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male and female Flashcards

1
Q

Embryology of external genitalia

A

Both from embryological primordium - develop separately from the internal genitalia.

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2
Q

Indifferent gonads develop _____ high on the ___ body wall, ___ to embryonic kidney (_____).

A

retroperitoneally, posterior, medial, mesonephros

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3
Q

Where to female internal genitalia develop from?

A

Paramesonephric ducts.

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4
Q

What happens to the paramesonephic ducts in males?

A

They degenerate.

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5
Q

What happens to the mesonephric ducts?

A

some are recycled as male internal genitalia, in females they degenerate

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6
Q

The _____ ducts develop lateral to the mesonephros.

A

Paramesonephric ducts.

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7
Q

Why do the testis begin to develop?

A

Under the influence of a gene on the Y chromosome - Testis Determining Factor (TDF)

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8
Q

WHY do the ovaries develop?

A

Absence of TDF. (no Y chromosome). Mesonephric ducts degenerate, paramesonephric ducts develop into internal genitalia.

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9
Q

How do the male reproductive organs develop apart from testis?

A

Because of testosterone produced by the embryonic testis - stimulates transformation & differentiation of MESONEPHRIC ducts.

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10
Q

When does the gubernaculum form?

A

As the mesonephros degenerates.

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11
Q

What is the gubernaculum?

A

Strand of CT on either side of the vertebral column. Ultimately extends from INFerior pole of gonad through muscle of abdominal wall into labioscrotal fold.

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12
Q

What is the transtiion of the gubernaculum through the abdominal wall the site of?

A

Future inguinal canal

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13
Q

An outfolding of peritonum, the ______ ______, forms ____ to teach gubernaculum growing down into the scrotum with the testis.

A

Processus vaginalis, anterior

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14
Q

Processus vaginalis becomes

A

Tunica vaginalis.

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15
Q

What happens to the gubernaculum in males?

A

Shortens. Distal end remains as small structure anchoring testis to scrotum.

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16
Q

What stops the ovaries from descending?

A

Gubernaculum becomes attached to sides of embryonic uterus. The descend a bit and move laterally.

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17
Q

What happens to the gubernaculum in females?

A

Does not shorten. becomes incorporated in the broad ligament as ovarian ligament and round ligament

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18
Q

Passage of round ligament.

A

From uterotubular junction side wall pelvis, thorugh deep inguinal ring, supeficial inguinal ring to mons

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19
Q

Scrotum (Superficial to deep)

A

(skin) Superficial fascia - with DARTOS muscle. Deep fascia - with CREMASTER MUSCLE (extends up spermatic cord)

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20
Q

Muscle found in outer part of testis? Function?

A

Dartos muscle. Controls heat by wrinkling the skin.

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21
Q

Muscle found in deeper fascia of scrotum?

A

Cremaster muscle - STRIATED muscle, involuntarily to raise and lower testis in response to body temperature

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22
Q

Dense connective tissue covering testis?

A

Tunica albuginea

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23
Q

The ___ ____ thickens _____ to form the ______ ___(testis)

A

Tunica albuginea, posteriorly, mediastinum testis.

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24
Q

What is superficial to the tunica albuginea on the testis? What sides are this on?

A

Anterior, medial and lateral testis faces serous cavity derivied from tunica vaginalis (tunica vaginalis parietal and visceral layer)

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25
Q

What cells are in the testis?

A

In seminiferous tubules. Spermatogenic cells (sperm productions), Sertoli cells (support - including binding Testosterone), Leydig cells (testosterone production).

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26
Q

Where is the epididymus located?

A

On superior and posterolateral sides of testis.

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27
Q

What separates the body of the epididymus with this testis?

A

The sinus of the epididymus. (head and tail adherent(

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28
Q

Function of epididymus?

A

Absorbs testicular fluid, phagocytoses dead sperm, maturation or normal sperm.

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29
Q

What is the extent of the spermatic cord?

A

From DEEp inguinal ring to SUPERIOR pole of testis

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30
Q

What does the spermatic cord contain?

