Cardiovascular Flashcards
1
Q
Label the external carotid artery branches
A
(find diagram)
2
Q
What are the external carotid artery branches (superior to inferior)? (6)
A
- Superficial temporal
- Maxillary
- Occipital
- Facial
- Lingual
- Superior thyroid
3
Q
Label the internal features of the heart (9)
A
- Right atrium
- Left atrium
- Right auricle
- Left auricle
- Right ventricle
- Left ventricle
- Chordae tendinae
- Papillary muscles
- Trabeculae cornae
(find diagram)
4
Q
Label anterior view of the heart (with vessels and valves)
A
- Aorta
- Pulmonary trunk
- Superior vena cava
- Inferior vena cava
- Pulmonary veins
- Braciocephalic trunk
(find diagram)
5
Q
What 2 parts is the right atrium made up of?
A
Sinus venarum (smooth wall) Atrium proper
6
Q
What surrounds the vena cava opening in the right atrium?
A
Sinus venarum
7
Q
Label posterior view of the heart (with vessels and valves)
A
- Aorta
- Pulmonary trunk
- Superior vena cava
- Inferior vena cava
- Pulmonary veins
- Braciocephalic trunk
(find diagram)
8
Q
Describe the pathway of blood
A
Superior/inferior vena cava == right atrium == right ventricle == pulmonary trunk == lungs == pulmonary veins == left atrium == left ventricle == aorta
9
Q
What are the 2 types of valves?
A
- Atrioventricular valve
- Semilunar valve
10
Q
What is the left atrioventricular valve also known as?
A
Bicuspid/mitral valve
11
Q
Between which chambers is the bicuspid/mitral valve positioned? (2)
A
- Left atrium
- Left ventricle
12
Q
How many cusps does the left atrioventricular valve have?
A
2
13
Q
What is the right atrioventricular valve also known as?
A
Tricuspid valve
14
Q
Between which chambers is the tricuspid valve positioned? (2)
A
- Right atrium
- Right ventricle
15
Q
How many cusps does the right atrioventricular valve have?
A
3
16
Q
Between which chamber and vessel is the aortic semilunar valve positioned?
A
- Aorta
- Left ventricle
17
Q
Between which chamber and vessel is the pulmonary semilunar valve positioned?
A
- Pulmonary artery
- Right ventricle
18
Q
How many cusps does the left atrioventricular valve have?
A
2
19
Q
Identify the coronary arteries on an anterior view of the heart
A
List
20
Q
Identify the coronary arteries on a posterior view of the heart
A
List
21
Q
Identify the venous drainage of the heart
A
Diagram
22
Q
Where does the coronary sinus collect venous blood from?
A
Myocardium
23
Q
What does the right coronary artery arise from?
A
Aorta
24
Q
What are the main branches of the right coronary arteyr?
A
- Right marginal artery
- Posterior interventricular artery/right posterior descending artery
25
What do the right coronary arteries supply?
- SAN
- AVN (70% individuals)
- Right ventricle
- Right atrium
26
What are the main branches of the left coronary artery?
- Left anterior descending (LAD) artery
| - Splits into left marginal artery and left circumflex artery
27
What is the left anterior descending artery paired with?
Great cardiac vein
28
What is the left circumflex artery paired with?
Coronary sinus
29
What is the left marginal artery paired with?
Small cardiac veins
30
What do the left coronary arteries supply?
Left side of the heart muscle (the left ventricle and left atrium)
31
What does the left anterior descending artery supply?
The front of the left side of the heart
32
What does the circumflex artery supply?
The outer side and back of the heart
33
What supplies the heart septum? (2)
- Left anterior descending artery
| - Right coronary artery
34
What does the coronary sinus empty into?
Pulmonary artery in right atrium
35
What are the branches of the coronary sinus? (3)
- Great cardiac vein
- Middle cardiac vein
- Small cardiac vein
36
Describe the conducting system of the heart
Sinoatrial node (pacemaker) (SAN) == atrioventricular node (AVN) == bundle of his == splits into left bundle branches and right bundle branches == subendocardial (Purkinje) fibres
37
Label conducting system of the heart diagram
See notes
| - Inc. annulus fibrosis and moderator band
38
Where does the left anterior descending artery bifurcate?
Towards apex
39
Which direction does the right marginal artery run in?
Anteriorly
40
Which direction does the posterior interventricular artery run in?
Posteriorly
41
What is the annulus fibrosis? (2)
- Ridge of fibrous tissue Insulates atria from ventricles
| - Ensures delay before atrial connection
42
What is the moderator band?
