male and female Flashcards
Embryology of external genitalia
Both from embryological primordium - develop separately from the internal genitalia.
Indifferent gonads develop _____ high on the ___ body wall, ___ to embryonic kidney (_____).
retroperitoneally, posterior, medial, mesonephros
Where to female internal genitalia develop from?
Paramesonephric ducts.
What happens to the paramesonephic ducts in males?
They degenerate.
What happens to the mesonephric ducts?
some are recycled as male internal genitalia, in females they degenerate
The _____ ducts develop lateral to the mesonephros.
Paramesonephric ducts.
Why do the testis begin to develop?
Under the influence of a gene on the Y chromosome - Testis Determining Factor (TDF)
WHY do the ovaries develop?
Absence of TDF. (no Y chromosome). Mesonephric ducts degenerate, paramesonephric ducts develop into internal genitalia.
How do the male reproductive organs develop apart from testis?
Because of testosterone produced by the embryonic testis - stimulates transformation & differentiation of MESONEPHRIC ducts.
When does the gubernaculum form?
As the mesonephros degenerates.
What is the gubernaculum?
Strand of CT on either side of the vertebral column. Ultimately extends from INFerior pole of gonad through muscle of abdominal wall into labioscrotal fold.
What is the transtiion of the gubernaculum through the abdominal wall the site of?
Future inguinal canal
An outfolding of peritonum, the ______ ______, forms ____ to teach gubernaculum growing down into the scrotum with the testis.
Processus vaginalis, anterior
Processus vaginalis becomes
Tunica vaginalis.
What happens to the gubernaculum in males?
Shortens. Distal end remains as small structure anchoring testis to scrotum.
What stops the ovaries from descending?
Gubernaculum becomes attached to sides of embryonic uterus. The descend a bit and move laterally.
What happens to the gubernaculum in females?
Does not shorten. becomes incorporated in the broad ligament as ovarian ligament and round ligament
Passage of round ligament.
From uterotubular junction side wall pelvis, thorugh deep inguinal ring, supeficial inguinal ring to mons
Scrotum (Superficial to deep)
(skin) Superficial fascia - with DARTOS muscle. Deep fascia - with CREMASTER MUSCLE (extends up spermatic cord)
Muscle found in outer part of testis? Function?
Dartos muscle. Controls heat by wrinkling the skin.
Muscle found in deeper fascia of scrotum?
Cremaster muscle - STRIATED muscle, involuntarily to raise and lower testis in response to body temperature
Dense connective tissue covering testis?
Tunica albuginea
The ___ ____ thickens _____ to form the ______ ___(testis)
Tunica albuginea, posteriorly, mediastinum testis.
What is superficial to the tunica albuginea on the testis? What sides are this on?
Anterior, medial and lateral testis faces serous cavity derivied from tunica vaginalis (tunica vaginalis parietal and visceral layer)
What cells are in the testis?
In seminiferous tubules. Spermatogenic cells (sperm productions), Sertoli cells (support - including binding Testosterone), Leydig cells (testosterone production).
Where is the epididymus located?
On superior and posterolateral sides of testis.
What separates the body of the epididymus with this testis?
The sinus of the epididymus. (head and tail adherent(
Function of epididymus?
Absorbs testicular fluid, phagocytoses dead sperm, maturation or normal sperm.
What is the extent of the spermatic cord?
From DEEp inguinal ring to SUPERIOR pole of testis
What does the spermatic cord contain?
Ductus deferens, arteries of testis, ductus deferens, cremasteric artery , Pampiniform plexus of veins, lymph vessels (draining testis but not scrotum), nerves (plexus on arteries)
What does cremasteric artery aastomse with near testis?
Testicular artery
Pamniform plexus? (males)
Join to become 3-4 veins in inguinal canal, become 2 veins after deep inguinal ring
Where are bulbourethral glands located?
adjacent to membranous urethra in urogenital diaphragm (deep perineal space)
Where do bubourethral glands empty into?
Spongy urethra (duct passes through perineal membran)
What do bulbourethral glands produce?
Mucus and PSA
3 parts of penis?
Root, body, glans
What is in the root of the penis?
Bulb and crura
Erectile tissue of penis?
2x dorsal corpora cavernosa. 1 x ventral corpus spongiosum.
Relationship of muscle and crura in root of penis?
Crura covered inferiorly with ischiocavernous muscle
What contains the spongy urethra?
The corpus spongiosum.
What is the corpus spongiosum distally and proximally?
Enlarges distally to form GLANS. Proximally to form BULB.
What wraps around bulb of penis?
Bulbospongiosus muscle.
The part of the tunica albuginea around corpora cavernosae is predominantly ____ ____. Whereas in corpus spongiosum is predominantly ___ ___
inextensible collagen, extensible elastin
What does erectile tissue consist of?
vascular spaces lined with endothelium. spaces surrounded by bundles of SMOOTH MUSCLE + many nerve endings plus lymph vessels.
Arterial inflow in erectile tissue is predominantly ____ and venous compenent ______
central, peripheral
True or False: The superficial fascia of the penis is fatty.
Flase. Contains no fat.
What is the thin covering of skin to cover the glans known as?
prepuce.
