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Anatomy > Gastrointestinal > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal Flashcards

1
Q

What is the anterior boundary of the mouth?

A

Opening of lips

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2
Q

What is the roof of the mouth formed by?

A

Hard and soft palate

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3
Q

What is the floor of the mouth formed by?

A

Soft tissues

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4
Q

What is the upper jawbone?

A

Maxilla

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5
Q

What is the lower jawbone?

A

Mandible

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6
Q

What is the oral vestibule?

A

Space between gum and lips

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7
Q

How many teeth does an adult have?

A

32

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8
Q

How many teeth does a child have?

A

20

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9
Q

List the types of teeth (4)

A
  • Incisors
  • Canine
  • Premolar
  • Molar
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10
Q

Label teeth diagram

A

See notes

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11
Q

How many incisors are there?

A

8

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12
Q

How many canines are there?

A

4

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13
Q

How many premolars are there?

A

8

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14
Q

How many molars are there?

A

8

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15
Q

What bones form the hard palate?

A
  • Paltal process of maxilla

- Horizontal processes of palatine

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16
Q

What 5 muscles form the soft palate?

A
  • Uvular
  • Tensor veli palati
  • Levator veli palati
  • Palatooglosseus
  • Palatopharyngeus
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17
Q

What hangs in the midline of the soft palate?

A

Uvula

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18
Q

What is the purpose of the uvula?

A

Stops food and liquid entering nasal cavities

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19
Q

Label soft palate muscles

A

See notes

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20
Q

What is the blood supply to the palate branched from?

A

Maxillary artery

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21
Q

What is the sensory innervation of the palate from?

A

Maxillary division of trigeminal nerve (CNV2)

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22
Q

What is the motor innervation of the palate from and what is the exception to this?

A

Pharyngeal plexus (except tensor veli palatine muscle)

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23
Q

Where does the tensor veli palatine muscle receive innervation from?

A

CNV3 - mandibular division of trigeminal nerve

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24
Q

How many arches of the mouth are there and how are they formed?

A

2 - formed by muscles running between soft palate and pharynx and tongue

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25
Q

What forms the anterior arch of the mouth?

A

Palatoglossus muscle

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26
Q

What forms the posterior arch of the mouth?

A

Palatopharyngeous muscle

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27
Q

Label the arches of the mouth

A

See notes

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28
Q

What lymphoid tissue lies between the arches?

A

Palatine tonsils

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29
Q

What is swallowing also known as?

A

Deglution

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30
Q

What two things does swallowing do?

A
  • Elevate and block nasal cavity

- Creates vaccum in oral cavity, keeps food out of respiratory tract

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31
Q

What is the motor supply to the tongue?

A

Hypoglossal nerve (CNXII)

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32
Q

What is the sensory supply to the tongue?

A
  • Mandibular division of trigeminal nerve (CNV3)

- Glossopharyngeal nerve (CNIX)

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33
Q

What is the special sensory supply to the tongue?

A
  • Facial nerve (CNVII)

- Glossopharyngeal nerve (CNIX)

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34
Q

What type of epithelium lines the pharynx?

A

Stratified squamous

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35
Q

Where is the eustachian tube (connecting to opening of auditory canal)?

A

Nasopharynx

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36
Q

What tonsil is in the roof of the nasopharynx?

A

Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid)

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37
Q

What tonsil lies at the back of the nasopharynx?

A

Palatine tonsil

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38
Q

What is inferior to the laryngopharynx?

A

Oesophagus

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39
Q

Label suprahyoid muscles

A

See notes

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40
Q

Label infrahyoid muscles

A

See notes

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41
Q

What actions do the suprahyoid muscles carry out?

A

Elevate the pharynx and hyid bone

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42
Q

List the suprahyoid muscles

A
  • Mylohyoid
  • Stylohyoid
  • Geniohyoid
  • Digastrics
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43
Q

What do the mylohyoid muscles look like?

A

More posterior and very wide

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44
Q

What do the stylohyoid muscles look like?

A

Very thin

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45
Q

What is the position of the stylohyoid muscles?

A

Styloid process to hyoid bone

Superior to posterior digastric belly

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46
Q

What is the position of the geniohyoid muscle?