Muscular band of heart tissue in right ventricle
43
What is the purpose of the moderator band?
Connects right bundle branch to papillary muscles to spread contractility
44
What is the sympathetic supply to the heart?
Cervical and upper thoracic ganglia
45
What is the parasympathetic supply to the heart?
Vagus nerve
46
What plexi do the nervous supply to the heart originate from? (2)
- Superficial cardiac plexus
| - Deep cardiac plexus
47
What are the parts of the right atrium? (2)
- Sinus venarum (smooth wall)
| - Atrium proper
48
What does the sinus venarum surround?
Vena cavae and coronary sinus opening
49
What is the depression in the right atrium of the heart called?
Fossa ovalis
50
What is the fossa ovalis at the level of?
The interatrial septum
51
What is the fossa ovalis?
Remenant of covering of foramen ovale
52
Through what vessels does blood enter the right atrium? (3)
- Superior VC
- Inferior VC
- Coronary veins
53
What muscle makes up the right atrium?
Pectinate muscle
54
What is the wall of the right ventricle like?
Sponge like
55
Why is the wall of the right ventricle sponge like?
Due to trabeculae carnae
56
What is the conus arteriosus also known as?
Infundibulum
57
What does the right ventricle taper off superiorly to form?
Conus arteriosus
58
What is the conus arteriosus?
Arterial cone shaped projection from which pulmonary artery rises in right ventricle
59
What is the moderator band also known as?
Septomarginal trabecula
60
What are the two parts of the left atrium?? (2)
- Inflow portion
| - Outflow portion
61
Where is the pulmonary valve located? (2)
- Apex of the conus arteriosus
| - Level of 3rd costal cartilage
62
Describe the sinus venarum (2)
- Smooth
| - Thin walled
63
Where is the sinus venarum located in the right atrium?
Posteriorly inferiorly
64
Which parts of the right atrium are made up of pectinate muscles? (2)
- Right auricle
| - Atrium proper
65
What are the superior parts of the atria known was?
Auricles
66
What is the outflow portion of the left atrium? (3)
- Includes left auricle
- Anterior
- Lined by pectinate muscle
67
What is the inflow portion of the left atrium? (2
- Smooth
| - Derived from pulmonary veins
68
The walls of the left atrium are smooth apart from which part?
Outflow portion (inc. left auricle)
69
What are trabeculae carnae?
Thick muscular ridges covering walls of ventricles
70
How is the wall of the left ventricle different to the wall of the right ventricle? (2)
- Thicker
| - Finer and more numerous trabeculae carneae
71
What is the pericardium?
Double walled fibroserous membrane enclosing the heart
72
What are the layers of the pericardium from superficial to deep? (3)
- Fibrous pericardium
| - Serous pericardium: (parietal and visceral)
73
What is fused to the fibrous pericardium inferiorly?
Great vessels
74
What is superior to the fibrous pericardium?
Central diaphragm
75
Does the fibrous pericardium stretch easily?
No
76
What is the thickness of the fibrous pericardium?
Thick
77
What is the thickness of the serous pericardium?
Thin
78
What is the parietal serous pericardium adhered to?
Internal surface of fibrous pericardium
79
What is the visceral serous pericardium adhered to?
The heart
80
What type of epithelium makes up the serous pericardium?
Simple squamous
81
What is the pericardial cavity?
Potential space between fibrous pericardium and serous pericardium
82
What is the pericardial cavity filled with?
Lubricating serous fluid
83
What is the function of the pericardial cavity? (2)
- Lubrication
| - Prevents overflowing
84
What are the two types of sinus? (2)
- Oblique sinus
| - Transverse sinus
85
Where is the transverse pericardial sinus located? (2)
- Posterior to aorta and pulmonary trunk and left atrium
| - Anterior to SVC
86
Where is the oblique pericardial sinus located?
Posterior to left atrium
87
What is the nerve supply to the visceral serous pericardium? (2)
- Sympathetic trunk
| - Vagus nerve
88
What is the nerve supply to the parietal serous pericardium and fibrous pericardium?
Phrenic nerve
89
Label the sinuses on a diagram
See notes
90
Where is the base of the heart?
h
91
What supplies the AV node?
Posterior descending branch from RCA/LcX
92
What does it mean to have a right dominant heart?
Posterior descending branch supplying AV node = from RCA
93
What is the most common form of heart dominance?
Right
94
What does it mean to have a left dominant heart?
Posterior descending branch supplying AV node = from lCx
95
What does the posterior decending branch rom RCA/lCx supply? (2)
- L inferior ventricular wall
| - Part of R inferior ventricular wall (AV node)
