Cardiovascular Anatomy Flashcards
What lies posterior to the heart
Oesophagus
Desc. Aorta
What lies lateral to the heart
Pleura
Phrenic Nerves
What lies inferior to the heart
Central tendon of diaphragm
Which vertebrae does the heart lie anterior to
T5-T8
Where is the apex of the heart
Left 5th intercostal space
Midclavicular line
What forms the right border of the heart
Right Atrium
What forms the left border of the heart
Left ventricle
What forms the superior border of the heart
Auricles
Great vessels
What forms the inferior border of the heart
Right atrium
Right ventricle
Left Ventricle
What forms the anterior surface of the heart
1/3 Right atrium
2/3 Right and left ventricles
What forms the inferior surface of the heart
Right ventricle
Left ventricle
What forms the posterior surface of the heart
Left atrium
What is another name for the posterior surface of the heart
The base
What is the surface anatomy of the heart
Apex - 5th left IC space
Lower right - Parasternal rib 6
Upper right - parasternal rib 3
Upper left - parasternal rib 2
What is the outermost layer of the heart
Fibrous pericardium
What is the innermost layer of the heart called
Endocardium
What is the large muscular layer of the heart called
Myocardium
What are the 2 non-fibrous layers of pericardium called
Serous visceral pericardium (epicardium)
Serous parietal pericardium
Where is the coronary sulcus located
Between atria and ventricles
Where is the interventricular sulcus located
Between left and right ventricles
Name A-D
A - Left coronary artery
B - Circumflex artery
C - Left anterior descending (interventricular) artery
D - Posterior descending (interventricular) artery
Name E-G
E - Right marginal artery
F - Right coronary artery
G - Anastomosis
Where does the right coronary artery arise from
Right aortic sinus
Where does the left coronary artery arise from
Left aortic sinus
What 2 arteries come from the right coronary artery
Right marginal artery
Posterior descending (interventricular) artery
What does the circumflex artery supply
Left atrium
Left ventricle
What does the left anterior descending artery supply
Right ventricle
Left ventricle
Interventricular septum
What does the left marginal artery supply
Left ventricle
What does the right marginal artery supply
Right ventricle
Apex
What does the right coronary artery supply
Right atrium
Right ventricle
What are the only cardiac veins which do not drain into the coronary sinus
Anterior cardiac veins
Where does the coronary sinus drain
Right atrium
What artery does the coronary sinus lie alongside
Circumflex artery
Name A-E
A - great cardiac vein
B - Coronary Sinus
C - Middle cardiac vein
D - Small cardiac vein
E - Anterior cardiac veins
What artery does the small cardiac vein lie alongside
Right marginal artery
What artery does the middle cardiac vein lie alongside
Posterior descending artery
What artery does the great cardiac vein lie alongside
Left anterior descending artery
Where do the anterior cardiac veins drain
Directly into the right atrium
Which nerve innervates the fibrous and serous parietal pericardium
Phrenic Nerve
What function does the phrenic nerve provide the heart
Sensory - Pain
Which parasympathetic nerve innervates the heart and visceral serous pericardium
Vagus nerve
Which sympathetic nerves innervates the heart and visceral serous pericardium
T1-T4
Upper thoracic sympathetic ganglia
Where are purkinje cells found
Sinoatrial node
Atrioventricular node
Why can heart pain be felt in the inner surface of the left arm
T1-T4 innervation
Name A-C
A - Endocardium
B - Myocardium
C - Pericardial cavity
Name D-F
D - Fibrous pericardium
E - Parietal Pericardium
F - Visceral pericardium (epicardium)
What is the basic structure of a blood vessel
Tunica intima
Tunica media
Tunica externa / adventitia
What does the tunica intima consist of
Endothelium
Basement membrane
Connective tissue
What does the tunica media consist of
Muscle
Elastic tissue
What does the tunica externa consist of
