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visceral > respiratory > Flashcards

respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

What is the pulmonary ligament?

A

A fold of parietal pleura extending down from the hilum.

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2
Q

What is at the posterior opening of the nose into nasopharynx?

A

Choane

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3
Q

What are associated with nose & drain into nasal cavity?

A

Paranasal sinuses

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4
Q

Where do the auditory tubes open into?

A

Lateral walls of the nasopharynx

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5
Q

What do the auditory tubes connect to?

A

air filled middle ear & mastoid process.

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6
Q

What is the lowest part of the pharynx called?

A

The laryngeopharynx

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7
Q

What innervates the vocal folds?

A

Recurrent laryngeal branches of the vagus.

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8
Q

Where are the pharyngeal tonsils located?

A

Posterior wall of the nasopharynx.

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9
Q

Where are the lingual tonsils located?

A

posterior part of the tongue

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10
Q

What is anterior to the laryngeopharynx?

A

The larynx

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11
Q

What is superior to the trachea?

A

The larynx.

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12
Q

When does the trachea start?

A

C6

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13
Q

Features of trachea?

A

16-20 C shaped cartilages that are deficient posteriorly.

Separated vertically by connective tissue and smooth muscle.

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14
Q

Posterior surface trachea?

A

Fibroelastic & muscular

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15
Q

What holds the trachea open?

A

C shaped cartilage rings.

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16
Q

What is anterior to the trachea?

A
  • fascia and muscle of neck

- manubrium, brachiocephalic & common carotid arteries

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17
Q

True or false: The trachea extends from C6 to T5 and is posterior to the oesophagus.

A

FALSE: The trachea extends from C6 to T5 and is ANTERIOR to the oesophagus.

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18
Q

what is posterior to the trachea?

A

-oesophagus

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19
Q

Lateral to the trachea?

A

-lungs

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20
Q

Order from largest to smallest - respiratory tract.

A

Trachea, principal bronchi (2), lobar bronchi (5), segmental bronchi, bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli

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21
Q

Feature of right principal bronchus?

A

Shorter, more vertical, wider.

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22
Q

Which lung are foreign bodies more likely to pass through to?

A

Right lung.

23
Q

Lobar bronchi on right side?

A

Superior, middle, inferior

24
Q

Impressions on the right lung?

A

Azygous vein. right subclavian artery, SVC, heart (right atrium)

25
Q

Where does the superior lobar bronchus enter right lung?

A

Enters hilum at T5. Posterior to pulmonary artery.

26
Q

Where does the principal right bronchus enter the lung?

A

Posteroinferior to artery & just below superior lobar bronchi. T6

27
Q

Where does the left principal bronchus enter hilum?

A

T6 unbranched. Below artery.

28
Q

What is a feature of bronchioles?

A

No cartilage in walls.

29
Q

Site of blood-air exchange?

A

Alveoli

30
Q

What is the function of type 1 and type 2 cells in alveoli?

A

1- blood-air barrier

2-produce surfactant & a population of wandering macrophages.

31
Q

True or false: Parietal pleura enters the fissures.

A

FALSE - visceral only

32
Q

True or false: Parietal pleura covers the root of the lung.

A

True.

33
Q

What is the root of the lung?

A

Contains the structures that enter and leave the lung. blood & lymph vessels, nerves & bronchi.

34
Q

The components of the parietal pleura are?

A

Diaphragmatic, costal, cervical, mediastinal

35
Q

What are the pleural recesses?

A

Areas where regions of parietal pleura are in contact.

36
Q

Where are the pleural recesses located?

A

Costodiaphragmatic recess - angle between thoracic cage & diaphragm
Costomediastinal recess - medially between the ribcage & mediastinum

37
Q

When is the lung tissue in the pleural recess?

A

During deep inspiration

38
Q

What is the sensory innervation to the lungs?

A

Branches of intercostal and phrenic nerve to the PARIETAL pleura only.

39
Q

What is the anterior border of the lung shaped by? Features?

A

Costodiphagmatic recess. Sharply angled.

40
Q

What is the posterior border of the lung shaped by? Features?

A

Vertebral column. rounded.

41
Q

Grey black on surface of lung?

A

Inhaled particles taken up by macrophages.

42
Q

Imressions on the left lung?

A

Aorta, left subclavian, left common carotid, heart (ventricles)

43
Q

Where is the apex of the lung?

A

Supraclavicular region.

44
Q

Nerves innervating trachea?

A

vagus.

45
Q

Lymph nodes - trachea?

A

Pretracheal, paratracheal - drain to ceep cervical nodes.

46
Q

Oxygenated blood supply to lungs?

A

Small bronchial arteries from descending aorta (also diffusion from alveoli).

47
Q

WHere do bronchial veins drain into?

A

Pulmonary veins or azygos system.

48
Q

Lymph drainage lungs?

A

Subpleural & deep (deep follow blood vessels and bronchi).
- ultimately to bronchomediastinal trunk

49
Q

Nerve supply to lungs?

A

Pulmonary plexus - vagus & sympathetic trunk

50
Q

Quiet inspiration?

A

Ribs pulled upwards & outwards by:

  • external intercostal muscles contracting
  • contraction/downward movement of diaphragm
51
Q

Deep inspiration?

A

muscles of quiet inspiration +

  • Neck muscles (sternocleidomastoid)
  • Muscles of upper limb (pec major, minor, serratus anterior)
  • quadratus lumborum (stabalises rib position)
52
Q

Quiet expiration?

A
  • External intercostals and diaphragm RELAX and move upwards. (RIBS down)
53
Q

Forced expiration?

A

Muscles of quiet +

  • internal & innermost intercostal muscles
  • abdominal muscles
54
Q

Where do the vagus and phrenic nerves run in relation to the lung hilum?

A

Vagus nerve running posterior to the hilum and phrenic anterior

visceral (12 decks)

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