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Histo Exam 1 > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

Conducting Portion of the respiratory system. Function and parts

A

transports outside air to the lungs

-nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles

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2
Q

Respiratory portion. Function and parts

A

where oxygen is transported into the capillaries and CO2 eliminated from the bloodstream.

-respiratory bronchioles, alveolar sacs, alveoli

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3
Q

Lungs have a major role in altering gas composition of plasma and are well designed to have this function due to what feature?

A

large surface area of contact between the capillaries and alveoli (functional unit)

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4
Q

Conducting portion is lined by what type of cells. What part is the exception and what type of cell does that type contain?

A

Conducting portion: pseudostratified cilated columnar epithelium with goblet cells.

Exception Bronchioles: lined by cilated columnar or cubodial epithelium

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5
Q

Many lymph nodes are located in this region of the conducting portion.

A

Bronchioles

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6
Q

What type of cell and glands are essential for moistening the inspired air and trapping particles?

A

mucus is produced by goblet cells and other numerous glands

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7
Q

Vestibule

What is type of epithelium is it lined with?

A

nares are lined with skin, which opens into the vestibule.
-kerantinized stratified squamous epithelium and vibrissae (sniff hairs)- continuous with nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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8
Q

Olfactory Epithelium

What types of glands does it use?

A

located with the root of nasal cavities and contains receptors for olfaction

-Olfaction-olfactory glands (bowman’s glands) are serous glands

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9
Q

Respiratory segment what is it composed of and lined by?

A

comprises most of the Nasal Cavity

  • lined by the typical respiratory mucous membrane which consists of
    1. ) Pseudostratified cilated columnar epithelium with goblet cells and underlying
    2. ) CT (lamina propia), contains many venous networks and glands which produce mucous and serous secretions
    3. ) Lateral wall of respiratory segment contains superior, middle, and inferior conchae- superior and middle are part of the ethmoid bone-inferior is its own bone- allow for nonlaminar airflow through the nasal cavity so as to warm, filter, and humidfy air
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10
Q

Function of Respiratory segment

A

warms, humidifies and filters inhaled air

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11
Q

Mucoperiosteal membrane (respiratory segment). Describe what it contains and what it is attached to

A
  • attached to periosteal membrane of the bone
  • pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells
  • contains many sero-mucous glands
  • contains a venous plexus that allows inhaled air to be warmed
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12
Q

Nasal Mucosa is located in what portion. How is the pseudostratified columnar epithelium with microvilli compare with other parts of the nasal cavity here?

A

olfactory portion

  • olfactory neurons have nonmotile cilia embededded in thick mucus
  • microvilli is much thicker in this regeion
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13
Q

Superior concha location and function

A
  • upper part of the nasal septum. location of olfactory epithelium
  • also known as turbinate: spiral makes air gets in back to touch mucous.
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14
Q

Olfactory Neurons

A

have nonmotile cilia embedded in thick mucus-cilia have receptors for odors.

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15
Q

Give description of microvilli in pseudostratified columnar epithelium of the nasal mucosa in comparison to other nasal cavity parts.

A

muck thicker here than the other parts of the nasal cavity.

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16
Q

Olfactory Epithelium is comprised of what type of cells?

A
  1. )sustenacular cells
  2. )olfactory cells
  3. )fila olfactoria
  4. )Basal cells
  5. )Bowman’s glans
  6. )Brush cells
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17
Q

Describe olfactory cells (-bipolar neurons) and its mechanism. How is fila olfactoria involved?

A
  1. )odorant molecules bind to cilia of olfactory cells
    2) olfactory cells transmit signals through the fila olfactoria to the olfactory bulb and olfactory centers of the CNS. able to proliferate after damage
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18
Q

Fila olfactoria

A
  • Form cranial nerve 1

- bundle of axons that come off olfactory cells.

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19
Q

Basal cells and what type of regenerative cells does it produce?

A

-believed to be regenerative for sustenacular, basal and olfactory cells

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20
Q

Bowman’s glands what does it secrete?

A

serous secretions

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21
Q

Brush cells. Description. What are the analogous to? Where are they found?

A
  • cells with blunt microvilli
  • have sensory dendrites on basal portion.
  • analogous to merkel cells in the skin.
  • found throughout respiratory passages
  • not involved in olfaction;conveys general sensory information via trigeminal
22
Q

Function Pharynx and its components

A

Conducts air from the nasal cavity and oral cavity

-Nasopharynx and oropharynx

23
Q

nasopharynx. what is it lined by ? location and what does it contain (glands and a type of tonsil)?

