RESPIRATORY: 612 - 613 Flashcards
What is a pleural effusion?
Excess accumulation of fluid between the 2 pleural layers
What are the 2 pleural layers?
Visceral (inner) and parietal (outer)
What is the major problem with a pleural effusion?
Restricted lung expansion during inspiration
What are the three types of pleural effusion?
- Transudate
- Exudate
- Lymphatic
Is protein content higher in transudate or exudate? How can you tell?
Exudate - it’s cloudy
What are 3 causes of transudate pleural effusion?
- CHF
- Nephrotic syndrome
- Hepatic cirrhosis
What are 4 causes of exudate pleural effusion?
- Malignancy
- Pneumonia
- Collagen vascular disease
- Trauma
What do exudate pleural effusions increase the risk of?
Infection
What is a cyclothorax?
Another name for lymphatic pleural effusion
What is the underlying cause of lymphatic pleural effusion?
Injury to thoracic duct wither from trauma or malignancy
Describe the findings in a cyclothorax.
Milky fluid and increased triglycerides
What is a pneumothorax?
Accumulation of air in the pleural space
How does a pneumothorax present?
All on affected side:
- Unilateral chest pain and dyspnea
- Unilateral chest expansion
- Decreased tactile fremitus
- Hyperresonance
- Diminished breath sounds
What are the two types of pneumothorax?
- Spontaneous
2. Tension
Describe the trachea’s position in spontaneous vs. tension pneumothorax.
Spontaneous - deviates to the affected lung (collapsed portion of lung)
Tension - deviates away from the affected lung (trapped air)
What is the difference between spontaneous vs. tension pneumothorax?
Both have accumulation of air in the pleural space but in a tension pneumothorax, air cannot EXIT that space
Describe the classic scenario for the spontaneous pneumothorax.
Tall, thin, young males who have rupture of an apical bleb
What are 2 settings in which tension pneumo’s are common?
- Trauma
2. Lung infection
What is the mechanism of action of H1 blockers?
Reversible inhibitors of H1 histamine receptors
How many generations of H1 blockers do we have?
2
Name three 1st generation H1 blockers.
- Diphenhydramine
- Dimenhydrinate
- Chlorpheniramine
Names contain “-en/-ine” or “-en/-ate”
What are the clinical uses for 1st generation H1 blockers?
Allergy, motion sickness, sleep aid
What are the toxicities for H1 blockers?
Sedation, antimuscarinic, anti-alpha-adrenergic
Name four 2nd generation H1 blockers.
- Loratadine
- Fexofenadine
- Desloratadine
- Cetirizine
Names usually end in “-adine”