A

Ductus deferens, arteries of testis, ductus deferens, cremasteric artery , Pampiniform plexus of veins, lymph vessels (draining testis but not scrotum), nerves (plexus on arteries)

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31
Q

What does cremasteric artery aastomse with near testis?

A

Testicular artery

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32
Q

Pamniform plexus? (males)

A

Join to become 3-4 veins in inguinal canal, become 2 veins after deep inguinal ring

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33
Q

Where are bulbourethral glands located?

A

adjacent to membranous urethra in urogenital diaphragm (deep perineal space)

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34
Q

Where do bubourethral glands empty into?

A

Spongy urethra (duct passes through perineal membran)

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35
Q

What do bulbourethral glands produce?

A

Mucus and PSA

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36
Q

3 parts of penis?

A

Root, body, glans

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37
Q

What is in the root of the penis?

A

Bulb and crura

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38
Q

Erectile tissue of penis?

A

2x dorsal corpora cavernosa. 1 x ventral corpus spongiosum.

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39
Q

Relationship of muscle and crura in root of penis?

A

Crura covered inferiorly with ischiocavernous muscle

40
Q

What contains the spongy urethra?

A

The corpus spongiosum.

41
Q

What is the corpus spongiosum distally and proximally?

A

Enlarges distally to form GLANS. Proximally to form BULB.

42
Q

What wraps around bulb of penis?

A

Bulbospongiosus muscle.

43
Q

The part of the tunica albuginea around corpora cavernosae is predominantly ____ ____. Whereas in corpus spongiosum is predominantly ___ ___

A

inextensible collagen, extensible elastin

44
Q

What does erectile tissue consist of?

A

vascular spaces lined with endothelium. spaces surrounded by bundles of SMOOTH MUSCLE + many nerve endings plus lymph vessels.

45
Q

Arterial inflow in erectile tissue is predominantly ____ and venous compenent ______

A

central, peripheral

46
Q

True or False: The superficial fascia of the penis is fatty.

A

Flase. Contains no fat.

47
Q

What is the thin covering of skin to cover the glans known as?

A

prepuce.

48
Q

Ligaments of penis?

A

Suspensory ligament of the penis - pubic symphysis to deep penile fascia at junction of root and body.

49
Q

Broad ligament subdivisions.

A

Mesometrium, mesosalpinx, mesovarium, suspensory ligamnt of ovary.

50
Q

Gubernaculum dervided ligaments?

A

Ovarian, round

51
Q

Round ligament path

A

From lateral sides upper uterus, deep inguinal ring, thorugh to mons and labium majora.

52
Q

Wherere dop lymph vessels in round ligament drain into?

A

Superficial inguinal nodes

53
Q

Other ligaments (lower uterus, cervix, upper vagina)

A

Anterio - uterovesicular fold, post - rectovaginal fold (lateral edges are uterosacral ligaments. Cervical- trasnverse/cardinal - to lateral walll pelvis

54
Q

Ovary location and size.

A

3cm. in ovarian fossa adjacent to lateral wall pelvis. Posterior to ampulla and infundibulum of uterine tube.

55
Q

Ovary surfaces

A

Mesovarian (ant), free border (post), tubal extemity (superior)

56
Q

Where does the suspensory ligament of the ovary attach?

A

The tubal extreminty

57
Q

What attaches at the tubal extremity of the ovaRY?

A

SIngle fimbra, suspens. lig. of ovary

58
Q

What is the hilum of the OVARY?

A

Where the vessels etc entery ovary from suspensory lig.

59
Q

Internal features of ovary.

A

Vascular medulla, outer cortex with ovarian follicles.

60
Q

What do follicles contain?

A

Ovum & surrounding supporting endocrine cells.

61
Q

What do more mature follicles accumulate?

A

viscous fluid (antral fluid) in an internal cavity or antrum

62
Q

How do fiMbrae collect ovum?

A

ciliary action and muscular contraction

63
Q

Whre does fertilisation occur in uternine tube?

A

The ampulla.

64
Q

What produces ostrogen?

A

Endocrine cells of follicle. Prior to ovulation.

65
Q

What produces progesterone?

