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Histo Exam 1 > Cytology and Epithelium > Flashcards

Cytology and Epithelium Flashcards

1
Q

What is the glycocalyx?

A

It is a cell coat. Carbohydrates extend from cell membrane.

-made from either proteins in external face of plasma membrane (glycoproteins).
or from phospholipid molecules (glycolipids)

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2
Q

What is the function of the glycocalyx?

A

Cell-cell recognition and cell to cell adhesion

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3
Q

What are Globular proteins? Give example.

A

They move within the plasma membrane.

Ex: ion channels, pumps, receptors, transducers, enzymes

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4
Q

What is heterochromatin? How does it look stained?

A

Dense coiled DNA. EM: dark staining LM: basophilic stains blue

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5
Q

Where can the heterochromatin be found?

A

Marginal chromatin (near edge), karysomes (not near the edge), nucleolar associated chromatin.

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6
Q

What is Eucharomatin? How does it looked stained?

A

uncoiled DNA more active, EM: light stain

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7
Q

Where is the site of rRNA synthesis?

A

Nucleolous

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8
Q

What is the function of Nuclear Lamina?

A

intermediate filament proteins; it serves as scaffolding for nuclear components

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9
Q

What is the difference between Laminin, Lamina, and Lamin

A

-Lamina: made of lamins (cytoskeletal structure) 10nm thick
Ex: think nuclear lamina

  • Lamin: lie between nuclear membrane and marginal heterochromatin. They are fibrous proteins that form structure of nucleus. Disassemble during mitosis and reassemble
  • Laminin: not associated with nucleus. glycoprotein.
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10
Q

What are nuclear pores?

A

(75 nm diameter) allow passage of mRNA into the cell.

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11
Q

What are Ribosomes?

A

150A made of r RNA and protein - involved in translation

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12
Q

What is the classification of ribosomes?

A
  • Free ( in the cytoplasm _ proteins they make stay in the cell.
  • ER
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13
Q

Where does intracellular protein sythesis occr?

A

Free polyribosomes

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14
Q

Where does extracellular protein synthesis occur? What type of proteins do they secrete?

A
  • In the ribosomes bound to ER.

- integral proteins or secretory proteins

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15
Q

What is a polyribosome?

A

A cluster of any type of ribosomes linked by mRNA

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16
Q

What is RER?

A
  • studded with ribosomes.

- protein synthesis for insertion into membrane or export.

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17
Q

What is SER?

A

contains no ribosomes= no protein synthesis

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18
Q

What is the function of SER?

A
  1. ) synthesis of steroid hormones,
  2. ) glycogen and lipid synthesis
  3. )HCl formation (gut)
  4. ) calcium stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (muscle)
  5. ) drug detoxification (liver)
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19
Q

What is the function golgi Apparatus?

A
  1. ) Site of protein modification
  2. ) transfer vesicles containing protein move from RER to form facing (cis) of the golgi–golgi are added to form glycoproteins–these are then packaged into secretory granules for cellular export.
  3. ) produces glycocalyx for integral membrane
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20
Q

what are lysosomes formed by and what does it contain?

A
  • formed at the golgi (membrane bound)

- contain hydrolytic enzymes used for digestion of extracellular or intracellular components

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21
Q

What is the function of lysosomes?

A
  1. ) breadkdown the cell constituents
  2. ) cell remodeling
  3. ) normal turnover of organelles
  4. )normal turnover of macromolecules
  5. ) breakdown of bacteria and viruses
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22
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary lysosome?

A
  1. ) newly formed and doesn’t have digesting material. light on EM
  2. ) has actively digesting material. dark plaque on EM.
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23
Q

Lysosomes have enzymes specific for? List the enzyme target and classification of enzyme.

A

1.) Proteins: proteases
2.)Nucleic acids: nucleases
3.)Polysaccharides: glycosidases
4.)Lipids: lipases
5.)Organic linked phosphates: phosphatases
“POPLN”

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24
Q

What is Tay Sachs:

A

Lipid metabolism defect (autosomal recessive trait)

-missing enzyme (hexosaminidase) for splitting off hexose from a ganglioside

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25
Q

What is ganglioside? What happens when gangliosides accumulate?

A

complex form of a glycolipid found in gray matter cells in CNS.
-in neural tissue in Tay sacs causes retardation and childhood death.

