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Histo Exam 1 > Blood Part 2 and skin part 1 > Flashcards

Blood Part 2 and skin part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is erythropoiesis dependent on and where is it formed?

A

Erythropoietin (formed in kidneys)

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2
Q

What are the types of Erythropoietin treatments used for?

A
  • cancer treatment

- athletes used it to increase performance

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3
Q

What is the function of erythrocytes?

A

To transport and protect hemoglobin and allow free gas exchange between hemoglobin and extracellular environment.

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4
Q

What is methemogloblin?

A

hemoglobin with ferric iron (Fe3+) can’t uptake O2

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5
Q

What is it about RBCs plasma membrane that make it different from the other cells?

A

thinner than other cells (50Angstoms): facilitates gas exchange

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6
Q

Why do males tend to have more blood than women?

A

They produce androgens that stimulate RBC production.

F: produces estradiol (E2) which inhibit RBC production

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7
Q

What are the common erythrocyte distribution abnormalities?

A

Rouleaux: RBCs resemble stack of ccoins
Autoagglutination: antibodies stick against RBCs which is why they stick together in clumps like grapes

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8
Q

What are the3 common size erythrocyte abnormalities?

A

Macrocytes
Microcytes
Anisocytosis:

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9
Q

Macrocytes

A

Mean cell volume is greater than 100 fL

  • caused by:
    1. folate deficiency
    2. B12 defeciency
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10
Q

Microcytes

A 
MCV less than 80 fl
1. Fe deficiency anemia (most common)
2.Anemia of chronic Disease: inflammation, malignancy
3.alpha and beta thalassemia
sideroblastic anemia: chronic EtOH=> 
Vit B6  def., Pb poisoning
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11
Q

What are the 2 types of color abnormalities in RBCs?

A

hypochromasia: decrease in hemogloblin -pale RBCs
polychromasia: variation in hemoglobin content of RBCs (younger cells stain with bluish tint)

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12
Q

know shape abnormalities mentioned in class

A

sickle, schisto, target

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13
Q

What are the type of Inclusions in RBCs and what do the contain in side.

A

Howell jolly bodies: DNA remnant
Pappenheimer bodies: abnormal iron granules
stippling: precipitated RNA

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14
Q

In anemia, decreased hemogloblin concentration is due to:

A
  • decreased production of RBCs
  • decreased hemogloblin synthesis or deficiencies in B12 or folic acid
  • increased destruction of RBCs
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15
Q

What is erythrocytosis?

A

an abnormal increase in number of increasing RBCs or a decrease in volume of plasma- caused by a primary process in the bone marrow, a decrease in O2 or malignancy

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16
Q

When does WBC become motile?

A

flattens out and becomes motile when encountering a solid substance

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17
Q

What is the total number of WBC? what it the term for overall increase? and decrease

A
  • 4.8-10.8 10^9/L
    -leukocytosis
    leukopenia
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18
Q

What is the differences between agranulocytes and granulocytes?

A

Agranulocytes have no specific granules but azurophilic granules (purple staining and lysosomes)

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19
Q

What is the morphology of lymphocytes? Specify size, nucleus, cytoplasm.

A

Diameter: 9-18 micrometers
-can’t distinguish based on morphology with B and T cells
Nucleus:round to oval blocked chromatin with no visible nucleoli-deep blue or purple
Cytoplasm: clear deep blue, can contain pink granules

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20
Q

What is the function of leukocytes?

A
  1. responsible for cellular T and humoral B immune response

2. Wide distribution and extensive migration

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21
Q

What is the morphology of monocytes?Size, nucleus, cytoplasm.

A

diameter: 10-18 micrometers

Nucleus: pale staining- U shaped (kidney bean)-nucleolus isn’t visible

cytoplasm: blue-gray with large numbers of small azure granules-frequently characterized by pseudopods and vacuoles.

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22
Q

What is the 3 functions of monocytes?

