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Anatomy > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

Label upper respiratory tract

A

See diagram

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2
Q

What surrounds the trachea?

A

Tracheal rings

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3
Q

What are the tracheal rings made of?

A

Hyaline cartilage

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4
Q

What shape are the tracheal rings?

A

C shaped

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5
Q

What is the purpose of the tracheal rings?

A

Support the trachea, allow it to still move and flex in breathing

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6
Q

What muscle surrounds the trachea?

A

Trachealis muscle

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7
Q

What type of muscle is the trachealis muscle?

A

Smooth under ANS control

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8
Q

What is the purpose of the trachealis muscle?

A

Decreases diameter of trachea to help move air faster out

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9
Q

What type of epithelium lines the trachea?

A

Puesdo stratified ciliated columnar epithelum

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10
Q

Where does the trachea bifurcate (the carina)?

A
  • T4/T5 intervetebral disc
  • Transthoracic plane
  • Sternal angle
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11
Q

Give the order of the bronchial tree

A

Trachea —> Primary (principle/main) bronchi —> Secondary (lobar) bronchi —> Tertiary (segmental) bronchi —> bronchioles —> Alevoli

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12
Q

What are the trends in smooth muscle and cartilage down the bronchial tree?

A
  • Increase in smooth muscle

- Decrease in cartilage

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13
Q

How many secondary bronchi are on the right?

A

3

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14
Q

How many secondary bronchi are on the left?

A

2

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15
Q

What attaches the lungs to the mediastinum?

A

The hilum

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16
Q

What are the two pleuras?

A
  • Parietal pleura

- Visceral pleura

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17
Q

What cavity are the lungs surrounded by?

A

Pleural cavity

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18
Q

What are the two pleuras continuous with each other as?

A

Lung hilum

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19
Q

What is the parietal pleura adhered to?

A

Thoracic wall/rib change

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20
Q

What is the visceral pleura adhered to?

A

The lungs

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21
Q

What type of epithelium lines the pleura?

A

Simple squamous epithelium

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22
Q

What do the pleura secrete?

A

Lubricating fluid, allows free movement of lungs against chest wall

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23
Q

How many lobes does the left lung have?

A

2

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24
Q

Why does the left lung have less lobes than the right?

A

Heart is overlapping

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25
Q

How many lobes does the right lung have?

A

3

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26
Q

What are the names of the right lung lobes?

A
  • Upper
  • Middle
  • Lower
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27
Q

What are the names of the left lung lobes?

A
  • Upper

- Lower

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28
Q

What is the name of the fissure on the left lung?

A

Oblique fissure

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29
Q

What are the names of the fissures on the right lung?

A

Oblique fissure

Horizontal fissure

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30
Q

What lies posterior to the trachea? (2)

A
  • Left brachiocephalic vein

- Thyroid isthmus at 2nd/3rd tracheal cartilage

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31
Q

What lies posterior to the trachea?

A

Oesophagus

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32
Q

What lies lateral to the trachea? (2)

A
  • Carotid sheath : vagus nerve, common carotid, internal jugular
  • Thyroid gland lobes
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33
Q

Label diagram of lungs

A

See notes

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34
Q

Give the 3 surfaces of the lungs

A
  • Mediastinal surface
  • Costal surface
  • Diaphargmatic surface
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35
Q

Where does the mediastinal surface of the lung face?

A

Lateral aspect of middle mediastinum

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36
Q

What surface is the lung hilum on?

A

Mediastinal surface

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37
Q

What does the diaphragmatic surface of the lung form?

A

The base of the lung

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38
Q

What is the shape of the diaphragmatic surface of the lung?

A

Concave

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39
Q

Why is the concavity of the diaphragmatic surface deeper in the right lung?

A

Due to the higher position of the right dome overlying the liver

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40
Q

What is the shape of the lung costal surface?

A

Smooth and convex

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41
Q

Where does the costal surface of the lung face?

A

Chest wall

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42
Q

What are the 3 borders of the lungs?

A
  • Anterior
  • Inferior
  • Posterior
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43
Q

What is the anterior border of the lung formed by?

A

Convergence of mediastinal and costal surfaces

Has cardiac notch

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44
Q

Is the anterior border sharp/smooth and rounded?

A

Sharp

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45
Q

Is the inferior border sharp/smooth and rounded?

A

Sharp

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46
Q

Is the posterior border sharp/smooth and rounded?