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26
Q

what are Peroxisomes?

A

Contain many oxidative enzymes (catalase) that break down peroxide (H2O2).

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27
Q

What does H2O2 do to cells?

A

It is toxic; it causes free radical formation. the free radical cross link proteins, rendering them non-functional.

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28
Q

What are the characteristics of mitochondria?

A
  1. ) provide energy for the cell in the form of ATP (.5-1.0 micrometer in diameter, 2-5 micrometer long)
  2. ) contain their own DNA and ribosomes for self replication
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29
Q

What is a cytoskeleton?

A

Non-membrane bound organelles

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30
Q

What are the characteristics of microtubules (MT)?

A
  • The largest of cytoskeleton (25nm in diameter)
  • present in all cells
  • line up to form spindle fibers in mitosis
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31
Q

What is MAP? (microtubule associated proteins)

A
  • LINK MT to other cytoskeletal components and organelles. (ex. dynein)
  • associated with vesicle and organelle movement (ATTACH MT to things in the cell)
  • help STABILIZE MT in cilia and flagella
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32
Q

What is the function of microtubules?

A
  • Provide physical support for cells via cytoskeleton.
  • Chromosome movement during cell division
  • involved with ciliary movement
  • intracellular transport of secretory products
  • involved with cell division
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33
Q

What are intermediate filaments and its function?

A
  • 10-12 nm, protein polymer-;stable compared to MT or MF
  • all cells contain some type of intermediate filament
  • function: structure
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34
Q

What are the 4 major families of intermediate filament?

A
  1. ) Keratins: found in all epithelial cells
  2. )Vimentin and Vimentin-like intermediate filaments : not found in all cells (RBC particularly)
  3. )neurofilaments: only found in neurons
  4. )Lamins: found in all nucleated cells
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35
Q

What are the characteristics of microfilaments (MF)?

A
  • 5nm diameter

- protein polymer present in all cells.

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36
Q

What are the 2 basic types of proteins in MF?

A

Actin and myosin

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37
Q

What is the function of MF?

A
  • contraction (cellular movement)
  • cytokinesis (pinching of cell division)
  • endocytosis
  • ameboid movement
  • structural support
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38
Q

What is centrioles made of. Describe location and pattern.

A
  • it is made made of microtubules.

- location near the nucleus (2 per cell)

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39
Q

What is the structure of centrioles?

A

-Structure: short cylinder comprised of microtubules arranged in 9x3 triplets (CCO) connected by protein links

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40
Q

what is the function of centrioles?

A

During cell division, migrate to opposite poles of cell-serve as organizing centers for mitotic spindles.

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41
Q

What is cilia?

A

5-10 micrometer length

.2-.5 micrometer in diameter

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42
Q

What are the 3 portions of cilia?

A
  1. ) shaft (axoneme): (9x2) +2 MT arrangement, surruounded by PM
  2. )basal body: (9x3) MT 9similar to centriole0
  3. )rootlet: anchors cilia to cytoskeleton
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43
Q

What is the Axoneme (shaft)?

A
  • 9 peripheral doublets-each contains 2 MT.
    -CO arrangement
    -dynein protein arms- cause movement
    2 central singlets connected by protein
  • central sheath (protein)
    -radial spikes (protein)
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44
Q

What is the function of cilia?

A
  • movement
  • dynein arms cause movement, use energy of ATP to move
  • found in respiratory tract and oviduct
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45
Q

What component of the cell does not posses metabolic activity?

A

Inclusions. They also don’t perform energy-requiring functions.

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46
Q

What are the types of inclusions:

A

1.) lipid or fat
2.)glycogen
(beta glycogen: single subunit, 2 size of ribosome)
alpha glycogen: cluster of beta glycogen
3.) Residual body:
tertiary lysosome. Ex: lipofuscin (brown pigments; it accumulates with age)

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47
Q

What is microvilli?

A
  • regular or irregular finger-like projections that are extensions of plasma membrane.
  • function: increase surface area for exchange of material. aid in absorption
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48
Q

What is sterocilia and where can they be found?

A

-very LONG MICROVILLI
- found in sensory organ of the ear and male reproduction system
(* They are NOT cilia!)

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49
Q

What does epithelia cover?

A

Cells that cover a free surface or line a tube (glands) or cavity.