A
  1. Phagocytosis with pseudopods
  2. precursors to tissue macrophages and osteoclasts
  3. cooperation with lymphocytes in immune system (antigen presentation)->eat up invaders digest, present fragments foreign to body
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23
Q

What can happen if there are abnormalities in monocytes?

A
  1. decrease in production
  2. circulating macrophages can sometimes indicate sepsis
  3. Malignancy
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24
Q

Band forms

A

recently entered blood circulation, an increase in bands means an increase overall neutrophil production, probably in response to infection. ( left shift or band anemia)

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25
Q

What are the 2 age groups of neutrophils?

A
  • Neutrophil Band Forms (stabs) are immature and make up 3-5% o f circulating leukocytes
  • Neutrophil segmented forms (polynuclear cells) are mature and make up 54-62% leukocytes.
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26
Q

What is the morphology of Neutrophils?

A

diameter ranges 12-14 micrometers

Nucleus: reddish purple chromatin in small round clumps

  • 2-5 lobes with filament connections in segmented forms or sausage shapes in band forms.
    cytoplasm: clear background with lavender-gray granules that are difficult to resolve with the light microscope-a fewer larger, purple granules are scattered throughout

granules (lysosome)= .5 micrometers

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27
Q

What is the 2 functions of neutrophils?

A
  1. Phagocytosis and digestion of small organisms- death and accumulation of neutrophils results in pus.
  2. protein synthesis and release: lysosomes and chemotactic factors ->recruit immune cells
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28
Q

abnormalities in neutrophils

A
  1. response to bacterial invasion or trauma (increased numbers and circulating immature forms referred to as left shift)
  2. decreased production
  3. malignancy
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29
Q

Morphology of Nuclues and cytoplasm Eosinophils

A

make up 1-3% of circulating leukocytes
-diameter:12-14 micrometers
-Nucleus: similar to neutrophils except only bilobed
Cytoplasm: filled with large eosinophilic red granules. granules tend to be the same size

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30
Q

What is the function of Eosinophils? What does the granules contain and its function

A
  1. Some phagocytic abilities, especially for antibody: antigen complexes
  2. antihistamines-dampens the histamine release of basophils or mast cells
  3. fibrinolysin: participate in degradation of blood clots
  4. substances that are lethal to larval stages of some PARASITES
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31
Q

Abnormalities in eosinophils

A
  1. increased # usually reflect either an allergic reaction or PARASITC invasion.
  2. Increased numbers for long periods of time can lead to organ damage
  3. Malignancy
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32
Q

What percentage do basophils make up. Morphology.

A
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33
Q

What is the function of Basophils

A
  1. May be related to mast cells
  2. surface receptors for IgE-granules contain histamine- function in allergic and hypersensitivity reactions
  3. granules contain heparin- may be utilized in breakdown of lipids
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34
Q

Where do Thrombocytes (platelets) originate from? What is the amount per microliter blood. What is the total number. What is its life span?

A

megakaryocytes-> large multinucleated cell
–200,000-400,000
-200-450 10^9/L
~10 days

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35
Q

Morphology of platelets?

A
  • 2-4 micrometers in diameter or 9 fl volume, granular, cytoplasmic fragments from megakaryocytes
  • non-nucleated
  • very little morphologic detail with LM
36
Q

What is the function of thrombocytes>

A
  1. contribute to hemostasis (arrest of blood flow)
    a. formation of platelet plug site of lesion
    b. facilitation of coagulation (clot formation) via release of factors
    c. contraction within a clot to form a solid mass, has actin and myosin filaments
    d. support and maintenance of endothelium
  2. release of chemotactic factors
  3. storage and transport of serotonin
  4. capable of phagocytosis of bacteria
37
Q

Aside from protection, sensation, temperature regulation, prevention of water loss, excretion what is another function of the integumentary system?d

A

Precursor molecules into vitamin D3

38
Q

What is epidermis and how is it maintained?