A

Cospus luteum - remaining after ovulation.

66
Q

Ovary relationships.

A

Uterine tube is anterosuperior except infundibulum which is lateral. Suspensory lig is posterolateral. Internal iliac vessels and ureter are posterior.

67
Q

Layers of uterine tubes.

A

Mucosa, smooth muscle, serosa (peritoneum) - Not present in untramural region - surrounded by uterine tissue.

68
Q

True or false: The entire uterine tube is surrounded by peritoneum.

A

False. Intramural is not.

69
Q

Mucosa of uterine tube?

A

Elaborately folded - especially in distal parts of the tube. NO GLANDS. epithelium (ciliated and secretory cells)

70
Q

Uterus regions

A

anteverted in 80% women. fundus (above entry of tubes), body, cervix

71
Q

Uterus layers (WALLS)

A

Endometrium (specialised muscosa containing uterine GLANDS), myometrium (smooth muscle), serosa (continuous with peritoneum)

72
Q

What happens to the uterus during pregnancy?

A

Wall thins, muscle cells hypertrophy, abdominal organs are displaced - fundus reaches epigastric region by 8th month

73
Q

What layer of the endometrium is sloughed during menstruation?

A

Functionalis

74
Q

What layer of the endometrium regenerates a new outer layer?

A

Basalis

75
Q

What are the phases in the menstrual cycle?

A

Menstrual phase (1-5), proliferative phase (5-14), Ovulation ~14, secretory phase (15-28)

76
Q

What triggers the shedding of the functionalis?

A

Declining progesterone levels. Degeneration of corpus luteum.

77
Q

What triggers regeneration of new functionalis? In what phase?

A

Ostrogen from developing ovarian follicles. Begins in menstrual, throughout proliferative.

78
Q

What stimualtes ovulation?

A

HIgh levels of oestrogen - surge in pitutary hormone LH.

79
Q

What happens during secretory phase?

A

Endometrial glands secrete nutritive fluid to support blastocyst (should fert occurs). No fert = corpus luteum degenerates - sharp decline of progesterone.

80
Q

Cervix compared to uterus

A

Narrower, more cyndrical, less mobile.

81
Q

What parts of the cervix are lined with peritonuem?

A

Posterior - pouch of douglas. Ant + lat - embedded in pelvic fascia

82
Q

Regions in the cervix?

A

Endocervix (simple columnar MUCUS producing GLANDS).

Ectocervix (stratified squamous ep, protudes into vault of vagina)

83
Q

Part where endocervix and ectocervix join?

A

Transformation zone. - pathologies common

84
Q

What are enlarged cervical glands?

A

Nabothian cysts

85
Q

What is the groove around protuding opeing of cervix?

A

Fornix

86
Q

Layers of cervix

A

Mucosa, muscle (+peritoneum posteriorly)

87
Q

Vagina extent

A

From vestibule (within pudendal cleft) to vault and fornix.

88
Q

What is the junction of cervix with with vagina?

A

External Ostium (os) of uterus.

89
Q

The vaginal lumen is usually kept closed by what muscles/sphincters

A

Pubovaginalis, urogenital diaphragm, bulbospongiosis

90
Q

Which part of vagina faces rectouterine pouch?

A

Vault

91
Q

Relations of the vagina?

A

Urethra is embedded in anterior wall, levator ani is lateral.

92
Q

Female external genitalia

A

(vulva) mons, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, vaginal orifice, urethral orifice.

93
Q

What is the mons?

A

Fatty and fibrous CT covered with HAIRY skin. anterior to pubic symphysys.

94
Q

Differences between labia minora and majora?

A

Folds containing fatty CT. Majora covered with hairy skin externally.

95
Q

What encloses the clitoris?

A

Superior - prepuce. Inferior - frenulum.

96
Q

Posterior to labia minora?

A

frenulum of labia.

97
Q

Clitoris

A

resembles penis but does not contain urethra. 2 corpora cavernosae + crura + ischiocavernous m. Glans + 2 bulbs suepareted by vaginal vestibule + bulbospongiosis m.

visceral (12 decks)

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