A

Close to neck midline

Deep to mylohyoid

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47
Q

What are the digastric muscles?

A

2 muscular bellies connected by tendon under stylohyoid

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48
Q

What innervates the pharynx?

A

Pharyngeal plexus

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49
Q

What is the action of the infrahyoid muscles?

A

Depress larynx and hyoid bone

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50
Q

List the infrahyoid muscles

A
  • Sternohyoid
  • Sternothyroid
  • Thyohyoid
  • Omohyoid
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51
Q

What is the position of the sternohyoid muscle?

A
  • More superficial

- Sternoclavicular joint —> hyoid bone

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52
Q

What is the position of the thyrohyoid muscle?

A
  • Continuation of sternothyroid

- Thyroid cartilage to hyoid bone

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53
Q

What is the position of the sternothyroid muscle?

A
  • Wide and deep

- Manibrium to thyroid cartilage

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54
Q

What is the omohyoid muscle?

A

2 muscular bellies connected by tendon

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55
Q

What is the position of the omohyoid muscle?

A

Scapula to hyoid bone

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56
Q

List the 3 salivary glands

A
  • Parotid
  • Submandibular
  • Sublingual
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57
Q

What is the position of the parotid gland?

A

In front and behind ear

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58
Q

Where is the opening of the parotid duct?

A

Inner cheek surface, opposite 2nd maxillary molor

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59
Q

What innervates the parotid gland?

A

Optic ganglion from glossopharyngeal nerve (CNIX)

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60
Q

What is the position of the submandibular gland?

A

Either side of jaw below mandible

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61
Q

What is the opening of the submandibular duct?

A

Sublingual papilla below tongue frenulum (underside)

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62
Q

What innervates the submandibular gland?

A

Submandibular ganglion from facial nerve (CNXII)

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63
Q

What is the position of the sublingual gland?

A

Floor of oral cavity below tongue

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64
Q

What is the opening of the sublingual duct?

A

Floor of mouth

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65
Q

What innervates the sublingual gland?

A

Submandibular ganglion from facial nerve (CNXII)

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66
Q

Where does the oesophagus begin?

A

C6 - level of cricoid cartilage

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67
Q

What is the length of the oesophagus?

A

25cm

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68
Q

What does the oesophagus connect between?

A

Pharynx and stomach

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69
Q

What is the outer layer of the oesophagus muscular wall made up of?

A

Outer - longitudinal fibres

Inner - circular fibres

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70
Q

What layer is absent in the oesophagus?

A

Serosaul layer

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71
Q

What is the mucosa in the oesophagus?

A

A double layer of smooth muscle in lower part of oesophagus

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72
Q

What is anterior to the oesophagus?

A

Prevertebral fascia

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73
Q

What is posterior to the oesophagus?

A

Trachea in neck

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74
Q

What does the oesophagus pass through?

A

Posterior mediastinum

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75
Q

Where does the oesophagus enter the abdomen?

A

Right crus of diaphargm

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76
Q

At what level does the oesophagus enter the abdomen?

A

T10

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77
Q

List the 4 major constrictions of the oesophagus

A

1) Pharyngealoesophagal junction
2) Aortic arch
3) Right main bronchus
4) Diaphragmatic Constriction

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78
Q

What is the pharyngealoesophagal junction?

A

Oesophagus junction with pharynx at the beginning, constriction due to cricoid cartilage

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79
Q

Where is the diaphargmatic constriction?

A

Right crus of diaphragm

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80
Q

What is the blood supply of the oesophagus?

A
  • Upper 1/3: Inferior thyroid artery
  • Middle 1/3: thoracic aorta
  • Lower 1/3: Left gastric artery
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81
Q

Where does the lymph of the oesophagus drain to?

A

Posterior mediastinal nodes and left gastric nodes

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82
Q

Label the oesophagus constrictions

A

See notes

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83
Q

What are the oesophagus constrictions relevant to?

A

Endoscopy

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84
Q

How many inches from incisor teeth is the pharyngealoesophagal junction?

A

6

85
Q

How many inches from incisor teeth is the aortic arch constriction?

A

9

86
Q

How many inches from incisor teeth is the left main bronchus constriction?

A

11

87
Q

How many inches from incisor teeth is the diaphragmatic constriction?