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50
Q

What type are the 3 basic types attachment for epithelia ?

A
  1. ) tight junction (zonula occludens)
  2. )belt desmosome (Zonula adherens)
  3. ) desmosome (macula adherens, spot desmosomes)
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51
Q

What are tight junctions (zonula occludens and its function)?

A
  • Connects epithelial cell to epithelial cell
  • membranes are in direct contact
  • function: makes tight seal between cells-prevents material from leaking between cells- not a strong attachment
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52
Q

What are belt desmosome (zonula adherens)? Function and structure

A
  • connects epithelial cell-epithelial cell
  • function: keeps cells from being pulled apart
  • consist of microfilament (5 nm) : ACTIN, dense cytoplasmic material, 15-20 nm space b/w 2 membranes
  • intracellular material- linker protein b/t cell
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53
Q

What are fascia adherens?

A

attachments found between non-epithelial cells (most found in cardiac muscle cells-similar in structure to belt desmosomes)

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54
Q

Function and form of desmosome (macula adherens, spot desmosome)?

A
  • connects cell-cell,
  • function: holds cells together tightly (all tissue types)
  • contains tonofilaments (10 nm intermediate filaments), cytoplasmic plaque, transmembrane linker protein,
  • dense intermediate line ;Central stratum (think bridge).
  • 30-40 nm space between cells
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55
Q

What is the function and structure of hemidesmosome?

A

connects epithelia- connective tissue.

consist of tonofilaments, cytoplasmic plaque, linker proteins

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56
Q

What are gap junctions function (nexus junction)?

A

Function:

  1. ) allows for cell to cell communication
  2. ) electrochemical coupling
  3. ) small peptides can move from cell to cell. moves ions, so it moves charge important for cardiac and smooth muscle (Ca2+ ions)
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57
Q

What does junctional complex consist of

A

tight junction, belt desmosome, and desmosome

58
Q

What is phagocytosis (clathrin independent and actin dependent endocytosis)?

A
  • used for ingestion of larger particles (>1 micrometer)- material not in solution
  • involves actin depolymerization and repolymerization
  • involves cell surface receptors that specifically bind a certain susbstance- effects changes in the cell
59
Q

What is pinocytosis?

A

(clathrin independent endocytosis)

  • nonspecific ingestion of material in solution
  • caveolae
  • doesn’t involve receptors
60
Q

What are the characteristics of receptor mediated endocytosis (clathrin dependent endocytosis)

A
  • specific ingestion of molecules into the cell
  • coated pit
  • coated vesicle
  • clathrin coat
61
Q

clathrin coat

A
  • (made of proteins called triskelions)

- involved in invagination and pinching off of the vesicle

62
Q

What are the possibilities of the fate of receptor/ ligand?

A
  1. ) the receptor is recycled and ligand degraded.
  2. ) both the r and l are recycled
  3. )r and l are degraded
  4. ) the r and l are transported through the cell
63
Q

What is nuclear lamina?

A

Intermediate filamennt proteins-serves as scaffolding for nuclear components

64
Q

What are Coatomers? What are the types?

A
  • a coated vesicles that moves proteins between RER and Golgi
    -the types of of coatomers are COP1: retrograde (to the er)
    G->ER
    COP2:anterograde(to golgi)
    ER->G
65
Q

What are connexons?
HOW MUCH connexons make up an entire channel?
If there were 2 connexons how many connexins?

A
  • MAde of 6 connexins
  • 2
  • 12
66
Q

what are microtubules made of?

A
  • made up of tubulin (alpha and beta tubulin subunit)

- tubulin dimers polymerized to from a microtubule

67
Q

What is the most distributed IF in the body?What is Spectrin and where is it found?

A

Vimentin

-Spectrin is found in RBC; (its vimetin like IF)

68
Q

what is the function of mitochondria?

A

atp production, calcium sink, and heat production.

69
Q

Where does glycolysis occur? where does krebs cycle take place? Where does the electron transport take place

A
  • cytoplasm
  • matrix of mitochondria
  • inner membrane of mitochondria
70
Q

What are microtubules reversible and dependent on?

A
  • ATP, pH, calcium concentration

- can change length depending on physiological conditions within the cell

71
Q

What does microvilli contain?