Fibrous connective tissue
What does the endocardium consist of
Epithelium
Basement membrane
Connective tissue
What does the myocardium consist of
Muscle
Elastic tissue
What does the epicardium consist of
Fibrous connective tissue
Epithelium
What tissue forms valves in the heart
Endocardium
What type of epithelium in in endocardium
Simple squamous
What are the features of cardiac muscle
Striated
Lots of mitochondria
Single central nucleus
Branching fibres
Intercalated disks
Which layer of the heart contains most of the coronary artery’s branches
Epicardium/serous visceral pericardium
How does an artery look histologically
Thick muscle wall
Small, well rounded
Thin adventitia
How does a vein look histologically
Thin muscle wall
Large, squashed
Thick adventitia
Valves - endothelial projections
3 main types of artery
Elastic
Muscular
Arterioles
Which arteries are elastic
Large conducting, eg:
- Aorta
- Common carotid
Which arteries are muscular
Distributing arteries, eg:
- Coronary arteries
- Radial arteries
- Femoral arteries
Which arteries are arterioles
Supply blood to capillary bed
What gives elastic arteries its elastic properties
Elastic fibres in tunica media
How does an elastic artery differ to a muscular artery histologically
Muscular have NO elastic fibres within smooth muscle
Name A-E
A - Internal elastic laminae
B - Epithelium/Tunica intima
C - Tunica media
D - Outer elastic lamina
E - Tunica adventitia
What are pericytes
Surround capillaries, contractile
What are the 3 types of capillary
Continuous
Fenestrated
Discontinuous/sinusoids
What controls arteriovenous shunt
Precapillary sphincters
What blood vessels supply blood vessel walls
Vasa vasorum
Name A-C
A - Superior Vena Cava
B - Right Auricle
C - right atrium
Name D-F
D - Musculi Pectinati
E - Crista Terminalis
F - Tricuspid Valve
Name G - I
G - Coronary Sinus
H - Inferior Vena Cava
I - Fossa Ovalis
Which chamber of the heart is shown open here
Right atrium
Name A-E
A - Right Auricle
B - Pulmonary Trunk
C - Tricuspid Valve
D - Trabeculae Carneae
E - Moderator Band
Which chamber of the heart is shown here
Right Ventricle
What openings are found in the left atrium
4 openings
Left + right superior pulmonary vein
Left + right inferior pulmonary vein
What valve is seen within the left atrium
Mitral/bicuspid valve
What structure does the left atrium lie wholly postero-superiorly against
Oesophagus
How many papillary muscles are found within the right and left ventricles
Right - 3
Left - 2
Name A-D
A - Pulmonary Trunk
B - Left auricle
C - Trabeculae Carneae
D - Bicuspid/mitral valve
Which chamber of the heart is shown here
Left Ventricle
Name A-E
A - Sinoatrial node
B - Atrioventricular node
C - Bundles of His (AV bundle)
D - Purkinje’s Fibres
E - Left/right bundle branches
Where can each heart sound be auscultated
Pulmonary - Left 2nd IC space
Aortic - Right 2nd IC space
Tricuspid - Left 5th IC space
Mitral - Left 5th IC space midclavicular line
Name A-E
A - Right Subclavian Artery
B - Right Brachiocephalic vein
C - Internal Thoracic Artery
D - Internal Thoracic Vein
E - Intercostal Artery
Name A-C
A - Brachiocephalic artery
B - Subclavian artery
C - Axillary artery
Name D-F
D - Brachial artery
E - Radial artery
F - Ulnar artery
What artery comes from the radial and ulnar arteries
Arteriae Digitales
Where does the subclavian become the axillary artery
Lateral border of 1st rib
Where does the brachial artery divide into the ulnar and radial arteries
Cubital fossa
Name A-E
A - Cephalic vein
B - Basilic vein
C - Cephalic vein
D - Median Cubital Vein
E - Basilic Vein
Name A-D
A - Abdominal Aorta
B - Iliac Artery
C - Common Femoral Artery
D - Deep Femoral Artery
Name E-H
E - Superficial Femoral Artery
F - Popliteal Artery
G - Anterior Tibial Artery
H - Posterior Tibial Artery
Name I-K
I - Peroneal/Fibular Artery
J - Dorsalis Pedis Artery
K - Pedal Arch
Name A-D
A - Femoral Vein
B - Popliteal Vein
C - Great Saphenous Vein
D - Small Saphenous Vein
