respiratory Flashcards
What is the pulmonary ligament?
A fold of parietal pleura extending down from the hilum.
What is at the posterior opening of the nose into nasopharynx?
Choane
What are associated with nose & drain into nasal cavity?
Paranasal sinuses
Where do the auditory tubes open into?
Lateral walls of the nasopharynx
What do the auditory tubes connect to?
air filled middle ear & mastoid process.
What is the lowest part of the pharynx called?
The laryngeopharynx
What innervates the vocal folds?
Recurrent laryngeal branches of the vagus.
Where are the pharyngeal tonsils located?
Posterior wall of the nasopharynx.
Where are the lingual tonsils located?
posterior part of the tongue
What is anterior to the laryngeopharynx?
The larynx
What is superior to the trachea?
The larynx.
When does the trachea start?
C6
Features of trachea?
16-20 C shaped cartilages that are deficient posteriorly.
Separated vertically by connective tissue and smooth muscle.
Posterior surface trachea?
Fibroelastic & muscular
What holds the trachea open?
C shaped cartilage rings.
What is anterior to the trachea?
- fascia and muscle of neck
- manubrium, brachiocephalic & common carotid arteries
True or false: The trachea extends from C6 to T5 and is posterior to the oesophagus.
FALSE: The trachea extends from C6 to T5 and is ANTERIOR to the oesophagus.
what is posterior to the trachea?
-oesophagus
Lateral to the trachea?
-lungs
Order from largest to smallest - respiratory tract.
Trachea, principal bronchi (2), lobar bronchi (5), segmental bronchi, bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli
Feature of right principal bronchus?
Shorter, more vertical, wider.
Which lung are foreign bodies more likely to pass through to?
Right lung.
Lobar bronchi on right side?
Superior, middle, inferior
Impressions on the right lung?
Azygous vein. right subclavian artery, SVC, heart (right atrium)
Where does the superior lobar bronchus enter right lung?
Enters hilum at T5. Posterior to pulmonary artery.
Where does the principal right bronchus enter the lung?
Posteroinferior to artery & just below superior lobar bronchi. T6
Where does the left principal bronchus enter hilum?
T6 unbranched. Below artery.
What is a feature of bronchioles?
No cartilage in walls.
Site of blood-air exchange?
Alveoli
What is the function of type 1 and type 2 cells in alveoli?
1- blood-air barrier
2-produce surfactant & a population of wandering macrophages.
True or false: Parietal pleura enters the fissures.
FALSE - visceral only
True or false: Parietal pleura covers the root of the lung.
True.
What is the root of the lung?
Contains the structures that enter and leave the lung. blood & lymph vessels, nerves & bronchi.
The components of the parietal pleura are?
Diaphragmatic, costal, cervical, mediastinal
What are the pleural recesses?
Areas where regions of parietal pleura are in contact.
Where are the pleural recesses located?
Costodiaphragmatic recess - angle between thoracic cage & diaphragm
Costomediastinal recess - medially between the ribcage & mediastinum
When is the lung tissue in the pleural recess?
During deep inspiration
What is the sensory innervation to the lungs?
Branches of intercostal and phrenic nerve to the PARIETAL pleura only.
What is the anterior border of the lung shaped by? Features?
Costodiphagmatic recess. Sharply angled.
What is the posterior border of the lung shaped by? Features?
Vertebral column. rounded.
Grey black on surface of lung?
Inhaled particles taken up by macrophages.
Imressions on the left lung?
Aorta, left subclavian, left common carotid, heart (ventricles)
Where is the apex of the lung?
Supraclavicular region.
Nerves innervating trachea?
vagus.
Lymph nodes - trachea?
Pretracheal, paratracheal - drain to ceep cervical nodes.
Oxygenated blood supply to lungs?
Small bronchial arteries from descending aorta (also diffusion from alveoli).
WHere do bronchial veins drain into?
Pulmonary veins or azygos system.
Lymph drainage lungs?
Subpleural & deep (deep follow blood vessels and bronchi).
- ultimately to bronchomediastinal trunk
Nerve supply to lungs?
Pulmonary plexus - vagus & sympathetic trunk
Quiet inspiration?
Ribs pulled upwards & outwards by:
- external intercostal muscles contracting
- contraction/downward movement of diaphragm
Deep inspiration?
muscles of quiet inspiration +
- Neck muscles (sternocleidomastoid)
- Muscles of upper limb (pec major, minor, serratus anterior)
- quadratus lumborum (stabalises rib position)
Quiet expiration?
- External intercostals and diaphragm RELAX and move upwards. (RIBS down)
Forced expiration?
Muscles of quiet +
- internal & innermost intercostal muscles
- abdominal muscles
Where do the vagus and phrenic nerves run in relation to the lung hilum?
Vagus nerve running posterior to the hilum and phrenic anterior