A

-contain villin, actin filaments, fascin, fimbrin, and myosin 1, terminal web with spectrin, myosin 2, tropomyosin

72
Q

What is the arrangement of axoneme, basal body and centriole?

A

Shaft: (9x2 CO) +2 MT
Basal body: (9x3) MT like centriole
centriole (9x3) CCO patterns

73
Q

What is dynein associated with

A

dynein arms cause movement; it uses energy of atp to move

-dynenin asscoiated with MAP

74
Q

What does actin do to microvilli?
Plural: Villi
Sing:Villus

A

keeps MV rigid and discrete.

75
Q

Where can microtubles be found?

A

Cilia, flagella, and centrioles

76
Q

What are the 3 junctional complexes that connect epithelia to epithelia?
Which junctions aren’t related to epithelium?

A
  • Tight junction, Belt Desmosomes, and Desmosomes

- FAscia adherens and gap junctions

77
Q

WHAT is the distance in space between 2 membranes in belt desmosomes? What is the distance in space of spot desmosome?

A

15-20 nm space

30-40 nm

78
Q

What are the differences in structure in between fascia adherens, macula adherens, tight junction, gap junction and belt desmosomes,

A
  • tight junctions the cells fuse together leaving no space to prevent cells from leaking
  • belt desmosomes contain actin and linker protein
  • fascia adherens: similar structure to belt desmosomes ( found in cardiac muscle)
  • macula adherens:Dense intermediate line (central stratum), 10 nm size of tonofilaments,
  • gap junctions:connexon made up of 6 connexins
  • hemidesmosomes: tonofilaments, cytoplasmic plaque, plamsa membrane, linker proteins
79
Q

What are the characteristics of nexus junction

A
  • 15-20A gap between cells
  • made of 6 connexins to form 10-15 A channel when opened
  • connexin subunits are aligned between adjacent cells
80
Q

What are the three forms of endocytosis?

A

phagocytosis ( actin dependent endocytosis), pinocytosis, receptor mediated endocytosis

81
Q

Which ones are clathrin independent endocytosis?

A

Pinocytosis, phagocytosis

82
Q

What are the steps of phagocytosis?

A
  1. )phagocyte encounters a particle
  2. ) Ligand binds to surface receptors
  3. Actin polymerization froms pseudopods
  4. ) Engulfs particle complete internalization
83
Q

What is caveolae?

A

uncoated (no protein coat) vesicles involved with pincytosis

84
Q

What is cholesterol needed for?

A

steroid synthesis and plasma membrane compounds.

85
Q

What does HDL (high density lipoprotein) do?

A

-carry cholesterol to liver disposed in bile

86
Q

What are the steps for Receptor mediated endocytosis with LDL particles?

A

a. ) LDL particle attaches to the receptor of PM
2. ) clathrin coated vesicle pinches off to be a coated vessicle
3. ) clathrin depolymerizes into Triskeletons–> endosomes (loss its coat)
4. ) ph change from 7 to 5. low ph cause receptors to dissociate from LDL receptors
5. ) LDL fuses with primary lysosome forming 2ndary lysosome.
6. ) apoB proteins is degraded into amino acide and cholesterol esters are hydrolyzed to fatty acids and cholesterol

87
Q

What are the general characteristics of epithelium?

A
  • highly cellualar
  • avascular
  • regeneration capacity-wound healing, normal turnoover -renewal
  • cells frequently exhibit polarity with respect to orientation of cell and organelles
88
Q

What are the types of epithelium?

A
  • lining of membraneous epithelium

- glandular epitelium

89
Q

What does membranous epithelium cover?

A

surface of body, lines organs (digestion, respiratory, urogenital tracts)-lines blood vessels, heart and body cavities

90
Q

What is grandular epithelium?

A

form exocrine and endocrine glands and is specialized for secretion

91
Q

What is the function of epithelium? Epithelium: singular, Epithelia: plural

A

SELF PARTs

  • Secretion: glands and hormones
  • Excretion: kidney
  • Lubrication: secretion of gland cells in the GI tract
  • Filtration: renal corpuscle of the kidney
  • Protection: skin against mechanical trauma
  • Absorption: lining the small intestine
  • Reproduction: germinal cells of the testis
  • Transport: cilia on epithelial cells of respiratory tract move mucus
  • Sensory perception: taste beds and olfactory epithelium
92
Q

What is cell membrane polarity?