A

the most superficial layer-stratified squamous epithelium.

-maintained by desquamation

39
Q

What is the dermis component?

A
  • directly below the epidermis.
  • loose and dense irregular connective tissue
  • used for structural support
40
Q

What is the term that not considered skin proper because it’s mostly made up of adipose tissue.

A

Hypodermis (superficial fascia)

41
Q

What is the origin of epidermis and dermis

A

epidermis: ectoderm
dermis: mesoderm

42
Q

The five layers of epidermis are:

A 
"Come Let's Get Sun Burned"
stratum Corneum
stratum Lucidum
stratum Granulosum
stratum Spinosum
statum Basale (Germinativum)
43
Q

List WBCs concentrations from greatest to least

A

“Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas”

Neutrophils (65%)
Lymphocytes (25%)
Monocytes (6%)
Eosinophils (3%)
Basophils (1%)
44
Q

Which leukocytes are granulated and agranulated?

A

“Grandpa BENT Loves Money”

Granulocytes:
Basophil
Eosinophil
Neurophil
Thrombocytes

Agranulocytes:
Lymphocytes
Monocytes

45
Q

Differentiate Basophils and Eosinophils.

A

Basophils are “Bad-o-phils” because they contribute to our allergic
reactions.

Eosinophils are “Easy-on-me-phils” because they counteract our
allergic reactions.

46
Q

Stratum corneum

A
  • multi-layered cells
  • Dead cells- no nuclei or organelles
  • cells are filled with keratin filaments (water barrier)
  • increases in thickness with friction-> calluses
47
Q

Stratum Lucidum

A

Appear only in thick skin

  • translucent layer 3-5 cells thick
  • acidophilic
  • cells are filled with keratin
  • cells have pyconotic nuclei- disruputed nuclei and no organelles
48
Q

Stratum Granulosum

A
  • 3-5 cells thick (last later to be NON- keratinized)
  • cells are dying because too far away from the dermal papilla.
  • cytoplasm contains basophil keratohyaline granules
  • these granules contain precursors for protein fillagrin
49
Q

What stratum Spinosum

A

Several layers thick

  • cells in this layer have spinous processes that contact each other.
  • cells are connected together by many desmosomes.
  • cells are mitotically active-Malpighian layer:
50
Q

What is Malpighian layer?

A

stratum basale+ stratum spinosum

-layers with mitotically active

51
Q

Stratum Basale (Germinativum)

A
  • deepest layer
  • one cell layer of keratinocytes
  • contains cells that are dividing
  • cubodial to columnar shape
  • cells are basophilic due to many ribosomes
  • attached to adjacent cells by desmosomes
  • attached to basal lamina by hemidesmosomes
52
Q

Where does keratin crosslinking begin?

A

stratum granulosum

53
Q

What are tonofilaments?

A

produce 10 nm intermediate filaments called tonofilaments

54
Q

What does keratohyaline granules contain?

A

precursors for filigrin found here.

55
Q

When cells reach the upper portions of the stratum spinosum they begin to produce what?

A

keratohyaline granules and lamellar bodies

56
Q

What are lamellar bodies?

A

they are lipids that water proof the skin

57
Q

What is the term for bundles of tonofilaments? What layer do they begin to clump together??

A

tonofibrils, stratum spinosum

58
Q

Which skin layer releases lamellar bodes that have keratinocytes in the cytoplasm

A

stratum corneum

59
Q

What is the purpose of glycolipids in the skin?

A

serve as a water barrier

  1. keep unwanted fluid out of the body
  2. to keep needed fluid deep to skin from leaving the body
60
Q

What makes skin color multifactoral?

A
  • melanin + carotine

- vascular supply all influence color

61
Q

What is melanocytes derived from

A

neural crest cells

62
Q

Where can melanocytes be found? Function and form.

