Random Neuro Flashcards
Which otolith organ detects back/front tilt and horizontal acceleration
Utricle
Which otolith organ detects vertical acceleration
Saccule
What part of the inner ear detects rotational acceleration
Semicircular canals
What is the sensory area of the semicircular canals called
The cupula (within ampulla)
What are the sensory parts of the Utricle and saccule called
Macula
What is the widening of the semicircular canals called
Ampulla
What are the long hairs within cupulae and maculae called
Kinocilia
What are the short hairs within cupulae and maculae called
Stereocilia
How is the macula orientated in the utricle
Horizontally
How is the macula orientated in the saccule
Vertically
What happens when the cupula is distorted in the direction of the kinocilium
Depolarisation =>
More APs
What happens when the cupula is distorted away from the direction of the kinocilium
Hyperpolarisation =>
Less APs
What brain waves are seen in stage 1 sleep
Theta
What are theta waves
Low amplitude
Varying frequency
What are alpha waves
High frequency
Medium amplitude
What are beta waves
Very high frequency
Low amplitude
What are delta waves
Very low frequency
High amplitude
What is seen on an EEG during stage 2 sleep
Sleep spindles
What type of waves are seen on an EEG during stage 3 sleep
Slow delta
What type of waves are seen on an EEG during stage 4 sleep
Exclusively delta waves
What type of waves are seen on an EEG during REM sleep
Similar to that of wakefulness
How long does REM sleep last
5-30 minutes
How often does REM sleep occur
Every 90 minutes
Where is Wernicke’s area located
Posterior to areas 41,42
How do alpha receptors affect smooth muscle
Contraction
How do beta receptors affect smooth muscle
Relaxation
What is allodynia
Pain in response to something that would not usually cause pain
What is hyperalgia
Increased pain from something that does usually cause pain
What is neuropathic pain
Caused by disease or lesion to neurone(s)
What is nociplastic pain
Pain arising from altered nociception despite nothing activating it
What are the constituents of the Papetz Circuit
Hippocampus
Mammillary bodies
Anterior thalamus
Cingulate gyrus
What does cyclo-oxygenase do
Convert arachidonic acid to prostaglandins
Which nerve fibres mediate proprioception
A-alpha
A-beta
What is retrograde amnesia
Retrograde amnesia is when you can’t recall memories from your past
What is anterograde amnesia
Anterograde amnesia is when you can’t form new memories but can still remember things from before you developed this amnesia
What structure controls melatonin production
Suprachiasmatic nuclei
What is the caudate nucleus and putamen collectively known as
Corpus striatum
What neural pathways induce REM sleep
Cholinergic