A

Microdomain: region of cell membrane that has a distinct structure of function

93
Q

What are the surface specializations of apical surface? What is the general function

A

a. ) cilia, microvilli, stereocilia
b. )Clathrin coated vesicles
c. ) glycocalyx
function: absorption recognition

-free surface to air, fluid

94
Q

What Is the lateral surface attached to? What are its surface specializations? Function.

A

-to other epithelial cells

a. Junctional complex
b. gap junctions
c. cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)

functionL attachment and communication

95
Q

What Is the basal surface attached to? What are its surface specializations? Function.

A

often attached to connective tissue

a. hemidesmsomes
b. membrane folds

function: attachment,transport, absorption

96
Q

What are zymogen granules?

A

Certain precursors made of protein (not in all epithelial cells)

97
Q

What is maturing face and forming face?

A

Golgi:
M: points away from nucleus
F: Points torward Nuclues

98
Q

What does the basement membrane consist of?

A

Basal lamina and Reticular lamina

99
Q

What are Basal Lamina produced by? What is it made up of?

A

-produced by Epithelia

Contains 2 parts:
-Lamina Lucida and lamina densida

  • Glycoaminoglycans (GAG)
  • Collagen type 4
  • Laminin
100
Q

What is Reticular Lamina produced by and what is it made up of? Function

A

produced by connective tissue

  • collagen 3 fibrils, aka reticular collagen
  • GAGs

Function:

  • support: physical, and functional
  • selective filtration
101
Q

What are the places where simple squamous could be found?

A

a. )Bowman’s capsule, lines alveoli of lungs
b. )mesothelium
c. ) endothelium:

102
Q

Where could simple cuboidal be found?

A

ducts of kidney and glands, sheets covering ovary

103
Q

Where could simple columnnar be found? What is its characteristics?

A
  • lines the intestine
  • may be cilated (bronchioles, oviducts, fallopian tubes and efferent ducts
  • may have goblet cells; which produce mucus for lubrication
    function: absorption and secretion
104
Q

What are the charcteristics of pseudostratified columnar?

A
  • Some cells don’t reach the luminal surface
  • all cells attach to the basement membrane
  • consist of cilia, stereocilia or noncilated regions

Function: absorption of material (particles, Mucus)

105
Q

What is the role of cilated with goblet cells in pseudocolumnar?

A

-cilated with goblet cells (lines respiratory passages (trachea, bronchi)

Function of cilated: moving surface material

106
Q

What is the purpose of sterocilia?

A

Lines part of the male reproductive system (epididymis)

107
Q

What is the difference between cornifed and non-cornified stratified squamous?

A

Cornified: Contains flaggrin, cross linking protein- cross links keratin intermediate filaments

Non-cornified: keratin intermediate filaments present but not cross linked

108
Q

What does all epithelia posses?

A
  • keratin intermediate filament, but not all is crosslinked

- all epithelium rests on basement membrane?

109
Q

What is stratified cubodial/ Columnar

A

rare (line large ducts of some glands)

110
Q

What are transitional epithelium?

A
  • Large dome shape surfaces
  • binucleated
  • thin basement membrane
  • not all cells attach to basement membrane
  • lines urinary bladder and ureter

function: accommodates stretch, protects underlying tissue from hypertonic urine

111
Q

What is Acinus? (pl. acini)

A

secretory units that have grape cluster like shape and small lumens.

112
Q

What are the types of lubrication membrane classification of epithelia

A

Serous membranes: watery secretion

mucous membrane: mucous secretion

113
Q

What is mucous membranes composed of?Where does it line and what is its function in the areas in aligns?

A
  • rich in proteins O-glycosylated with anionic oligosaccharides
  • lines gi and respiratory tract

-Function:
in gi tract: viscous fluid protects against chemical irritation
-respiratory tract: traps inhaled particles

114
Q

What does goblet cells secrete?

A

mucus

115
Q

All exocrine and most endocrine glands are made up of epithelia. What are the 2 exceptions?

A

posterior pituitary and adrenal medulla; these are nerves

116
Q

What is exocrine duct?

A

-products are secreted into ducts

117
Q

What is Endocrine duct?

A

Ductless; produce hormones that are secreted into the bloodstream. (wrapped in capillaries)

118
Q

What are the exocrine gland classified in?

