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Histo Exam 1 > Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Lymphatic System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the morphology of lymph capillaries?

A

-large lumen, no pericytes, incomplete basement membranes and incomplete endothelial junctions

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2
Q

What is the morphology of lymph vessels?

A

layers indiscrete

  • intima: endothelium, few elastic fibers
  • media: can be 1-2 smooth muscle layers
  • adventitia: blends into surrounding connective tissue
  • valves: movement of tissue and muscle causes lymph to move one way.
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3
Q

What is red pulp made of? How can the meshwork be described as?

A

made up of splenic sinuses (venous sinuses) separated by splenic cord (cords of billroth) .
-meshwork: reticular cells, and fibers, lymphocytes, plasma cells, and granulocytes

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4
Q

Which major organ detects antigens in the blood?

A

spleen

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5
Q

describe the role of red pulp.

A
  • filter RBCs
  • phagocytize dead, dying RBCS or incapable of transversing the microcirculation of the spleen.
  • RBC reservoir
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6
Q

What do monocyte/macrophage system make up?

A

includes blood monocytes, alveolar macrophages, splenic macrophages, lymph node macrophages, and dendritic macrophages, microglia, kupffer cells, intraglomerular mesangium of kidney, serosal macrophages and langerhans cells of skin

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7
Q

How do macrophages interact with lymphocytes?

A
  1. macrophages are necessary for lymphocyte survival (tropic factors)
  2. lymphocytes activate macrophages
  3. macrophages (APC) process and present antigens to lymphocytes
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8
Q

lymphatic system can be subdivided into

A

functionality (t and b cells) or histologically (tissue, organs and vessels)

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9
Q

T cells produce substances that mediate their function in 4 ways:

A
  1. attraction and activation of macrophages.
  2. delayed hypersensitivity (graft rejection)
  3. cytolytic activity (tumor immunity)
  4. contact activation (poison ivy)
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10
Q

Give the three major subdivisons of t-cells. Describe its general function and cytokines.

A
  1. Helper cells (TH): promote and activate other immune cells, stimulate b-cell. express CD4
  2. Suppressor cells (TS): suppresses B cells, macrophages. CD4
  3. Cytotoxic lymphocytes: (TC,killer T-cells): kills target cells, such as virus-infected cells, tumor cells, and transplanted cells (grafts) CD8
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11
Q

MHC1 where is it found. what is its function?

A

found on all nucleated cells and platelets.

  • allow the elimination of abnormal host cells (virus-infected or transformed cancer cells)
  • present peptides to KILLER T-CELLS
  • transformed cells display viral or cancer specific peptides (recognize as non-self).
  • all endogenous “self peptides” display on normal cells in body.
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12
Q

MHC 2 expressed where and what type of peptides does it present?

A

expressed on surface of all APCs only

-present partially digested, endocytosed foreign peptides to helper t-cells.

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13
Q

What system is responsible for antibody synthesis and release? How is it activated?

A

humoral immunity and b cells produce antibodies.

-interleukins produced by T-cells

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14
Q

What are null cells (natural killer cells)? What are they generally found?

A

Doesn’t need to be exposed to antigen in order to be cytotoxic.

  • can recognize transformed cells such as tumor cells and virus infected cells.
  • most are in tissue
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15
Q

lymph from most sites is returned to ___, which empties into __. lymph from right side of head head empties into __duct, which empties into ___.

A

thoracic duct; left subclavian vein.

-right lymphatic duct into right subclavian vein

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16
Q

GALT

A

gut associated lymphoid organ collects antigens from the epithelial surface of GI tract.

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17
Q

once tagged what type of cells kill the cell?

A

macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, natural killer cells.

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18
Q

how do mast cells react to antigen presenting cell?

A

degranulation by releasing of histamine and heparin.

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19
Q

Degranulation causes what in each of these regions. (gut, lung, tissue)

A

gut: causes diarrhea and vomiting
lung: increase in mucus secretion and bronchial contraction leading to coughing.
tissue: increase in Blood flow, lymph flow and increase in permeability.

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20
Q

What are the markers for helper t cells, killer t-cells , suppressor b-cells and plasma cells?

A

TH: CD4
TS: CD4
TC: CD8
plasma: CD20

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21
Q

Where do B cells settle in?

A

bone marrow or lymphoid tissue to secrete antibodies.

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22
Q

Antibodies cannot tag pathogens that are inside cells. So, what type of cells is needed?

A

T-cells, antibodies can attack pathogens as they enter the body

23
Q

What are the two organs that make the central lymphoid tissue ad describe the general components?

A
  1. Bone marrow: lymphoid stem cells
  2. thymus: contains microenvironment and hormones necessary to develop IMMATURE lymphoid cells into B and T-cells.

site of maturation of cells in the immune system
-doesn’t react to antigens

24
Q

Peripheral lymphoid tissue includes:

A
  • lymph nodes
  • part of spleen
  • lymphatic aggregates- in gut, respiratory tract
  • diffuse lymphoid tissue- in gut, respiratory tract.
  • react to antigen
25
Q

B cells and T cells populate in specific areas of peripheral lymphoid tissue. Where are each of these locations?