A

Smooth and rounded

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47
Q

What is the inferior border of the lung?

A

Separates lung base from mediastinal surface and costal surface

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48
Q

What is the posterior border of the lung formed by?

A

Meeting of the mediastinal and costal surfaces posteriorly

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49
Q

Is the hilum on the medial/posterior side of lung?

A

Medial

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50
Q

What is the only part of the lung not covered in pleura?

A

Hilum

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51
Q

What is the lung hilum?

A

The site of exit/entry into the lung

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52
Q

What makes up the hilum and what are their positions?

A
  • Pulmonary artery (normally above and medial to bronchus) and primary bronchus (both superior)
  • Superior and inferior pulmonary veins
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53
Q

Describe the lymphatic drainage of the lung and visceral pleura

A

Bronchiopulmonary nodes (bifurcation of larger bronchi) —> Tracheobronchial nodes (trachea bifurcation) in mediastinum —> nodes along trachea —> drain superiorly: right lymphatic duct (right lung) or thoracic duct (left lung)

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54
Q

Describe innervation of the lungs

A

Autonomic innervation through sympathetic trunks and vagus nerves via pulmonary plexi

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55
Q

What does parasympathetic innervation of the lung do?

A

Constricts bronchioles

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56
Q

What does sympathetic innervation of the lung do?

A

Dilates bronchioles

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57
Q

What type of membrane are the pleura?

A

Mesothelial

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58
Q

What cavity do the pleura line?

A

Thoracic cavity

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59
Q

Is the visceral pleura innervation autonomic/somatic?

A

Autonomic

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60
Q

Is the parietal pleura innervation autonomic/somatic?

A

Somatic

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61
Q

What nerves innervate the parietal pleura?

A

Phrenic and intercostal nerves

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62
Q

What are the parts of the parietal pleura? (4)

A
  • Cervical
  • Mediastinal
  • Costal
  • Diaphragmatic
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63
Q

Label the diagram of the parietal pleura

A

See notes

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64
Q

What is the arterial blood supply of the lungs and visceral pleura?

A

Bronchial arteries from thoracic/descending aorta

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65
Q

What is the venous blood drainage of the lungs and visceral pleura?

A

Bronchial veins drain to hemiazygous and azygous vein

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66
Q

What is the posterior border of the thoracic inlet?

A

T1

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67
Q

What is the lateral border of the thoracic inlet?

A

First pair of ribs (forming C shaped curves posterior to anterior)

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68
Q

What is the anterior border of the thoracic inlet?

A

Manubrium and costal cartilage of 1st rib

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69
Q

What is the thoracic inlet?

A

Opening at the top of the thoracic cavity

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70
Q

What structures run through the thoracic inlet? (10)

A
  • Oesophagus
  • Trachea
  • Brachiocephalic veins
  • Internal jugular veins
  • Subclavian vein
  • Left subclavian artery
  • Left and right common carotid
  • Vagus nerve
  • Phrenic nerve
  • Thoracic duct
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71
Q

Label the sternum

A

See notes

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72
Q

What are the 3 parts of the sternum?

A
  • Manibrium
  • Body
  • Xiphoid process
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73
Q

What 2 notches are on the sternum?

A
  • Jugular notch (top)

- Clavicular notch (sides)

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74
Q

What attaches at the facets of the manibrium?

A

Costal cartilages of ribs 1-7

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75
Q

What type of joint is the manubriosternal joint?

A

Secondary cartilaginous (symphisis)

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76
Q

What plane passes through the manubriosternal joint?

A

Thoracic plane

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77
Q

What is the manubriosternal joint also known as and what vertebral level is it at?

A
  • Sternal angle

- T4/T5 intervertebral disc

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78
Q

What rib articulates at the sternal angle?

A

2nd

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79
Q

Label a rib

A

See notes

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80
Q

What are costochondral junctions?

A

Sites of articulation with costal cartilage

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81
Q

Where does the costal groove lie?

A

Inferior border of rib

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82
Q

What lies in the costal groove?

A

Intercostal neurovascular bundle

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83
Q

What are the vessels in the intercostal neurovascular bundle tributaries of?

A

Branches of subclavian artery and vein

84
Q

Where should needles be inserted in thoracic cage and why?

A

Above a rib to avoid damage to intercostal neurovascular bundle

85
Q

What is the order of the intercostal neurovascular bundle?

A
  • Vein
  • Artery
  • Nerve (VAN)
86
Q

What does the head of a rib articulate with?

