Respiratory Flashcards
Conducting Portion of the respiratory system. Function and parts
transports outside air to the lungs
-nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles
Respiratory portion. Function and parts
where oxygen is transported into the capillaries and CO2 eliminated from the bloodstream.
-respiratory bronchioles, alveolar sacs, alveoli
Lungs have a major role in altering gas composition of plasma and are well designed to have this function due to what feature?
large surface area of contact between the capillaries and alveoli (functional unit)
Conducting portion is lined by what type of cells. What part is the exception and what type of cell does that type contain?
Conducting portion: pseudostratified cilated columnar epithelium with goblet cells.
Exception Bronchioles: lined by cilated columnar or cubodial epithelium
Many lymph nodes are located in this region of the conducting portion.
Bronchioles
What type of cell and glands are essential for moistening the inspired air and trapping particles?
mucus is produced by goblet cells and other numerous glands
Vestibule
What is type of epithelium is it lined with?
nares are lined with skin, which opens into the vestibule.
-kerantinized stratified squamous epithelium and vibrissae (sniff hairs)- continuous with nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Olfactory Epithelium
What types of glands does it use?
located with the root of nasal cavities and contains receptors for olfaction
-Olfaction-olfactory glands (bowman’s glands) are serous glands
Respiratory segment what is it composed of and lined by?
comprises most of the Nasal Cavity
- lined by the typical respiratory mucous membrane which consists of
1. ) Pseudostratified cilated columnar epithelium with goblet cells and underlying
2. ) CT (lamina propia), contains many venous networks and glands which produce mucous and serous secretions
3. ) Lateral wall of respiratory segment contains superior, middle, and inferior conchae- superior and middle are part of the ethmoid bone-inferior is its own bone- allow for nonlaminar airflow through the nasal cavity so as to warm, filter, and humidfy air
Function of Respiratory segment
warms, humidifies and filters inhaled air
Mucoperiosteal membrane (respiratory segment). Describe what it contains and what it is attached to
- attached to periosteal membrane of the bone
- pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells
- contains many sero-mucous glands
- contains a venous plexus that allows inhaled air to be warmed
Nasal Mucosa is located in what portion. How is the pseudostratified columnar epithelium with microvilli compare with other parts of the nasal cavity here?
olfactory portion
- olfactory neurons have nonmotile cilia embededded in thick mucus
- microvilli is much thicker in this regeion
Superior concha location and function
- upper part of the nasal septum. location of olfactory epithelium
- also known as turbinate: spiral makes air gets in back to touch mucous.
Olfactory Neurons
have nonmotile cilia embedded in thick mucus-cilia have receptors for odors.
Give description of microvilli in pseudostratified columnar epithelium of the nasal mucosa in comparison to other nasal cavity parts.
muck thicker here than the other parts of the nasal cavity.
Olfactory Epithelium is comprised of what type of cells?
- )sustenacular cells
- )olfactory cells
- )fila olfactoria
- )Basal cells
- )Bowman’s glans
- )Brush cells
Describe olfactory cells (-bipolar neurons) and its mechanism. How is fila olfactoria involved?
- )odorant molecules bind to cilia of olfactory cells
2) olfactory cells transmit signals through the fila olfactoria to the olfactory bulb and olfactory centers of the CNS. able to proliferate after damage
Fila olfactoria
- Form cranial nerve 1
- bundle of axons that come off olfactory cells.
Basal cells and what type of regenerative cells does it produce?
-believed to be regenerative for sustenacular, basal and olfactory cells
Bowman’s glands what does it secrete?
serous secretions
Brush cells. Description. What are the analogous to? Where are they found?
- cells with blunt microvilli
- have sensory dendrites on basal portion.
- analogous to merkel cells in the skin.
- found throughout respiratory passages
- not involved in olfaction;conveys general sensory information via trigeminal
Function Pharynx and its components
Conducts air from the nasal cavity and oral cavity
-Nasopharynx and oropharynx
nasopharynx. what is it lined by ? location and what does it contain (glands and a type of tonsil)?
