FOM - Tissues and Terminology Flashcards by Khadija Meghrawi

What are the 3 planes of viewing?

Sagittal
Transverse/axial
Frontal/Coronal

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What is the sagittal plane of viewing?

Divides the body into left and right

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What is the coronal plane of viewing?

Divides the body into front and back

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What is the transverse plane of viewing?

Divides the body into top and bottom

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What is the anatomical position? (4)

Erect position of the body
Face directed forward
Arms at side
Palms of hands faced forward

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What is flexion?

The bending of a joint so that the bones forming it are brought towards each other

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What is extension?

The act of extending/stretching; the limb is straightened

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What is abduction?

To move a limb/any other part away from the midline

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What is circumduction?

A circular movement by a limb

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What is internal/medial rotation?

A rotation towards the centre of the body

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What is adduction?

To move a limb/any other part away towards the midline

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What is circumduction?

A circular movement by a limb

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What is axial rotation?

Rotary motion of an object around its own axis

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What is external/lateral rotation?

Rotation away from the centre of the body

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What is axial rotation?

Rotary motion of an object around its own axis

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What is pronation?

Facing the palm upwards

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What is supination?

Facing the palm downwards

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What is plantarflexion?

Pushing toes downwards towards the sole of the foot

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What is dorsiflexion?

Pushing toes upwards towards the dorsum of the foot

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What is inversion?

Toes going inwards

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What is eversion?

Toes going outwards

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What is depression?

Movement below the horizontal

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What is elevation?

Movement above the horizontal e.g shrugging

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What is protraction?

Movement of body part in anterior direction e.g being drawn forwards

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What is retraction?

Movement of body part in posterior direction e.g being drawn backwards

What is lateral flexion?

Tilting of head/torso from side to side

What is ulnar deviation?

Wrists bending towards little finger (medially)

What is radial deviation?

Wrists bending towards thumb (laterally)

Define anterior

Towards the front of the body

Define posterior

Towards back of the body

Define superior

Towards head

Define inferior

Towards feet

Define superficial

Situated uppermost in relation to another structure

Define deep

Situated downwards in relation to another structure

Define proximal

Close to point of attachment/medial line of body

In digestion, what does proximal mean?

Close to anus

Define distal

Away from point of attachment/medial line of body

In digestion, what does distal mean?

Close to mouth

Define medial

Towards midline

Define distal

Away from midline

Define median

The mdline

Define palmar

Of the palm

Define plantar

Of the foot sole

Define dorsal

Backside (i.e posterior)

Define ventral

Towards front of body (i.e anterior)

Define cranial

Head end of body view

Define caudal

Lower end of body view

Define rostral

Pre head development = front end of body

What is opposition?

Movement of thumb towards fingers

What is reposition?

Movement of thumb away from fingers

Label a vertebrae

See notes

What are the types of vertebrae in order?

- Cervical - Thoracic - Lumbar - Sacrum - Coccyx

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

Give the distinctive features of cervical vertebrae (4)

- Relatively small body - Much wider vertebral foramen (trianglar) - Spinous processes bifurcated in most - Transverse processes have foramen (passageways for vertebral arteries and veins)

What is C1 called?

Atlas

What is C2 called?

Axis

What is distinctive in atlas?

No spinous processes/body

What is distinctive in axis?

- Strongest cervical vertebrae | - Has dens - superior projection from vertebral body

Label a cervical vertebrae

See notes

Label atlas

See notes

Label axis

See notes

How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

What are the distinctive features of the thoracic vertebrae? (4)

- Heart shaped body - Smaller foramen than cervical/lumbar - Long spinous processes, project downwards and backwards - Have costal facets on transverse processes to articulate with ribs tubercles - Have demifacets on body to articulate with heads of ribs

Which thoracic vertebrae articulate with 2 pairs of ribs?

T1-T8

Which thoracic vertebrae articulate with a single pair of rib?

T9-T12

Why are the thoracic vertebrae limited in mobility?

Due to attachment to ribs

Label a thoracic vertebrae

See notes

How many lumbar vertebrae are there?

What are the distinctive features of the lumbar vertebrae? (2)

- Massive thick oval body (heavier) | - Spinous process is short and thick

Why are lumbar vertebrae heavier?

Must support large weight

Label a lumbar vertebrae

See notes

How many fused vertebrae make up the sacrum?

What does the sacrum look like?

Broad, like a stingray

What does the sacrum attach?

Pelvic girdle to skeleton

What is coccyx made up of?

3-5 often fused vertebrae

What is the coccyx an attachment site for?

Muscles and ligaments

What parts of the vertebrae contact vertebrae above and below?

- Body | - Articular process

Between which vertebral feature are the intervertebral discs found?

Body

What type of joint are the intervertebral discs?

Secondary cartilaginous - fibrocartilaginous (symphisis)

Which vertebrae do not have intervertebral discs?

Between C1 + C2 | Coccyx

What movements can the vertebrae carry out?

- Flexion - Extension - Lateral flexion - Rotation

Name all 4 spinal curvatures

- Cervical lordosis - Thoracic kyphosis - Lumbar lordosis - Sacral kyphosis

What is a lordosis?

A posterior concavity

What is a kyphosis?

An anterior concavity

Which curvatures develop in the foetal period?

Thoracic and sacral kyphosises

Which curvatures develop in infancy?

Lumbar and cervical lordosis

When does the cervical lordosis develop?

When a baby lifts its head

When does the lumbar lordosis develop?

Upright position when an infant walks

Which thoracic vertebrae are atypical?

- T1 | - T9-T12

Why is T1 atypical?

Has a superior facet not a demifacet, resembles lower cervical vertebrae

Why is T9 atypical?

No inferior demifacet

Why is T10 atypical?

Single pair of whole facets present to articulate with 10th rib Across body and pedincle

Why is T11-T12 atypical?

SIngle pair of entire costal facets on pedincles

How many pairs of ribs are there?