A

15

88
Q

What are the 3 main regions of the digestive system?

A
  • Foregut
  • Midgut
  • Hindgut
89
Q

What is the foregut to midgut boundary?

A

Major duodenal papillae (tube from pancreas to duodenum)

90
Q

What is the midgut to hindgut boundary?

A

2/3 along transverse colon

91
Q

List the structures of the foregut (7)

A
  • Liver
  • Pancreas
  • Spleen
  • Gall bladder
  • Stomach
  • Proximal duodenum
  • Oesophagus
92
Q

List the structures of the midgut (7)

A
  • Distal duodenum
  • Jejunum
  • Ilium
  • Appendix
  • Ascending colon
  • Cecum
  • Proximal transverse colon
93
Q

List the structures of the hindgut (5)

A
  • Distal transverse colon
  • Descending colon
  • Sigmoid colon
  • Rectum
  • Anal canal
94
Q

What is the blood supply of the foregut?

A

Coeliac trunk

95
Q

What is the blood supply of the midgut?

A

Superior mesenteric artery

96
Q

What is the blood supply of the hindgut?

A

Inferior mesenteric artery

97
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the foregut?

A

Coeliac lymph nodes

98
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the midgut?

A

Superior mesenteric lymph nodes

99
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the hindgut?

A

Inferior mesenteric lymph nodes

100
Q

What sympathetic nerve innervates the foregut?

A

Coeliac ganglion

101
Q

What sympathetic nerve innervates the hindgut?

A

Inferior mesenteric ganglion

102
Q

What sympathetic nerve innervates the hindgut?

A

Superior mesenteric ganglion

103
Q

What parasympathetic nerve innervates the foregut and midgut?

A

Vagus nerve

104
Q

What parasympathetic nerve innervates the hindgut?

A

Pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2-S4)

105
Q

What type of epithelium lines the peritoneum?

A

Simple squamous (mesothelium)

106
Q

What is the peritonium?

A

Serous membrane lining abdominal cavity

107
Q

What are the two layers of the peritoneum and what are they in contact with?

A 
Parietal = in contact with abdominal wall
Visceral = in contact with abdominal organs
108
Q

What lies between the 2 layers of peritoneum?

A

Peritoneal cavity

109
Q

What is inside the peritoneal cavity?

A

Fluid, no organs

110
Q

What is mesenetry?

A

Double fold of visceral peritoneum attaching organs (e.g intestines) to posterior wall of abdomen where blood vessels and lymphatics run through to supply them

111
Q

Define intrapertoneal

A

Organs completely inside abdominal cavity covered in visceral peritoneum anteriorly and posteriorly

112
Q

Define retroperitoneal

A

Organs only covered in peritoneum on anterior surface - lie between parietal peritoneum and abdominal wall

113
Q

Do intraperitoneal organs all have a mesentery?

A

No some do not

114
Q

List the intraperitoneal organs (11)

A
  • Stomach
  • 1st cm duodenal cap
  • Jejunum
  • Ilium
  • Cecum
  • Appendix
  • Spleen
  • Gall bladder
  • Transverse colon
  • Sigmoid colon
  • Liver
115
Q

List the retroperitoneal organs (SAD PUCKER)

A
  • Suprarenal glands
  • Aorta (+IVC)
  • Duodenum (except 1st 2cm cap)
  • Pancreas (not tail)
  • Ureter
  • Colon (ascending and descending)
  • Kidneys
  • (o)Esophagus
  • Rectum
116
Q

What does the greater mesentery connect?

A

Jejunum to posterior abdominal wall

117
Q

How many layers is the greater omentum?

A

4

118
Q

What does the greater omentum connect?

A

Stomach and transverse colon

119
Q

Give the two purposes of the greater omentum

A
  • Fat storage

- Prevents infection spread

120
Q

How many layers is the lesser omentum?

A

2

121
Q

What does the lesser omentum connect?

A

Stomach and liver

122
Q

What are the quadrants of the abdomen?