Ligaments of penis?
Suspensory ligament of the penis - pubic symphysis to deep penile fascia at junction of root and body.
Broad ligament subdivisions.
Mesometrium, mesosalpinx, mesovarium, suspensory ligamnt of ovary.
Gubernaculum dervided ligaments?
Ovarian, round
Round ligament path
From lateral sides upper uterus, deep inguinal ring, thorugh to mons and labium majora.
Wherere dop lymph vessels in round ligament drain into?
Superficial inguinal nodes
Other ligaments (lower uterus, cervix, upper vagina)
Anterio - uterovesicular fold, post - rectovaginal fold (lateral edges are uterosacral ligaments. Cervical- trasnverse/cardinal - to lateral walll pelvis
Ovary location and size.
3cm. in ovarian fossa adjacent to lateral wall pelvis. Posterior to ampulla and infundibulum of uterine tube.
Ovary surfaces
Mesovarian (ant), free border (post), tubal extemity (superior)
Where does the suspensory ligament of the ovary attach?
The tubal extreminty
What attaches at the tubal extremity of the ovaRY?
SIngle fimbra, suspens. lig. of ovary
What is the hilum of the OVARY?
Where the vessels etc entery ovary from suspensory lig.
Internal features of ovary.
Vascular medulla, outer cortex with ovarian follicles.
What do follicles contain?
Ovum & surrounding supporting endocrine cells.
What do more mature follicles accumulate?
viscous fluid (antral fluid) in an internal cavity or antrum
How do fiMbrae collect ovum?
ciliary action and muscular contraction
Whre does fertilisation occur in uternine tube?
The ampulla.
What produces ostrogen?
Endocrine cells of follicle. Prior to ovulation.
What produces progesterone?
Cospus luteum - remaining after ovulation.
Ovary relationships.
Uterine tube is anterosuperior except infundibulum which is lateral. Suspensory lig is posterolateral. Internal iliac vessels and ureter are posterior.
Layers of uterine tubes.
Mucosa, smooth muscle, serosa (peritoneum) - Not present in untramural region - surrounded by uterine tissue.
True or false: The entire uterine tube is surrounded by peritoneum.
False. Intramural is not.
Mucosa of uterine tube?
Elaborately folded - especially in distal parts of the tube. NO GLANDS. epithelium (ciliated and secretory cells)
Uterus regions
anteverted in 80% women. fundus (above entry of tubes), body, cervix
Uterus layers (WALLS)
Endometrium (specialised muscosa containing uterine GLANDS), myometrium (smooth muscle), serosa (continuous with peritoneum)
What happens to the uterus during pregnancy?
Wall thins, muscle cells hypertrophy, abdominal organs are displaced - fundus reaches epigastric region by 8th month
What layer of the endometrium is sloughed during menstruation?
Functionalis
What layer of the endometrium regenerates a new outer layer?
Basalis
What are the phases in the menstrual cycle?
Menstrual phase (1-5), proliferative phase (5-14), Ovulation ~14, secretory phase (15-28)
What triggers the shedding of the functionalis?
Declining progesterone levels. Degeneration of corpus luteum.
What triggers regeneration of new functionalis? In what phase?
Ostrogen from developing ovarian follicles. Begins in menstrual, throughout proliferative.
What stimualtes ovulation?
HIgh levels of oestrogen - surge in pitutary hormone LH.
What happens during secretory phase?
Endometrial glands secrete nutritive fluid to support blastocyst (should fert occurs). No fert = corpus luteum degenerates - sharp decline of progesterone.
Cervix compared to uterus
Narrower, more cyndrical, less mobile.
What parts of the cervix are lined with peritonuem?
Posterior - pouch of douglas. Ant + lat - embedded in pelvic fascia
Regions in the cervix?
Endocervix (simple columnar MUCUS producing GLANDS).
Ectocervix (stratified squamous ep, protudes into vault of vagina)
Part where endocervix and ectocervix join?
Transformation zone. - pathologies common
What are enlarged cervical glands?
Nabothian cysts
What is the groove around protuding opeing of cervix?
Fornix
Layers of cervix
Mucosa, muscle (+peritoneum posteriorly)
Vagina extent
From vestibule (within pudendal cleft) to vault and fornix.
What is the junction of cervix with with vagina?
External Ostium (os) of uterus.
The vaginal lumen is usually kept closed by what muscles/sphincters
Pubovaginalis, urogenital diaphragm, bulbospongiosis
Which part of vagina faces rectouterine pouch?
Vault
Relations of the vagina?
Urethra is embedded in anterior wall, levator ani is lateral.
Female external genitalia
(vulva) mons, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, vaginal orifice, urethral orifice.
What is the mons?
Fatty and fibrous CT covered with HAIRY skin. anterior to pubic symphysys.
Differences between labia minora and majora?
Folds containing fatty CT. Majora covered with hairy skin externally.
What encloses the clitoris?
Superior - prepuce. Inferior - frenulum.
Posterior to labia minora?
frenulum of labia.
Clitoris
resembles penis but does not contain urethra. 2 corpora cavernosae + crura + ischiocavernous m. Glans + 2 bulbs suepareted by vaginal vestibule + bulbospongiosis m.
