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First Aid 2014 > RESPIRATORY: 612 - 613 > Flashcards

RESPIRATORY: 612 - 613 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a pleural effusion?

A

Excess accumulation of fluid between the 2 pleural layers

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2
Q

What are the 2 pleural layers?

A

Visceral (inner) and parietal (outer)

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3
Q

What is the major problem with a pleural effusion?

A

Restricted lung expansion during inspiration

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4
Q

What are the three types of pleural effusion?

A
  1. Transudate
  2. Exudate
  3. Lymphatic
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5
Q

Is protein content higher in transudate or exudate? How can you tell?

A

Exudate - it’s cloudy

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6
Q

What are 3 causes of transudate pleural effusion?

A
  1. CHF
  2. Nephrotic syndrome
  3. Hepatic cirrhosis
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7
Q

What are 4 causes of exudate pleural effusion?

A
  1. Malignancy
  2. Pneumonia
  3. Collagen vascular disease
  4. Trauma
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8
Q

What do exudate pleural effusions increase the risk of?

A

Infection

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9
Q

What is a cyclothorax?

A

Another name for lymphatic pleural effusion

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10
Q

What is the underlying cause of lymphatic pleural effusion?

A

Injury to thoracic duct wither from trauma or malignancy

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11
Q

Describe the findings in a cyclothorax.

A

Milky fluid and increased triglycerides

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12
Q

What is a pneumothorax?

A

Accumulation of air in the pleural space

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13
Q

How does a pneumothorax present?

A

All on affected side:

  1. Unilateral chest pain and dyspnea
  2. Unilateral chest expansion
  3. Decreased tactile fremitus
  4. Hyperresonance
  5. Diminished breath sounds
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14
Q

What are the two types of pneumothorax?

A
  1. Spontaneous

2. Tension

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15
Q

Describe the trachea’s position in spontaneous vs. tension pneumothorax.

A

Spontaneous - deviates to the affected lung (collapsed portion of lung)
Tension - deviates away from the affected lung (trapped air)

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16
Q

What is the difference between spontaneous vs. tension pneumothorax?

A

Both have accumulation of air in the pleural space but in a tension pneumothorax, air cannot EXIT that space

17
Q

Describe the classic scenario for the spontaneous pneumothorax.

A

Tall, thin, young males who have rupture of an apical bleb

18
Q

What are 2 settings in which tension pneumo’s are common?

A
  1. Trauma

2. Lung infection

19
Q

What is the mechanism of action of H1 blockers?

A

Reversible inhibitors of H1 histamine receptors

20
Q

How many generations of H1 blockers do we have?

A

2

21
Q

Name three 1st generation H1 blockers.

A
  1. Diphenhydramine
  2. Dimenhydrinate
  3. Chlorpheniramine

Names contain “-en/-ine” or “-en/-ate”

22
Q

What are the clinical uses for 1st generation H1 blockers?

A

Allergy, motion sickness, sleep aid

23
Q

What are the toxicities for H1 blockers?

A

Sedation, antimuscarinic, anti-alpha-adrenergic

24
Q

Name four 2nd generation H1 blockers.

A
  1. Loratadine
  2. Fexofenadine
  3. Desloratadine
  4. Cetirizine

Names usually end in “-adine”

25
Q

What are 2nd generation H1 blockers used for?

A

Allergy

26
Q

How do the toxicity of 2nd generation H1 blockers compare to those of 1st generation and why?

A

Far less sedating than 1st generation because of decreased entry into the CNS

27
Q

What is guaifenesin?

A

Expectorant - thins respiratory secretions

28
Q

How does guaifenesin affect the cough reflex?

A

Does NOT suppress cough reflex

29
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of N-acetylcysteine.

A

Mucolytic

30
Q

What are 2 specific uses for N-acetylcysteine?

A
  1. Loosen mucus plugs in CF patients

2. Antidote for acetaminophen overdose

31
Q

What is dextromethorphan?

A

Synthetic codeine analog that is antitussive (antagonizes NMDA glutamate receptors)

32
Q

What effect can dextromethorphan have if used in excess?

A

Opioid

33
Q

What can be given for dextromethorphan overdose?

A

Naloxone

34
Q

Describe the mechanism of pseudoephedrine and phenylephrine.

A

Sympathomimetic alpha-agonistic

Reduce hyperemia, edema, and nasal congestion
Also open obstructed eustachian tubes

35
Q

What drug can be used illicitly to make methamphetamine?

A

Pseudoephedrine

36
Q

What are pseudoephedrine and phenylephrine used for?

A

Nonprescription nasal decongestants

37
Q

What are the toxicities of pseudoephedrine and phenylephrine?

A

Hypertension

Pseudoephedrine can also cause CNS stimulation/anxiety

First Aid 2014 (24 decks)

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