A
  • Left upper quadrant
  • Right upper quadrant
  • Right lower quadrant
  • Left lower quadrant
123
Q

What lies in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen? (5)

A
  • Left kidney
  • Stomach
  • Spleen
  • Transverse and descending colon
  • Pancreas body
124
Q

What lies in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen? (5)

A
  • Liver
  • Right kidney
  • Gall bladder
  • Duodenum
  • Pancreas head
125
Q

What lies in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen? (4)

A
  • Appendix
  • Cecum
  • Ureter
  • Ascending colon
126
Q

What lies in the left lower quadrant of the abdomen? (3)

A
  • Descending and sigmoid colon
  • Small intestine
  • Ureter
127
Q

What is the superior border of the abdominal cavity?

A

Thoracic outlet

128
Q

What is the superior border of the abdomen?

A

Diaphragm

129
Q

What level is the subcostal line at?

A

L2

130
Q

What regions of the abdomen is the subcostal line between?

A

Epigrastric and umblical

Hypochondrium and flank

131
Q

What regions of the abdomen is the midclavicular line between?

A

Middle and flank/groin/hypochondrium

132
Q

What regions of the abdomen is the intertubercular line between?

A

Umbilical and suprapublic

Flank and groin

133
Q

What level is the intertubercular line at?

A

L5

134
Q

Label the regions of the abdomen

A

See notes

135
Q

What quadrants of the abdomen is the median saggital line between?

A

Right quadrants and left quadrants

136
Q

What quadrants of the abdomen is the transumbical plane between?

A

Upper quadrants and lower quadrants

137
Q

What type of epithelium lines the stomach?

A

Columnar epithelium

138
Q

Label a stomach

A

See notes

139
Q

What is the pylorus?

A

Opening of stomach into duodenum

140
Q

What does the greater curvuture of the stomach attach to?

A

Greater ommentum

141
Q

What does the lesser curvature of the stomach attach to?

A

Lesser ommentum

142
Q

What is anterior to the stomach? (4)

A
  • Greater ommentum
  • Abdominal wall
  • Gallbladder
  • Left liver lobe
143
Q

What is posterior to the stomach? (5)

A
  • Lesser sac
  • Left kidney
  • Left adrenal gland
  • Splenic artery
  • Common bile duct
144
Q

What is superior to the stomach? (2)

A
  • Oesophagus

- Diaphragm

145
Q

What does the enteric/intristic nervous system of the stomach control?

A

Contraction and secretion

146
Q

What is the extrinsic parasympathetic system supply of the stomach via?

A

Anterior and posterior vagal trunks

147
Q

What is the extrinsic sympathetic system supply of the stomach via?

A

Sympathetic trunk via coelic plexus

148
Q

Label blood supply stomach diagram

A

See notes

149
Q

Label omentum diagram

A

See notes

150
Q

What is the lesser sac?

A

Subsection of peritoneal cavity

151
Q

What is the lesser sac posterior to?

A

Lesser omentum and stomach

152
Q

What is the lesser sac anterior to?

A

Retroperitoneal organs of posterior abdominal wall

153
Q

What is the connection between the lesser sac and greater sac known as?

A

Omental foramen

154
Q

List the sections of the small intestine in order (5)

A
  • Duodenum
  • Illeum
  • Jejunum
  • Illeum
  • Cecum
155
Q

How many parts does the duodenum have?

A

4

156
Q

What is the shape of the duodenum and where does it wrap around?

A

C shaped around head of pancreas

157
Q

Where does the 1st part of the duodenum lie?

A

1/2 way between jugular notch and upper border pubic symphisis

158
Q

In what plane does the 1st part of the duodenum lie?

A

Transpyloric plane (L1)

159
Q

What is the upper border of the duodenum attached to?

A

Lesser ommentum

160
Q

What type of epithelium lines the small intestine?

A

Simple columnar with villi

161
Q

What are the circular folds found in the duodenum?

A

Pilcae circulates

162
Q

How are the jejunum and ilium attached to the abdominal wall?

A

Great mesentery

163
Q

Identify vasa recta and arcades

A

See notes

164
Q

Label small intestine

A

See notes

165
Q

Label diagram of paracolic gutters

A

See notes

166
Q

What can the duodenum be divided by?

