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Anatomy > Neuro > Flashcards

Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

What is the diencephalon?

A

Central core of forebrain continous with midbrain

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2
Q

What does the diencephalon contain?

A
  • Epithalamus
  • Subthalamus
  • Thalamus
  • Hypothalamus
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3
Q

What part of the brain does the anterior cerebral artery supply?

A

Anteromedial cerebrum - motor and sensory cortex of lower limb

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4
Q

What part of the brain does the middle cerebral supply?

A
  • Most of lateral cerebrum - motor and sensory cortex of upper limb and face
  • Auditory cortex
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5
Q

What part of the brain does the posterior cerebral supply?

A
  • Medial and lateral posterior cerebrum

- Visual cortex

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6
Q

What does medulla do?

A 
- CVS and resp control
Balance
- Hearing
- Taste
- Facial and neck muscle
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7
Q

What does pons do?

A
  • Resp
  • Sleep
  • Taste
  • Bladder control
  • Movement and sensation
  • Eye movements
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8
Q

What does midbrain do?

A

Auditory and visual systems and reflexes

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9
Q

What basal nucleus is in the midbrain?

A

Substantia nigra

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10
Q

Where does the substantial nigra project to?

A

Thalamus

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11
Q

What does the pineal body do?

A

Regulate dinural rhythms

Secretes melatonin

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12
Q

What neurotransmitter causes dilation of cerebral vessels and state the pathway?

A

Glutamate - astrocytes - increase Ca2+ - activates nitric oxide synthase - NO release - cerebral vessel dilation

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13
Q

Where do some neurones continue to generate?

A
  • Subventricular zone

- Denate gyrus of hippocampus

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14
Q

What are the 2 layers of the dura mater?

A
  • Superficial endosteal layer

- Deep meningeal layer

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15
Q

What is the superifical endosteal layer continuous with?

A

Skull periosteum

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16
Q

What is the deep meningeal layer continuous with?

A

Dura mater of spinal cord

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17
Q

Where are the places that the meningeal layer isn’t close to the superficial layer?

A

When it dips into brain fissures

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18
Q

What fissure does the falx cerebri lie in?

A

Longitudinal fissure

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19
Q

What fossa does the tentoriaum roof over?

A

Posterior cranial fossa

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20
Q

What opening is in the tentorium and what does it allow to pass through?

A

Tentorium notch - midbrain

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21
Q

Where can the brain herniate through?

A

Tentorium notch

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22
Q

What nerve does the tentorium herniation damage?

A

Oculomotor nerve

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23
Q

Which space is filled with CSF?

A

Subarachnoid space

24
Q

Where do brain vessels and cranial nerves lie?

A

Subarachnoid space

25
Q

Where does the arachnoid project into through the dura?

A

Venous sinuses

26
Q

What are arachnoid projections known as?

A

Arachnoid villi

27
Q

What do collections of arachnoid villi form?

A

Arachnoid granulations along sinuses

28
Q

What do arachnoid villi either side of superior saggital sinus allow?

A

CSF to drain into superior sagittal side and then venous system because they are one way valves

29
Q

What do compressions in the pineal body cause?

A
  • Compress midbrain

- Block cerebral aqueduct

30
Q

What does the arachnoid bridge over?

A

Sulci (grooves) of brain

31
Q

Where does the pia mater extend into?

A

Sulci

32
Q

What do cerebral arteries entering the brain have a covering of?

A

Pia mater

33
Q

What causes headache?

A

Stretching and irritation of meninges/blood vessels causes headache (no pain receptors)

34
Q

What does bacterial meningitus do to the brain?

A

Immune response leads to cerebral oedema, increase in internal pressure = herniation and reduced blood supply

35
Q

What CSF signs lead to a diagnosis of bacterial meningitus?

A
  • High white cells
  • High protein
  • Low glucose (normally opposite)
36
Q

Total volume of CSF?

A

150ml

37
Q

How much CSF in ventricles?

A

25ml

38
Q

How much CSF produced a day?

A

500ml

39
Q

What does CSF do?

A
  • Removes waste products
  • Ultrafiltrate of blood
  • Transports signalling molecules
  • Buoyant brain
  • Evenly distributes brain pressure
40
Q

What is the choroid plexus?

A

Network of capillaries seperated from ventricles by choroid epithelial cells

41
Q

What is the CP in lateral ventricles continous with?

A

CP in 3rd ventricle

42
Q

What forms the basis of the blood brain barrier?

A

Endothelial tight junctions

43
Q

What is the BBB surrounded by?

A

Astrocytes and neuronal processes

44
Q

How do lipid soluble agents cross the BBB?

A

Transcellular lipophilic pathway

45
Q

How do water soluble agents cross the BBB?

A

Paracellular aqaueous pathway

46
Q

How does glucose, amino acids cross the BBB?

A

Transport proteins

47
Q

How does insulin cross the BBB?

A

Receptor mediated transcytosis

48
Q

How does albumin cross the BBB?

A

Adsoprtive transcytosis

49
Q

What is hydrocephalus?

A
  • CSF continuously produced/blocked drainage

- Increase in intercranial pressure

50
Q

Where are blockages most likely to occur?

A
  • IV foramen

- Cerebral aqueduct

51
Q

What does hydrocephalus cause in newborns?

A

Ventricular and skull dilation

52
Q

What does hydrocephalus cause in adults?

A
  • Cranial cavity closed
  • Headaches, bradycardia, vomiting
  • Increase in BP
  • Brainstem dysfunction
53
Q

How can hydrocephalus be treated?

A
  • Shunt to remove excess fluid

- Remove tumour causing blockage

54
Q

What factors of CSF vs blood favour reabsorption into superior saggital sinus?

A
  • Greater hydrostatic pressure in subarachnoid space

- Greater osmostic pressure in sinus

55
Q

What is a cistern?

A

Large space between brain and arachnoid tissue

56
Q

What cephalon is the 3rd ventricle in?

A

Diencephalon

57
Q

What cephalon is the 4th ventricle in?

A

Rhombodcephalin

Anatomy (10 decks)

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