A

stratum basale
-they are round with long dendritic processes that extend into the stratum spinosum among the keratunocytes
main function: produce melanin

63
Q

How is melanin made

A

tyrosine –> DOPA–>Melanin

UV light sensitive enzyme tyrosinase

64
Q

Where does melanin process occur? How are they transferred to keratinocytes?

A

membrane-limited bodies (melanosomes)

-though dendritic processes

65
Q

Describe what the melanin activity in light skinned people, dark skinned and albino.

A

light skin: melanins is degraded by lysosomal activity of ketatinocytes
dark skin: melanosomes are more stable
albinism: absence of tyrosinase activity

66
Q

Skin color difference

A

mainly due to difference in number of melanin granules in keratinocytes

67
Q

eumelanin

A

dark brown pigment produced by melanocyte

68
Q

phenomelanin

A

pigment found in red hair, contains cysteine .

69
Q

What type of granule protects protects dna from Uv radiation

A

melanin

70
Q

Langerhan cells

A
  • distrubuted throughout the epidermis, especially stratum spinosum.
  • resembles melanocytes.
  • dendritic processes
  • involved in presentation of antigens T-cells
  • bone marrow derived
  • birbeck granules-tennis raquet shape
71
Q

Merkel cells

A

modified epidermal cells located in the stratum basale

  • base of the merkel cell is in contact with expanded terminal disc of a nerve fiber
  • mechanoreceptor
72
Q

Tanning give the 2 step process

A

exposure to UV radiation darkens skin by:

  1. chemical reaction darkens preexisting melanin and release it rapidly into keratinocytes
  2. increase rate in of melanin synthesis in keratinocytes
73
Q

In what region does keratohyaline granules begin to produce

A

upper layers of spinosum

74
Q

When tonofibils and cross-linked keratin combine in the stratum granulosum. What do they form?

A

cross-linked keratin

75
Q

What type of epidermal cell is abundant in fingertips and lips

A

merkel cells

76
Q

Where are free nerve endings located and what is it’s function? Are they myelinated or unmyelinated?

A

dermis and epidermis, extending up to stratum granulosom.
function: pain and temperature receptors.
unmyelinated
-can be found in hair roots

77
Q

Keratogenous zone

A

an area just above bulb where the cells that left the matrix become keratinzed

78
Q

Eccrine (merocrine) sweat glands are distributed over the entire body except where?

A

lips and external genitalia

79
Q

Sebacous glands use what type of secretion and what do they secrete?

A

sebum;

holocrine secretion

80
Q

Eccrine (merocrine) sweat gland. What is the shape of their gland?Where is the secretory portion. What does it produce?

A

simple coiled tubular gland

  • secretory portion is located deep in dermis or upper hypodermis
  • duct is stratified cubodial epithelium
  • watery solution containg NaCl, urea, uric acid, ammonia
  • major role in termperature regualtion
81
Q

Aprocrine sweat glands

A

found in axilla, areola, nipple of mammary gland.

  • wax producing
  • in the deep dermis or upper hypodermis
  • lumen is much wider than eccreine gland
  • secretion contains protein
82
Q

Skin regeneration can occur where?

A
  1. )cells of sweat glands
  2. ) hair follicles
  3. sebaceous glands
83
Q

What is largely responsible for basal and squamous cell carcinomas. Also contributes to malignant melanoma

A

ultraviolet B

84
Q

Melonoma

A

deadliest of skin cancers

  • involves melanocyte cells
  • can develop from a mole, grow quickly and metastasize
85
Q

Basal Cell Carcinoma

A

most common skin malignancy caused by excessive sun exposure

  • develops slowly, rarely metastasizes
  • nearly 100% curable
86
Q

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

A
  • arises in stratum spinosum
  • caused by excessive sun exposure
  • grows faster than basal cell carcinoma
87
Q

Carcinoma

A

cancer involving epithelial cells

Histo Exam 1 (16 decks)

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