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Respiratory 2 Flashcards

1
Q

How does inspiration work?

A

Atmospheric pressure > then intra-alveolar pressure, intralvolar pressure > then intrapleural pressure so air flows in

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2
Q

How does expiration work?

A

During expiration, pressure within the lungs > than atmospheric pressure so air flows out

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3
Q

What muscle are used during normal inspiration?

A

diaphragm and external intercoastals

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4
Q

How does the diaphragm help with inspiration?

A

When it contracts it moves up down (inferiorly) the abdominal cavity, creating a larging thoracic cavity

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5
Q

How do the external intercostals help with inspiration?

A

When they contract they move the ribs up and out causing the rib cage to expand

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6
Q

T/F: process of normal expiration is active

A

False! It is passive due to the elasticity of the lung tissue (lungs recoil) causing a dec in volume in the and lungs which increases th pressure in the thoracic cavity. When this pressure rises above atmospheric pressure, the air leaves

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7
Q

Definition:

Eupnea (quiet breathing)

A

Breathing that occurs as rest and does not require the cognitive thought of the individual

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8
Q

Definition:

Breathing that requires the contraction of the diaphragm

A

Diaphragmatic breathing (belly or deep breathing)

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9
Q

Definition:

Costal Breathing (shallow breathing)

A

bretahing that requires contraction of the intercostal muscles

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10
Q

T/F: diaphragmatic and costal breathing typically require cognitive thought

A

True

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11
Q

T/F: during forced breathing, inspiration and expiration both occur due to muscle contractions

A

True

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12
Q

What muscles are used during forced inspiration?

A

diaphragm, intercostal muscles and other accessory muscles

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13
Q

What muscles contract during forced expiration?

A

Accessory muscles of the abdomen which force the abdominal organgs up against the diaphragm pushing it up in to the thorax

Internal intercostals help compress the rib cage

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14
Q

Definition:

Amount of air that normally enters lungs during quiet breathing (~500mL)

A

Tidal volume

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15
Q

Definition:

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

A

Represents the extra volume that can be brought into the lungs during a forced inspiration

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16
Q

Definition

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

A

amount of air you can forcefully exhale past a normal tidal expiration

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17
Q

Definition

Air left in lungs if you exhale as much air as possible

A

Residual volume (RV)

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18
Q

What does the residual volume prevent?

A

The collapsing of the alveoli

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19
Q

Definition

Total lung capcity (TLC)

A

sum of all the lung volumes (TV, IRV, ERV, RV) which represents the total amount of air a person can hold in the lungs after forceful inhalation

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20
Q

What is TLC for men and women?

A

Men ~6000mL
Women ~ 4200mL

21
Q

Definition

Amount of air a person can move into or out of lungs (TV, ERV, ERV)

A

Vital Capacity (VC)

22
Q

What is the typical VC?

A

3000-5000mL

23
Q

Definition

Inspiratory Capacity (IC)

A

max amount of air that can be inhaled past a normal tidal expiration (TV and IRV)

24
Q

Definition:

Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)

A

amount of air that remains in the lung after a normal tidal expiration (ERV and RV)

25
# Definition: Anatomical dead space
Air that is present in the airway that never reaches the alveoli
26
# Definition Air found within alveoli that are unable to function
Alveolar (physiological) dead space
27
# Definition: Respiratory Rate
total # breaths (respiratory cycle) occuring each minute
28
Where is the respiartory centre found?
Medulla oblongata
29
What does the dorsal respiratory group (DRG) of the medulla oblongata control?
Breathing rythm by stimulating the diaphragm and intercostal muscles to contract, when activity of the DRG ceases, expiration occurs
30
What does the ventral respiratory group (VRG) of the medulla oblongata control?
Forced breathing Neurons in the VRG stimulate accessory muscles to contract for both forced inspiration and expiration
31
Where is the 2nd respiratory centre of the brain located?
Pons
32
What does the 2nd respiratory centre control?
Helps stimulate and inhibit neurons in the DRG
33
# Ventilation control What happens when blood [CO2] increases?
- bicarb buffer system increases [H+], which leads to a dec in pH and triggers central + peripheral chemoreceptors - stimulates respiratory centre to contract diaphragm and external intercostals to increase rate + depth of respiration - more CO2 expelled, H+ in blood is decreased and pH is raised
34
T/F: blood levels of O2 can inlfuence respiratory rate when they dec slightly
False! Only when they become quite low (<60mmHg)
35
What is the Hering-Breuer (inflation) reflex?
Pulmonary stretch receptors in the walls of the bronchi and bronchioles trigger vagal afferents resulting in the termination of inhalation when lungs are overinflated *prevents lung volume from getting too high
36
When is the Hering-Breuer (inflation) reflex triggered?
when tidal volume exceeds 1500mL
37
What is henry's law?
the concentration of gas in a liquid is diretcly proportional to the solubility and partial pressure of that gas
38
Does CO2 or oxygen have higher solubility?
CO2
39
What is the difference in composition between atmospheric and alveoli air?
- alveoli air has highe rlevels of CO2 and lower levels of O2 due to cellular respiration - alveolar air has more water than atmospheric air because air gets humidified as it is inhaled
40
T/F: diffusion distance can affect gas exchange
true, conditions such as pneumonia could alter diffusion distance
41
# Definition: Ventilation
Movement of air into and out of lungs
42
# Definition Flow of blood into the pulmonary capillaries
Perfusion
43
What is ventilation regulated by?
Diameter of airways
44
What is perfusion regulated by?
Diameter of blood vessels
45
T/F: diameter of bronchiols is sensitive to the partiol pressure of CO2 and O2 in the alveoli
True greater CO2 in the alveoli causing bronchioles to dilate to allow for more gas exchange
46
# In terms of perfusion: What happens when blood O2 levels decrease?
Pulmonary arteriole will constrict causing blood flow to decrease allowing for more time for gas exchange
47
# Definition: External respiration
O2 and CO2 picked up in the lungs and released at the respiratory membrane
48
# Definition: Where O2 and CO2 is released and picked up at the tissues
Internal respiration

KNES 323 (24 decks)

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