A

Demifacets on vertebral body

87
Q

What does the tubercle of a rib articulate with?

A

Costal facets on vertebral transverse processes

88
Q

Which ribs are the true ribs?

A

1-7

89
Q

What are true ribs?

A

Ribs attached to sternum by costal cartilages

90
Q

What are false ribs?

A

Ribs not joining sternum directly but attached to 7th rib by cartilage

91
Q

Which ribs are the false ribs?

A

8-12

92
Q

What are atypical ribs?

A

Ribs with features not common to all ribs

93
Q

Which ribs are atypical?

A
  • 1st rib

- Floating ribs (11th and 12th ribs)

94
Q

What is atypical about the 1st rib?

A
  • Shorter and wider

- Superior surface marked by grooves for passage of subclavian vessels

95
Q

What are the floating ribs?

A
  • No neck
  • Very short
  • Do not attach to sternum anteriorly
96
Q

What is the costal margin?

A

Curved lower margin of thoracic wall

97
Q

What costal cartilages form costal margin?

A

7th-10th cartilages

98
Q

What vertebrae is the lowest level of the costal cartilage opposite to?

A

L3

99
Q

What type of joint is the costovertebral joint?

A

Synovial planar (gliding)

100
Q

What are the articulations of the costovertebral joint?

A

Head of ribs and demifacets on vertebral body

101
Q

What type of joint is the costotranverse joint?

A

Synovial planar

102
Q

What are the articulations of the costotransverse joint?

A

Tubercules of ribs with costal facets on vertebral transverse processes

103
Q

What type of joint is the sternocostal joint?

A

Synovial planar (except 1st=synchondrosis)

104
Q

What are the articulations of the sternocostal joints?

A

Cartilages of true ribs with sternum

105
Q

What type of joint is the sternoclavicular joint?

A

Synovial planar

106
Q

What are the articulations of the sternoclavicular joint?

A

Manibrium and clavicle

107
Q

What type of joint is the interchondral joint?

A

6-9 ribs: synovial gliding (freely moveable)

9-10ribs: synovial fibrous (slightly moveable)

108
Q

What is the articulation of the interchondral joint?

A

Between costal cartilages ribs 6-9

109
Q

What type of joint is the xiphisternal joint?

A

Primary cartilagenous

110
Q

What is the articulation of the xiphisternal joint?

A

Between the sternum body and the xiphoid process

111
Q

What type of joint is the manubriosternal joint?

A

Hyaline secondary cartilagenous

112
Q

What are the articulations of the manubriosternal joint?

A

Manibrium and sternum body

113
Q

Label the bones of the nasal cavity

A

See notes

114
Q

What bones make up the nasal cavity? (5)

A
  • Ethmoid
  • Vomer
  • Palatine
  • Lacrimal
  • Maxillary
115
Q

Label the bones of the nasal septum (3)

A
  • Perpendicular plate of ethmoid
  • Septal cartilage
  • Vomer
116
Q

List the paranasal air sinuses

A
  • Frontal
  • Maxillary
  • Sphenoid
  • Ethmoid
117
Q

Label the paranasal air sinuses

A

See diagram

118
Q

What is the position of the frontal sinus?

A

Most superior, under forehead

119
Q

What is the shape of the frontal sinus?

A

Triangular

120
Q

Which paranasal sinus is absent at birth?

A

Frontal

121
Q

What is the position of the sphenoid sinus?

A

2nd most superior, most posterior (in sphenoid bone)

122
Q

What are the 3 ethmoid sinuses?

A
  • Anterior ethmoid
  • Middle ethmoid
  • Posterior ethmoid
123
Q

What is the position of the anterior ethmoid sinus?

A

Hiatus semilunaris

124
Q

What is the position of the middle ethmoid sinus?

A

Ethmoid bulba

125
Q

What is the position of the inferior ethmoid sinus?

A

Superior meatus

126
Q

What is the position of the maxillary sinus?

A

Largest and most inferior and lateral

127
Q

What does the maxillary sinus drain into?

A

Nasal cavity at hiatus semilunaris

128
Q

What is the nasopharnyx posterior to?

A

Nasal cavity

129
Q

What does the nasopharynx extent to and from?

A

From: skull
To: soft palate

130
Q

What does the oropharynx extent to and from?

A

From: soft palate
To: superior epiglottis border (C3)

131
Q

What does the laryngopharynx extent to and from?

