Digestive

Question 1

The mucosa of the gut is made of what 3 layers? and the function of each?

Answer 1

• mostly columnar epithelium, stratified squamous in esophagus and anal canal.
• Lamina propia: contains fibers, lymph nodes and immune cells
• muscularis mucosa: facilitate blood flow within the mucosa.

Question 2

submucosa of gut contains blood vessels, meissener plexus of nerves and lymphatics . what is the function of region?

Answer 2

elasticity permits the folding of the mucous membrane in the empty state and smoothing out during the passage of food

Question 3

Muscularis externa contains myenteric plexus between two smooth muscle layers. What is the function?

Answer 3

facilitates the mixing and propagation of ingested food

Question 4

How is the lamina propia in esophagus different than in the gut?

Answer 4

not cellular b/c thick epithelium. however lymph nodes are found near glandular ducts. (lower portion of organ)

Question 5

which layer are esophageal glands found?

Answer 5

submucosa

Question 6

what is significant about the muscularis externa of the esophagus

Answer 6

the presence of striated skeletal muscle in the upper 1/3 of esophagus—middle third contains a mixture of skeletal and smooth muscle—lower third contains smooth muscle only

Question 7

cilatated columnar epithelium in stomach secretes:

Answer 7

potassium, prostaglandins, mucus and bicarbonate to protect gastric mucosa.

Question 8

What are the 4 cell types of fundic glands

Answer 8

Mucous neck cells
Parietal (oxyntic) cells
Chief (zymogenic, peptic) cells
Gastroentero-pancreatic (GEP) endocrine cells
Stem cells

Question 9

Shape and location of parietal (oxyntic) cells

Answer 9

centrally located nucleus—pale staining cytoplasm—pyramidal shaped cell—concentrated in upper half of the gland

Question 10

parietal (oxyntic) cells

Answer 10

HCl helps activate pepsinogen and kills bacteria.

-gastrin intrinsic factor binds B12 which is necessary for absorption of B12 in small intestine

Question 11

Prilosec (omeprazole)

Answer 11

drug for ulcers—inhibits H+, K+ ATPase pumps in parietal cells

Question 12

Chief (zymogenic, peptic) cells

location and structure.

Answer 12

pyramidal shaped cell—located in lowest portion of gland—cytoplasm stains more darkly than parietal cells

Question 13

what is the function of Chief (zymogenic, peptic) cells

Answer 13

Secretes pepsinogen, precursors of rennin and lipase

Question 14

What regions of GI does absorption occur?

Answer 14

mainly small intestine, then stomach and large intestine

Question 15

Masticatory mucosa contains what type of epithelium and give example of those regions.

Answer 15

• keratinized stratified squamous epithelium (may have parakeratinized mixed in with keratinized)
• hard palate, and gingivae

Question 16

Specialized mucosa in oral cavity contains what type of epithelium and give example of those regions?

Answer 16

• keratinized and nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium with papillae
• Dorsal surface of tongue, soft palate, and regions of the pharynx

Question 17

what is the vermillion zone?

Answer 17

-Abrupt change in epithelium from that of the skin—keratinized or parakeratinized stratified squamous epithelium—thicker than outer lip but with many sensory papillae

Question 18

what is the labial gland located and function?

Answer 18

submucosa—moisten inner surface of lip

Question 19

What type of epithelium of the hard palate and purpose of the lamina propia structure?

Answer 19

Keratinized and parakeratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
-mucosa does not move and is protected from tearing

Question 20

What is the transition epithelium from lower to upper of soft palate.

Answer 20

nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium to pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium in the nasal aspect of the palate. boundary is variable

Question 21

describe the secretory system of salivary glands

Answer 21

serous, mucous, or mixture of both cells arranged into acini—acini are surrounded by myoepithelial cells that contract to squeeze the secretion from the secretory portion into the duct system.

Question 22

What are the functions of saliva

Answer 22

• facilitates swallowing and phonation
• amylase secretion
• dissolve food
• buffered with bicarbonate
• consist of lysozymes (IgA)

Question 23

What is the term that separates the interior and superior tongue?

Answer 23

sulcus terminalis

Question 24

What is the function and epithelium of filiform papillae

Answer 24

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium—no taste buds

—main function is to help with chewing and mixing of food

Question 25

fungiform papillae

Answer 25

• Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

- papillae vascularized, contains taste buds

Question 26

Ebner glands (serous glands)

Answer 26

embedded within the muscle—ducts open into the deep part of the moat—secretion keeps the area clean

found it Circumvallate (vallate) and follate papillae

Question 27

Foliate papillae

Answer 27

lateral edges of the tongue—taste buds located on lateral sides

Question 28

What do minor glands secrete and what type of secretion?

Answer 28

contributes to saliva

-mainly mucous