-lined by respiratory epithelium:
contains sero-mucous glands in the lamina propia.
-continous with oropharynx at the level of the soft plate
-contains pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid when inflamed)
Oropharynx.what is it lined by? location and what does it contain?
lined by nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
-contains the palatine tonsils at the junction of the oropharynx with oral cavity which is continuous with
What is Larynx known as? and what does it contain?
Passageway for air between oropharynx and trachea-organ of phonation
-Function: prevent passage of food into the trachea and sound production
- cartilage framework
- ventricles
- vocal cords
- ventricular folds
Most epiglottis and vocal cords are lined by
nonkeartinized stratified squamous epithelium
OTher parts of the larynx and ventricular folds are covered by what epitheliem
pseudostratified cilated columnar epithelium with goblet cells
Cartilage framework of Larynx
Epiglottis (elastic cartilage and hyaline cartilage). Acts as a valve that covers larynx during swallowing
True Vocal cords and what type of muscle is it controlled by?
Glottis (opening between vocal cords) vocalis muscle (skeletal)
ventricles
invaginations above the vocal folds
What is another name for ventricular folds and where is it located?
false vocal cords
-located above ventricles
What is trachea held by?
flexible tube held open by C shaped cartilage rings.
-divides into two bronchi which divide into secondary bronchi and then divide in tertiary bronchi
What is the exception to bronchi having irregular cartilage plates rather than rings?
Primary bronchi
Each lung is divided into how may lobes and what do the lobe divide into?
3 right lobes and 2 left lobes
-lobes divide into brochopulmonary segments
Brochioles (.3-.5mm) contains no ___.
cartilage and glands
Clara cells where is it abundant in? and what happens as you get further down into respiratory zone?
- non cilated
- terminal bronchioles
- increases in concentration
What does clara cells function and production?
- produce glycoaminoglycans that help to form the lining of the bronchiole
- function as progenitor cells that can differentiate into other epithelial types if damage occurs.
- metabolize airborne toxins
- secrete a surface-active agent (surfactant)
What is Surfactant? what is its function?
a lipoprotein that prevents luminal adhesion should wall of airway collapse on itself particularly during expiration by breaking Hydrogen bonds and reduce resistance
What are the three types of bronchioles
primary, tertiary and respiratory
Brochopulmonary segements are subdivided into pulmonary lobules
Each lobule is supplied by one bronchiole
respiratory bronchioles
are the first gas exchange region of the lung- have alevoli
pulmonary acini is made of
one terminal bronchiole and its concomitant respiratory bronchioles and alveoli
pulmonary acini is made of
one terminal bronchiole and its concomitant respiratory bronchioles and alveoli
Air blood barrier contains
- )type 1 alveolar cell
2) fused basal lamina or type 1 alveolar cells and endothelial cells
3) endothelial cells of the capillary
What is the mechanism for parasympathetic innervation in bronchiole constriction? What is another function
Ach causes smooth muscle to contract. Smooth muscle makes a circular pattern so that lumen gets harder to breathe.
-It can also stimulate mucous production
What is the mechanism of bronchiole dilation in sympathetic innervation?
beta 2 receptor are found in the lungs and can’t bind Norepinephrine. But binds to Epinephrine
What would you expect to see in a histological image H&E stain of Bronchioles?
- cilated cubodial/columnar with decreased goblet cells and increased numbers of clara cells.
- smooth muscle is also seen with elastic fibers
What would you expect to see in a histological image H&E stain of trachea in high magnification?
- Respiratory epithelium
- lamina Propia
- submucosa is predominant
What would you expect to see in a histological image H&E stain of primary bronchus in high magnification?
- RE, LP
- serous glands majority
- mucos glands less b/c it can block airflow
What would you expect to see in a histological image H&E stain of tertiary Bronchus in high magnification?
epithelium lining is cuboidal. cartilage is in islands and plates
laryngopharynx
extends from vestibule of the larynx to the esophagus at the level of interior border of cricoid cartilage.
Cystic Fibrosis
autosomal recessive trait
-seromucous glands secrete abnormally viscous mucous