A
  • In lymph node: T cells go to deep cortex (paracortex)

- b cells go to germinal center of nodules and medulla of lymph nodes

26
Q

In Fever, how do immune cells induce elevation in body temperature. What medication is used to block prostaglandins?

A
  • immune cells release IL-1 (pyrogen acting) –> formation of prostaglandins
  • aspirin (antipyretic) blocks prostaglandin formation.
27
Q

thymic function

A
  1. antigen independent lymphocyte production and differentiation
  2. transformation of immature lymphocyte into immunocompetant T lymphocytes
  3. colonization of peripheral lymphatic tissue with t lymphocytes (leave thymus to go to other lymph organs)
28
Q

DiGeorge Syndrome

A

congenital absence or hypoplasia of thymus or parathyroid glands

  1. associated with abnormal cell-mediated immunity but relatively normal humoral immunity.
  2. low Ca2+ levels in blood.
29
Q

What is the general histology of thymus?

A

made of two lobes, encased in capsule, with numerous lobules

30
Q

Thymocytes

A

lymphocytes on cortex, as they undergoe differentiation, migrate towards medulla- most die via apoptosis

31
Q

Blood-thymus barrier. what is it surrounded by and how does it protect the thymic cortex?

A

thymic capillares are continuous and surrounded by epithelial reticular cells-prevents foreign antigens from entering the thymic cortex and reaching developing t-cells.

32
Q

reticular epithelial cells. What are they connected to each other by and what type of support?

A

connected by desmosomes and tonofilaments

-provide support, isolation, and produce trophic hormones that stimulate T-cel maturation (thymosin)

33
Q

Thymic macrophages

A

form boundary at inner cortex- remove defective T cells as they move towards the medulla.

34
Q

How are macrophages and dendritic cells involved with thymocytes?

A

present self-antigens to thymocytes.

35
Q

Medulla consists of

A

contains immunocompetent t-cells (can distingusih self from non-self)

  • foreign dendritic cells (don’t phagocytize foreign material, just stick to cell membrane)
  • hassals corpuscles (concentric thymic reticular cells
36
Q

Where can diffuse lymphoid tissue be found? and what does it contain?

A

found within connective tissue- more common in GI (GALT) and respiratory tract (BALT).

contains:

  • macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells
  • lymph capillaries
  • collagen and reticular fibers, cells
37
Q

lymphoid nodules

A

-sphere of lymphocytes (mostly B lymphocytes) packed together, often located in GI, respiratory, and urinary tacts.

38
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary nodules

A

primary nodules (inactive) lack a germinal center; have not been exposed to antigen.

-2nd: active contain germinal center where proliferating lymphoblasts, plasma cells, macrophages and reticular epithelial cells are and mantle zone where inactive b cells .

39
Q

Where can lymphatic nodules found?

A

in peyer’s patches (in ileum of small intestine.

-nodules can also be found in appendix and tonsils.

40
Q

lymph nodes

A

encapsulated organs containing multiple lymphoid nodules .
function: filter lymph and concentrate foreign material (macrophages ingest foreign material and present the antigen to lymphocytes- APC

41
Q

Where are B and t cells located in the cortex of lymph node

A

B-cells: outer cortex in nodules

t-cells: predominated the paracortical area.

42
Q

Describe the general structure and function of capsule of lymph node.

A

capsule: dense CT- subcapsular space receives lymph.

43
Q

What are the APC cells

A

neutrophils, macrophages, b-cells, and dendritic cells

44
Q

the cortex contain secondary nodules with

A

proliferating b cells, resident follicular dendritic cells, migrating dendritic cells, macrophages, and supporting reticular cellls.

45
Q

WHere are FDCs found, what type of processes do they have? And why aren’t they considered APC?

A

found in germinal centers of lymph nodes.

  • have thin processes that interdigitate with b cells
  • b/c they don’t endocytose foreign matter and present it on MHC 2 receptor
46
Q

Paracortex contains what types pf venules? and what is their role?

A

postcapillary (high endothelial) have cubodial endothelium which allows lymphocytes to pass through their walls to enter/ exit the lymphnode.
-houes t cells

47
Q

Diapedesis

A

movement of cells in and out of blood vessels

48
Q

Medulla of lymph node consists of primary __ cells.

A

B

49
Q

Where do the major blood vessels enter and exit?

A

Hilus

50
Q

stroma is made of what? what do reticular cells produce?

A

collagen and reticular portions..

- produce reticular fibers

51
Q

What are the 2 major functions of spleen?

A

blood filter: able to phagocytize RBCS, RBC reservoir

-lymphoid organ: respond to blood borne antigens.

52
Q

Histology of Spleen

A

tracbeculae, capsule

-parenchyma: white and red pulp

53
Q

White pulp

A

follows blood vessels

  • diffuse lymphoid vessel
  • lymphoid nodules
  • central artery
  • periarterial lymphatic sheath (PALS): sheath of concentrated T cells surrounding a central artery
54
Q

What are the primary and secondary lymphoid organs?

A

primary: thymus and bone marrow
secondary: lymph node, lymph nodules and spleen

Histo Exam 1 (16 decks)

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