A

From: superior epiglottis border (C3)
To: cricoid cartilage inferior border (C6)

132
Q

What is the laryngopharnyx posterior to?

A

Larynx

133
Q

What is the oropharynx posterior to?

A

Oral cavity

134
Q

Name all 4 tonsils superior to inferior

A
  • Pharyngeal
  • Tubal
  • Palatine
  • Lingual
135
Q

What is the ring of lymph tissue around the pharynx known as?

A

Waldeyer’s ring

136
Q

Describe the blood supply to the pharynx (branches of 4 main arteries)

A

Network of arteries —> branches of:

  • Facial artery
  • Maxillary artery
  • Laryngeal artery
  • Lingual artery
137
Q

What does the pharynx drain to?

A

Internal jugular vein

138
Q

Describe the lymphatic drainage of the pharynx

A

Retropharyngeal nodes —> Deep cervical nodes

139
Q

What plexus innervates the pharynx?

A

Pharyngeal plexus

140
Q

What cranial nerve innervates the motor actions of the pharynx?

A

Vagus

141
Q

What cranial nerve innervates the sensory information of the pharynx?

A

Glassopharyngeal

142
Q

List the laryngeal cartilages

A
  • Thyroid
  • Cricoid
  • Epiglottis
  • Artenyoid
  • Corniculate
  • Cuneiform
143
Q

Which laryngeal cartilages are paired? (3)

A
  • Artenyoid
  • Cuneiform
  • Corniculate
144
Q

Which laryngeal cartilages are unpaired? (3)

A
  • Epiglottis
  • Cricoid
  • Thyroid
145
Q

What is the thyroid cartilage also known as?

A

Adam’s Apple

146
Q

What is special about the cricoid cartilage?

A

The only complete ring of cartilage surrounding larynx

147
Q

What type of cartilage is cricoid cartilage?

A

Hyaline

148
Q

What is the position of the cricoid cartilage?

A

C6 - larynx inferior border

149
Q

What type of cartilage is the epiglottis?

A

Elastic

150
Q

What is shape of the artenyoid cartilages?

A

Pyramid

151
Q

Where does the artenyoid cartilage lie on top of?

A

Cricoid cartilage

152
Q

Where does the corniculate cartilage lie on top of?

A

Artenyoid cartilage

153
Q

What are the three membranes of the larynx?

A
  • Thyrohyoid
  • Cricothyroid
  • Cricotracheal
154
Q

What is the position of the thyrohyoid membrane?

A

Between upper border of thyroid cartilage and hyoid bone

155
Q

What is the position of the cricothyroid membrane?

A

Between the thyroid and cricoid membrane

156
Q

What is the position of the cricotracheal membrane?

A

Between cricoid membrane and the 1st tracheal ring

157
Q

What is the aryepiglottic fold?

A

Triangular folds of mucous membrane

158
Q

Where is the aryepiglottic fold found?

A

Extends from the epiglottis lateral borders to the arytenoid cartilage

159
Q

What is the position of the quadrangular membrane?

A

Between lateral aspect of epiglottis and anterolateral arytheroid cartilage

160
Q

Are the false vocal cords or true vocal cords superior?

A

The false vocal cords

161
Q

What is the purpose of the false vocal cords?

A

Protection of larynx

162
Q

What are the false vocal cords also known as?

A

Vestibular cords

163
Q

Define “glottis”

A

Aperture between vocal cords

164
Q

What is the rima glottidis?

A

Aperture between true vocal cords

165
Q

What is the rima vestibuli?

A

Aperture between vestibular cords

166
Q

Label cords, cartilages and membranes of larynx

A

See notes

167
Q

What level is the angle of louis?

A

2nd intercostal space

168
Q

What cavities does the diaphragm separate? (2)

A
  • Thoracic

- Abdominal

169
Q

What are the 2 parts of the diaphragm?

A
  • Central tendon

- Peripheral muscle

170
Q

What is the diaphragm?

A

Dome shaped sheet of skeletal muscle

171
Q

What are the 2 purposes of the diaphragm? (2)

A
  • Seperates thoracic and abdominal cavity

- Contraction and relaxation to alter the volume of the thoracic cavity and the lungs = inspiration and expiration

172
Q

What are the 3 hiatuses of the diaphragm and what level are they at?

A
  • T8: caval hiatus
  • T10: oesophageal hiatus
  • T12: aortic hiatus
173
Q

What structures pass through the diaphragm at T8 (caval hiatus)?

