesophageal Hiatus F - Costal Cartilage G - Diaphragm muscle
80
What is the cell that mediates gas exchange called
Type 1 pneumocyte
81
What are the 4 main layers in the histology of the respiratory system
Mucosa Submucosa Cartilage and/or muscle Adventitia
82
What fill the spaces between cartilage rings in the trachea
Trachealis muscle Fibroelastic tissue
83
What are the 3 layers in the trachea
Mucosa Submucosa Adventitia - contains cartilage
84
What does the mucosa of the trachea consist of
Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells Lamina Propria - contains elastin h and blood vessels
85
What does the submucosa of the trachea consist of
Mixed sero-mucous glands
86
What is the adventitia of the trachea
Supports and connects to surroundings Contains vessels, adipose and nerves
87
What is the difference between intra vs extrapulmonary bronchi
Intrapulmonary is within the lung Extra is outside the lung
88
Whats the difference between intrapulmonary and extrapulmonary bronchi histologically
Intrapulmonary bronchus have gaps in the cartilage rings
89
What does the bronchi have that the trachea doesnt histologically
Muscle layer between mucosa and submucosa
90
How big are bronchioles
1mm diameter
91
Histological features of bronchioles
Smooth muscle increases Clara cells present No goblet cells Non-ciliated epithelium No submucosal glands No cartilage
92
What are the 4 parts of the respiratory tube
Respiratory bronchioles Alveolar ducts Alveolar sacs Alveoli
93
What type of epithelium do bronchioles have
Simple columnar
94
What type of epithelium do alveoli have
Simple squamous
95
Name A-D
A - Pseudostratified columnar epithelia B - Sero-mucosa, submucosa C - Hyaline cartilage D - Adventitia
96
Name A-C
A - Cilia B - Mucous of goblet cell C - Nucleus of goblet cell
97
Name D - F
D - nucleus of basal cell E - Basement membrane F - Lamina propria
98
Name A - E
A - Pseudostratified columnar epithelia B - Mucosa C - Lamina Propria D - Submucosa E - Hyaline cartilage
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