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1
Q

What is the diencephalon?

A

Central core of forebrain continous with midbrain

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2
Q

What does the diencephalon contain?

A
  • Epithalamus
  • Subthalamus
  • Thalamus
  • Hypothalamus
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3
Q

What part of the brain does the anterior cerebral artery supply?

A

Anteromedial cerebrum - motor and sensory cortex of lower limb

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4
Q

What part of the brain does the middle cerebral supply?

A
  • Most of lateral cerebrum - motor and sensory cortex of upper limb and face
  • Auditory cortex
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5
Q

What part of the brain does the posterior cerebral supply?

A
  • Medial and lateral posterior cerebrum

- Visual cortex

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6
Q

What does medulla do?

A 
- CVS and resp control
Balance
- Hearing
- Taste
- Facial and neck muscle
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7
Q

What does pons do?

A
  • Resp
  • Sleep
  • Taste
  • Bladder control
  • Movement and sensation
  • Eye movements
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8
Q

What does midbrain do?

A

Auditory and visual systems and reflexes

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9
Q

What basal nucleus is in the midbrain?

A

Substantia nigra

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10
Q

Where does the substantial nigra project to?

A

Thalamus

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11
Q

What does the pineal body do?

A

Regulate dinural rhythms

Secretes melatonin

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12
Q

What neurotransmitter causes dilation of cerebral vessels and state the pathway?

A

Glutamate - astrocytes - increase Ca2+ - activates nitric oxide synthase - NO release - cerebral vessel dilation

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13
Q

Where do some neurones continue to generate?

A
  • Subventricular zone

- Denate gyrus of hippocampus

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14
Q

What are the 2 layers of the dura mater?

A
  • Superficial endosteal layer

- Deep meningeal layer

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15
Q

What is the superifical endosteal layer continuous with?

A

Skull periosteum

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16
Q

What is the deep meningeal layer continuous with?

A

Dura mater of spinal cord

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17
Q

Where are the places that the meningeal layer isn’t close to the superficial layer?

A

When it dips into brain fissures

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18
Q

What fissure does the falx cerebri lie in?

A

Longitudinal fissure

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19
Q

What fossa does the tentoriaum roof over?

A

Posterior cranial fossa

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20
Q

What opening is in the tentorium and what does it allow to pass through?

A

Tentorium notch - midbrain

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21
Q

Where can the brain herniate through?

A

Tentorium notch

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22
Q

What nerve does the tentorium herniation damage?

A

Oculomotor nerve

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23
Q

Which space is filled with CSF?

A

Subarachnoid space

24
Q

Where do brain vessels and cranial nerves lie?

A

Subarachnoid space

25
Where does the arachnoid project into through the dura?
Venous sinuses
26
What are arachnoid projections known as?
Arachnoid villi
27
What do collections of arachnoid villi form?
Arachnoid granulations along sinuses
28
What do arachnoid villi either side of superior saggital sinus allow?
CSF to drain into superior sagittal side and then venous system because they are one way valves
29
What do compressions in the pineal body cause?
- Compress midbrain | - Block cerebral aqueduct
30
What does the arachnoid bridge over?
Sulci (grooves) of brain
31
Where does the pia mater extend into?
Sulci
32
What do cerebral arteries entering the brain have a covering of?
Pia mater
33
What causes headache?
Stretching and irritation of meninges/blood vessels causes headache (no pain receptors)
34
What does bacterial meningitus do to the brain?
Immune response leads to cerebral oedema, increase in internal pressure = herniation and reduced blood supply
35
What CSF signs lead to a diagnosis of bacterial meningitus?
- High white cells - High protein - Low glucose (normally opposite)
36
Total volume of CSF?
150ml
37
How much CSF in ventricles?
25ml
38
How much CSF produced a day?
500ml
39
What does CSF do?
- Removes waste products - Ultrafiltrate of blood - Transports signalling molecules - Buoyant brain - Evenly distributes brain pressure
40
What is the choroid plexus?
Network of capillaries seperated from ventricles by choroid epithelial cells
41
What is the CP in lateral ventricles continous with?
CP in 3rd ventricle
42
What forms the basis of the blood brain barrier?
Endothelial tight junctions
43
What is the BBB surrounded by?
Astrocytes and neuronal processes
44
How do lipid soluble agents cross the BBB?
Transcellular lipophilic pathway
45
How do water soluble agents cross the BBB?
Paracellular aqaueous pathway
46
How does glucose, amino acids cross the BBB?
Transport proteins
47
How does insulin cross the BBB?
Receptor mediated transcytosis
48
How does albumin cross the BBB?
Adsoprtive transcytosis
49
What is hydrocephalus?
- CSF continuously produced/blocked drainage | - Increase in intercranial pressure
50
Where are blockages most likely to occur?
- IV foramen | - Cerebral aqueduct
51
What does hydrocephalus cause in newborns?
Ventricular and skull dilation
52
What does hydrocephalus cause in adults?
- Cranial cavity closed - Headaches, bradycardia, vomiting - Increase in BP - Brainstem dysfunction
53
How can hydrocephalus be treated?
- Shunt to remove excess fluid | - Remove tumour causing blockage
54
What factors of CSF vs blood favour reabsorption into superior saggital sinus?
- Greater hydrostatic pressure in subarachnoid space | - Greater osmostic pressure in sinus
55
What is a cistern?
Large space between brain and arachnoid tissue
56
What cephalon is the 3rd ventricle in?
Diencephalon
57
What cephalon is the 4th ventricle in?
Rhombodcephalin

Anatomy (10 decks)

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