heart

Question 1

which layer of pericardium is pain sensitive?

Answer 1

Parietal pericardium

Question 2

Where does the fibrous pericardium attach?

Answer 2

Mediastinum, pleura & central tendon of diaphragm.

Question 3

What is the fibrous pericardium?

Answer 3

Connective tissue surrounding the outside of the pericardial sac.

Question 4

What does the visceral pericardium cover?

Answer 4

Covers the heart (epicardium) and bases of great vessels.

Question 5

What is the heart lined with?

Answer 5

Endocardium - endothelium + small amount underlying connective tissue

Question 6

Borders of the heart?

Answer 6

Superior border, left border, right border,

Question 7

Where does the right atrium receive blood from?

Answer 7

Systemic circulation.

1. Superior vena cava SVC (blood from body/head)
2. Inferior vena cava IVC (blood from body)
3. Coronary sinus
4. Vena cordis minimae
5. anterior cardiac veins

Question 8

How much of coronary circulation does coronary sinus drain? What drains the remainder of the circulation?

Answer 8

60% - vena cordis minimae & anterior cardiac veins

Question 9

What are the internal features of the right atrium?

Answer 9

Anterior - rough (PECTINATE muscles)
- fossa ovalis
- crista terminalis
Posterior - smooth

Question 10

What is the fossa ovalis?

Answer 10

Closed over remnant of embryonic opening between atria - foramen ovale.

Question 11

What is the raised edge of the fossa ovalis called?

Answer 11

Limbus

Question 12

What is the corresponding feature on the outside of the heart to crista terminalis?

Answer 12

Sulcus terminalis

Question 13

Where is the mitral valve located?

Answer 13

Left atrioventricular valve - between the left atrium and ventricle

Question 14

What is the right atrioventricular valve?

Answer 14

Tricuspid.

Question 15

WHat are the leaflets of the AV valves attached to?

Answer 15

Chorda tendinae

Question 16

What are the muscles in the ventricles that pull on the chorda tendinae?

Answer 16

papillary muscles.

Question 17

Interlacing muscular folds in right ventricle?

Answer 17

Trabecular carnae

Question 18

What is the smooth part of the right ventricle?

Answer 18

The infundibulum on the left below opening of pulmonary trunk

Question 19

How many leaflets does the pulmonary valve have?

Answer 19

3

Question 20

Anterosuperior extension of left atrium?

Answer 20

left auricle.

Question 21

Internal features of left atrium?

Answer 21

Smooth except for left auricle - rough pectinate muscles.

Question 22

How many papillary muscles are there?

Answer 22

3 (each side)

Question 23

Where is the right coronary artery?

Answer 23

Coronary sulcus/right atrioventricular groove.

Question 24

Surface anatomy of the heart:

- Apex

Answer 24

at intersection of:

• left mid clavicular line (line through mid point of clavicle) &
• 5th intercostal space

Question 25

Surface anatomy of the heart: | - Right border

Answer 25

vertical level of right margin of the sternum

Question 26

Surface anatomy of the heart: | - Valves

Answer 26

are beneath a line joining the: - 3rd left - 6th right Costal cartilages

Question 27

First branches of the ascending aorta?

Answer 27

Left & right coronary arteries

Question 28

Where do the coronary arteries arise from?

Answer 28

Expansions - aortic sinuses.

Question 29

What drains into the coronary sinus?

Answer 29

Great, middle and small cardiac veins

Question 30

Where do venae cordis minimae drain into?

Answer 30

all chambers

Question 31

Where is the GREAT cardiac vein? What does it drain?

Answer 31

Runs in the anterior interventricular sulcus. Drains: - left atrium - both ventricles

Question 32

Where is the SMALL cardiac vein? What does it drain?

Answer 32

Runs in the coronary sulcus. Drains: - right atrium - some right ventricle

Question 33

Where is the MIDDLE cardiac vein?

Answer 33

Runs in the posterior interventricular groove. Drains: - ventricles

Question 34

Where is the SA node located?

Answer 34

In the anterolateral wall of right atrium, just below opening of SVC. Often associated with fat which gives recognisable pale appearance.

Question 35

Communication between SA node and AV node?

Answer 35

Slow - unmodified cardiac muscle fibres.

Question 36

AV node located?

Answer 36

In interarterial spetum below opening of coronary sinus.

Question 37

AV bundle of His located?

Answer 37

In interventricular septum.

Question 38

AV bundle consists of?

Answer 38

2 bundles of specialised cardiac muscle - purkinje fibres.

Question 39

Cardiac plexus formed from?

Answer 39

Sympathetic - from upper sympathetic trunk (increases heart rate and FOC) Parasympathetic - from vagus (decreases rate and FOC)

Question 40

Sensory innervation of heart?

Answer 40

Phrenic nerve - passes trhough fibrous pericardium and carries sensroy fibres from serous parietal pericardium.

Question 41

Lymph drainage of heart?

Answer 41

Plexus of small vessels drain into left or right cardiac collecting trunks then into BRONCHOMEDIASTINAL trunk