A

Embryological origins: upper and lower

167
Q

In what categories do the jejunum and illium differ? (8)

A
  • Folds
  • Colour
  • Mucosal wall
  • Lymphoid tissue
  • Arcades
  • Vasa recta
  • Fat in mesentry
  • Quadrant
168
Q

In what ways are the jejunum and illium the same? (2)

A
  • Both intraperitoneal

- Both have a great mesentry

169
Q

What are the folds of the jejunum like compared to the ilium? (2)

A
  • Thicker (2-3mm)

- More and deeper

170
Q

What are the folds of the illium like compared to the jejunum? (2)

A
  • Thinner (1-2cm)

- Less, more shallow

171
Q

What is the colour of the jejunum?

A

Red

172
Q

What is the colour of the ilium?

A

Pink

173
Q

What is the mucosal wall of the jejunum like in comparison to the ilium?

A

Thick

174
Q

What is the lymphoid tissue of the jejunum like in comparison to the ilium?

A

Less prominent

175
Q

Describe the vascularity of the jejunum in comparison to the ilium? (3)

A
  • Less arcades
  • Longer vasa recta
  • More vascularised
176
Q

Describe the fat in the mesentry of the jejunum in comparison to the ilium

A

Less fat

177
Q

What quadrant is the jejunum normally found in?

A

Upper left

178
Q

What quadrant is the ilium normally found in?

A

Lower right

179
Q

Where is B12 absorbed in the GI tract?

A

Terminal ilium

180
Q

What is needed for B12 to be absorbed in the terminal ilium?

A

Stomach intrinsic factor

181
Q

Where is the large intestine found?

A

Periphery of abdominal cavity

182
Q

What sphincer muscle valve is found between the small intestine and large intestine?

A

Iliocecal sphincter

183
Q

What is the iliocecal sphincer?

A

A sphincer muscle valve between the small intestine and large intestine preventing reflux from the caecum to the ilium

184
Q

How many paracolic gutters are there?

A

4

185
Q

What is a paracolic gutter?

A

A space between the colon and the abdominal wall

186
Q

List the paracolic gutters

A
  • Right paracolic
  • Left paracolic
  • Supracolic
  • Infracolic
187
Q

Where is the right paracolic gutter found?

A

Right of ascending colon

188
Q

Where is the left paracolic gutter found?

A

Left of descending colon

189
Q

Where is the supracolic gutter found?

A

Above transverse colon

190
Q

Where is the infracolic gutter found?

A

Between descending and ascending colon

191
Q

Label paracolic gutters

A

See notes

192
Q

Label large intestine

A

See notes

193
Q

List the sphincters of the GI tract (7)

A
  • Upper oesophageal sphincter
  • Lower oesophageal/cardiac sphincter
  • Pyloric sphincter
  • Sphincter of Oddi
  • Ileocecal Sphincter
  • Internal Sphincter
  • External Sphincter
194
Q

Label the sphincters

A

See notes

195
Q

Where is the upper oesophageal sphincter found?

A

Between oesophagus and pharynx

196
Q

Where is the lower oesophageal/cardiac sphincter found?

A

Between low-end of oesophagus and stomach

197
Q

Where is the pyloric sphincter found?

A

Between the stomach/duodenum

198
Q

What does the sphincter of Oddi surround?

A

Major duodenal papilla

199
Q

What is the major duodenal papilla?

A

Common bile duct and pancreatic duct drains into this via hepatopancreatic duct/ampulla

200
Q

Where does the major duodenal papilla drain?

A

2nd part of duodenum

201
Q

What is the internal anal sphincter?

A

An involuntary sphincter found in the rectum

202
Q

What is the external anal sphincter?

A

A voluntary sphincter found in the anal opening

203
Q

What are the distinct features of the large intestine wall?

A
  • Haustra

- Teniae Coli

204
Q

What are haustra?

A

Folds of mucosa within the colon formed by circumsectional contraction

205
Q

What are teniae coli?

A

Three separate longitudinal ribbons of smooth muscle on the outside of the colon

206
Q

Where are teniae coli found?

A
  • Ascending colon
  • Descending colon
  • Transverse colon
  • Sigmoid colon
207
Q

What artery supples the appendix? (2)

A
  • Appendicular branch of ileocolic artery

- From superior mesenteric plexus

208
Q

Why does the appendix not have tenae coli?

A

They converge here to form the caecum

Anatomy (10 decks)

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