A

-lined by respiratory epithelium:
contains sero-mucous glands in the lamina propia.
-continous with oropharynx at the level of the soft plate
-contains pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid when inflamed)

24
Q

Oropharynx.what is it lined by? location and what does it contain?

A

lined by nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

-contains the palatine tonsils at the junction of the oropharynx with oral cavity which is continuous with

25
Q

What is Larynx known as? and what does it contain?

A

Passageway for air between oropharynx and trachea-organ of phonation

-Function: prevent passage of food into the trachea and sound production

  • cartilage framework
  • ventricles
  • vocal cords
  • ventricular folds
26
Q

Most epiglottis and vocal cords are lined by

A

nonkeartinized stratified squamous epithelium

27
Q

OTher parts of the larynx and ventricular folds are covered by what epitheliem

A

pseudostratified cilated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

28
Q

Cartilage framework of Larynx

A

Epiglottis (elastic cartilage and hyaline cartilage). Acts as a valve that covers larynx during swallowing

29
Q

True Vocal cords and what type of muscle is it controlled by?

A

Glottis (opening between vocal cords) vocalis muscle (skeletal)

30
Q

ventricles

A

invaginations above the vocal folds

31
Q

What is another name for ventricular folds and where is it located?

A

false vocal cords

-located above ventricles

32
Q

What is trachea held by?

A

flexible tube held open by C shaped cartilage rings.

-divides into two bronchi which divide into secondary bronchi and then divide in tertiary bronchi

33
Q

What is the exception to bronchi having irregular cartilage plates rather than rings?

A

Primary bronchi

34
Q

Each lung is divided into how may lobes and what do the lobe divide into?

A

3 right lobes and 2 left lobes

-lobes divide into brochopulmonary segments

35
Q

Brochioles (.3-.5mm) contains no ___.

A

cartilage and glands

36
Q

Clara cells where is it abundant in? and what happens as you get further down into respiratory zone?

A
  • non cilated
  • terminal bronchioles
  • increases in concentration
37
Q

What does clara cells function and production?

A
  • produce glycoaminoglycans that help to form the lining of the bronchiole
  • function as progenitor cells that can differentiate into other epithelial types if damage occurs.
  • metabolize airborne toxins
  • secrete a surface-active agent (surfactant)
38
Q

What is Surfactant? what is its function?

A

a lipoprotein that prevents luminal adhesion should wall of airway collapse on itself particularly during expiration by breaking Hydrogen bonds and reduce resistance

39
Q

What are the three types of bronchioles

A

primary, tertiary and respiratory

40
Q

Brochopulmonary segements are subdivided into pulmonary lobules

A

Each lobule is supplied by one bronchiole

41
Q

respiratory bronchioles

A

are the first gas exchange region of the lung- have alevoli

42
Q

pulmonary acini is made of

A

one terminal bronchiole and its concomitant respiratory bronchioles and alveoli

43
Q

pulmonary acini is made of

A

one terminal bronchiole and its concomitant respiratory bronchioles and alveoli

44
Q

Air blood barrier contains

A
  1. )type 1 alveolar cell
    2) fused basal lamina or type 1 alveolar cells and endothelial cells
    3) endothelial cells of the capillary
45
Q

What is the mechanism for parasympathetic innervation in bronchiole constriction? What is another function

A

Ach causes smooth muscle to contract. Smooth muscle makes a circular pattern so that lumen gets harder to breathe.
-It can also stimulate mucous production

46
Q

What is the mechanism of bronchiole dilation in sympathetic innervation?

A

beta 2 receptor are found in the lungs and can’t bind Norepinephrine. But binds to Epinephrine

47
Q

What would you expect to see in a histological image H&E stain of Bronchioles?

A
  • cilated cubodial/columnar with decreased goblet cells and increased numbers of clara cells.
  • smooth muscle is also seen with elastic fibers
48
Q

What would you expect to see in a histological image H&E stain of trachea in high magnification?

A
  • Respiratory epithelium
  • lamina Propia
  • submucosa is predominant
49
Q

What would you expect to see in a histological image H&E stain of primary bronchus in high magnification?

A
  • RE, LP
  • serous glands majority
  • mucos glands less b/c it can block airflow
50
Q

What would you expect to see in a histological image H&E stain of tertiary Bronchus in high magnification?

A

epithelium lining is cuboidal. cartilage is in islands and plates

51
Q

laryngopharynx

A

extends from vestibule of the larynx to the esophagus at the level of interior border of cricoid cartilage.

52
Q

Cystic Fibrosis

A

autosomal recessive trait

-seromucous glands secrete abnormally viscous mucous

Histo Exam 1 (16 decks)

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