A
  • Inferior vena cava

- Right phrenic nerve

174
Q

What structures pass through the diaphragm at T10 (oesophageal hiatus)? (2)

A
  • Oesophagus

- Left and right vagus nerve

175
Q

What structures pass through the diaphragm at T12 (aortic hiatus)? (3)

A
  • Aorta
  • Thoracic duct
  • Azygous
176
Q

Describe the actions of the diaphragm in inhalation (3)

A
  • Contracts and moves in inferior direction
  • Causes partial vaccum in thoracic cavity
  • Forces lungs to expand and fill with air
177
Q

Describe the actions of the diaphragm in exhalation (2)

A
  • Diaphragm relaxes

- Air inhaled by elastic recoil process of lung

178
Q

What provides motor supply to the diaphargm and what are its nerve roots?

A

Phrenic nerve (C3-C5)

179
Q

Label the underside of the diaphragm

A

See notes

180
Q

What is the difference between the way the left and right phrenic nerves pierce the diaphragm?

A 
Right = at the caval hiatus
Left = inferior surface of diaphragm
181
Q

What surface of the diaphargm do the phrenic nerves innervate?

A

Inferior surface

182
Q

What level is the diaphargm at?

A
  • Fifth intercostal space
  • Rib 6
  • T10/T11
183
Q

What is at the same level as the diaphargm?

A

Apex of the heart

184
Q

What is the sensory supply to the central diaphargm?

A

Phrenic nerves

185
Q

What is the sensory supply to the peripheral diaphargm? (2)

A
  • Intercostal nerves (T5-T11)

- Subcostal nerves (T12)

186
Q

What is the mediastinum?

A

Broad central compartment of thoracic cavity

187
Q

What is the superior border of the thoracic cavity?

A

Thoracic inlet

188
Q

What is the inferior border of the thoracic cavity?

A

Diaphragm

189
Q

What are the parts of the mediastinum?

A
  • Superior

- Inferior (anterior, middle, posterior)

190
Q

What divides the superior and inferior mediastinum?

A

Thoracic plane

191
Q

What is the surface landmark of the thoracic plane?

A

Sternal angle (T4/T5)

192
Q

What is the thoracic plane?

A

Line from the sternal angle to T4 vertebrae

193
Q

What are the 3 parts of the inferior mediastinum?

A
  • Anterior
  • Middle
  • Posterior
194
Q

What is the anterior border of the anterior mediastinum?

A

Sternum body

195
Q

What is the posterior border of the anterior mediastinum?

A

Pericardium

196
Q

What are the contents of the anterior mediastinum? (2)

A
  • Loose connective tissue

- Thymus

197
Q

What are the contents of the middle mediastinum? (9)

A
  • Heart
  • Pericardium
  • Tracheal bifurcation
  • L/R bronchi
  • Ascending aorta
  • Pulmonary trunk
  • Superior vena cava
  • Phrenic nerves
  • Tracheobronchial lymph nodes
198
Q

What is the anterior border of the middle mediastinum?

A

Anterior margin of pericardium

199
Q

What is the posterior border of the middle mediastinum?

A

Posterior margin of pericardium

200
Q

What is the anterior border of the posterior mediastinum?

A

Pericardium

201
Q

What is the posterior border of the posterior mediastinum?

A

T4-T12 vertebrae

202
Q

What are the contents of the posterior mediastinum? (7)

A
  • Oesophagus
  • Azygous vein (drains into superior VC)
  • Sympathetic chain
  • Descending thoracic aorta
  • Abdominal aorta (T12 level)
  • Posterior intercostal veins, arteries, nerves
  • Thoracic duct
203
Q

What are the contents of the superior mediastinum?

A

BATS TENT

  • Brachiocephalic veins
  • Aortic arch/azygous
  • Thymus
  • Superior VC
  • Trachea
  • Esophagus
  • Nerves (phrenic and vagus)
  • Thoracic duct
204
Q

What is the purpose of the posterior cricothyroid muscle (intrinsic muscle)?

A

Breathing

205
Q

What is the purpose of lateral cricoarytenoids muscle (intrinsic muscle)?

A

Adduct vocal cords

Whispering

206
Q

What is the purpose of oblique and transverse arytenoids muscle (intrinsic muscle)?

A

Normal speech

207
Q

What is the purpose of cricothyroid muscle (intrinsic muscle)?

A

Singing and pitch

Anatomy (10 decks)

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