A
  • based on cell number

- unicellular (globet cells) and multicellar

119
Q

What are multicellular further classified based on?

A
  • shape (simple vs complex– Tubular or alveolar)
  • type of secretion (mucus vs serous)
  • mode of release of secretory product (eccrine vs. apocrine vs holocrine)
120
Q

What is the shape and complexity features in multicellular exocrine gland?

A

Shape:

  1. tubular
  2. Alveolar or acinar (flask shaped)

Complexity:

  1. )simple-one duct
  2. ) compound-multiple duct
121
Q

what are the 3 types of acini

A

serous, mucous and mixed( may or may not have serous demilunes.

122
Q

Give description of serous acinus. What is its secretory product.

A
  • serous secretion (watery)
  • pyramidal shaped cells
  • cell boundary indistinct
  • apical secretory granules: stain acidophilic with H and E
  • Basophilic cytoplasm

-secretory product : proteinaceous, thin, watery and contain enzymes

123
Q

Give description of mucous acinus. What is its secretory product.

A
  • mucoid secretion
  • pyramidal shaped cells
  • nucleus flatted at base of cell
  • secretory product : mucinogen (white loss during H and E) PAS: purplish
  • glycoprotein and mucoprotein is slightly basophilic (glycogprotein or mucoprotein)
  • secretory product is thick and may act as a lubricant
124
Q

What are the modes of secretory product release?

A

Merocrine, Apocrine, holocrine, cytogenous

125
Q

What are the characteristics of merocrine (eccrine)?

A
  • secretory granules fuse with cell membrane and contents ONLY are released (serous or mucus); secrete without losing cellular material
  • exocrine gland
  • Ex: pancreas or some sweat glands
126
Q

What are the characteristics of apocrine?

A

Secretion released: with plasma membrane enveloping the particle (part of cytoplasm leaves the cell) Apo= a part of

Ex: mammary gland, axillary, and circumanal modified sweat glands

127
Q

What are the characteristics of holocrine?

A

Whole cell dies and is secreted.
holo (whole)
Ex: sebacous glands of skin

128
Q

Cytogenous

A

Whole living cell is released

Ex: ovary and testis (sperm and egg relesed)

129
Q

What are epitheloid cells? Give examples

A

Cells with epithelial characteristics but lack a free space.

  • Leydig cells (testis)
  • Luteal cells (ovary)
  • Adrenal parenchyma
  • reticulo-epithelial cells of thymus
130
Q

What is Laminin?

A

glycoprotein, connects basal lamina to epithelial cells

131
Q

What is flaggrin?

A

cross links protein. In cornifed squamous epithelium

132
Q

Which membrane enclosed organelles produce oxidative enzymes that free radicals cross link proteins, making them nonfunctional?

A

peroxisome using H2O2 causes free radical formation with unpaired electrons.

133
Q

Which organelle contain hydrolytic enzymes and which forms oxidative enzymes?

A
  • Lysosomes use hydrolytic enzymes for digestion of extracellular or intracellular components.
  • Peroxisomes us oxidative enzymes to break down H2O2
134
Q

Which cells don’t have mitochondria?

A

Mature RBCS in circulation and terminal keratinocytes.

135
Q

What controls cell movement?

A

Microtubule lattice

136
Q

Which cell does not have a nucleus and what does that entail?

A

RBCs they don’t have lamins

137
Q

What is the purpose of actin in microvilli?

A

keeps MV rigid and discrete

138
Q

List the function of each type polarity surface and give examples .

A 
Apical: absorption and recognition 
Examples:
a.) suface specializations like cilia, microvilli, sterocilia
b.) clathrin coated vesicles
c.)glycoalyx

Lateral: attachment, communication
Junctional complexes, gap junctions, cell adhesion molecules (CAM)

Basal surface: attachment, transport, absorption
Hemidesomosomes and membrane folds

139
Q

Where can mesothelial and endothelial cells be found?

A

Mesothelium: lines surface body cavities (peritoneal, pleural, pericardial cavities)

endothelium: lines blood vessels and lymphatic vessels

140
Q

Which membrane consist O-glycosylated with anionic oligosaccharides and what does it do? (serous or mucous)

A

Mucous makes it more viscous

Histo Exam 1 (16 decks)

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