Blood and immunity 1

Question 1

What are the formed elements of the blood?

Answer 1

• RBC
• WBC
• Platelets (cell fragments)

Question 2

T/F: blood is a connective tissue

Answer 2

True!

Question 3

What makes blood unique among connective tissues?

Answer 3

The fact that is a fluid! (due to plasma)

Question 4

What is the primary function of the blood?

Answer 4

Transportation and delivery of oxygen and nutrients to body cells as well as removal of wastes from body cells

Question 5

What are some secondary functions of the blood?

Answer 5

• defense/protection
• regulation/maintenance of homeostasis

Question 6

Where do most nutrients absorbed travel?

Answer 6

In the bloodstream directly to the liver where they are precessed and released back into the bloodstream for delivery to body cells

Question 7

How does oxygen circulate in the body?

Answer 7

Oxygen we breath from the air diffuses into the blood which moves from the lungs to the heart which then pumps iut out to the rest of the body

Question 8

How does blood remove carbon dioxide?

Answer 8

Blood brings CO2 to the lungs for exhalation from the body

Question 9

How are various waste products removed from the body?

Answer 9

Transported in the blood to the kidneys and liver for excretion from the body in the form of urin or bile

Question 10

What glands releases hormones into the blood stream to be carried to distant target cells?

Answer 10

Endocrine glands

Question 11

Briefly explain some protective functions of the blood.

Answer 11

• WBCs protect from external threats such as disease causing bacteria that has entered the bloodstream
• Other WBCS seek out and destroy internal threats such as cells with mutated DNA or cells infected with viruses
• when damage to the vessels result in bleeding, platelets and certain poroteins interact to block the ruptured areas to protect from further blood loss

Question 12

How does blood help maintain homeostasis?

Answer 12

• body temperature regulated via - feedback loop
• helps maintain chemical balance (pH), proteins and other compounds act as buffers
• regulate water content of body cells

Question 13

What color is blood rich in oxygen in the lungs?

Answer 13

Bright red

Question 14

What color is blood that has released oxygen in the tissues?

Answer 14

Darker, dusky red

Question 15

Definition:

Pigment that changes color and varies with oxygen saturation levels

Answer 15

Hemoglobin

This is how pulse ox works to see how oxygen saturated your blood is

Question 16

What incluences the viscosity of blood?

Answer 16

Presence of plasma proteins and formed elemenst in the blood

Question 17

T/F: normal temp of blood is slightly lower than body temp

Answer 17

False! it is slightly higher (~38 degrees)

Body temp is 37 degrees

Question 18

Why is the temp of blood higher than body temp?

Answer 18

Due to friction and resistance which produces heat

Question 19

What is the average pH of blood?

Answer 19

7.4 (can range from 7.35-7.45)

Question 20

Is blood slightly basic or acidic?

Answer 20

Slightly basic

Question 21

What % of adult body weight does blood account for?

Answer 21

~8%

Question 22

How much blood do males and femalse typically have?

Answer 22

Males: 5-6 litres
Females: 4-5 litres

This difference is primarily due to size

Question 23

What percent of the blood is plasma and formed elements?

Answer 23

Plasma: 55%
Formed elements: 45%

Question 24

What percent of plasma is water?

Answer 24

~91%

Question 25

What percent of plasma is proteins? Other solutes?

Answer 25

Proteins ~7% Other solutes ~2%

Question 26

What is a normal hematocrit level? Anemic? Polycythemia? Dehydration?

Answer 26

Normal - 45% Anemia - 30% Polycythemia - 70% Dehydration - 70%

Question 27

What are the 3 major groups of plasma proteins?

Answer 27

- albmin - globulines - fibrinogen

Question 28

# Definition: Plasma without the clotting factors

Answer 28

Serum

Question 29

Where is albumin created?

Answer 29

the liver

Question 30

What is the most abundant plasma protein (~54% of plasma)?

Answer 30

Albumin

Question 31

What is the role of albumin?

Answer 31

- functions as a binding protein for transporting lipid soluble hormones - most significant contributer to osmotic pressure of blood

Question 32

How does albumin help maintain osmotic pressure of blood?

Answer 32

Pulls water into the bloodstream from the tissues, helping maintain both the blood volume and blood pressure

Question 33

Where are alpha and beta globulins produced?

Answer 33

liver

Question 34

What do globulins do?

Answer 34

- transport iron, lipids, and fat-soluble vitamins - aid albumin in contributing to osmotic pressure

Question 35

What is the least abundant of the plasma proteins (~7% of the plasma proteins)?

Answer 35

fibrinogen

Question 36

What is fibrinogen an essential component of?

Answer 36

Blood clotting process

Question 37

What is the lifespand of a RBC?

Answer 37

~120 days

Question 38

What is the average life span of most WBCs and platelets (with the exception of lymphocytes, which can live for months to years)?

Answer 38

Few hours to a few weeks

Question 39

# Definition: Process of producing new blood cells and platelets

Answer 39

hemopoiesis

Question 40

# Definition: Erythropoietin (EPO)

Answer 40

glycoprotein hormone secreted by the interstitial fibroblast cells of the kidneys and liver in response to low oxygen levels

Question 41

What does EPO prompt?

Answer 41

production of erythrocytes in red bone marrow

Question 42

What is blood doping?

Answer 42

Using synthetic EPO as a performance enhancing drug to increase RBC counts and subsequently increase oxygen delivery to tissues throughout the body

Question 43

What is estimated to make up about 25% of the total cells in the body?

Answer 43

Erythrocytes

Question 44

Review the control of erythropoiesis.

Question 45

What is the legal way to blood dope?

Answer 45

Train at a higher altitude as the body will produce for RBC to compensate for the lack of oxygen being taken in, need to have a greater ability to move it around

Question 46

What is the primary role of erythrocytes?

Answer 46

To pick up inhaled oxygen from the lungs and transport it to the body's tissues. At the tissues tehy can pick up some carbon dioxide waste and trasnport it back to the lungs for exhalation.

Question 47

How do erythrocytes increase their oxygen carrier capacity?

Answer 47

The protein hemoglobin. Each hemoglobin protein contains an iron ion which allows each molecule to bind 4 oxygen molecules.

Question 48

How much hemoglobin do males and females have?

Answer 48

Males 13.5-17.5 g/dL Females 11.5-15.5 g/dL

Question 49

Do mean circulating erythropoietin levels differ between men and women?

Answer 49

No

Question 50

T/F: when iron levels are equal, pre-menopausal women have mean hemoglobin levels approx. 12% lower than age and race matched men

Answer 50

True

Question 51

Why do men and women have different RBC counts?

Answer 51

- testosterone increases EPO related production of RBC in males - estrogen decreases the EPO related production of RBC in females

Question 52

What is the shape of erythrocytes?

Answer 52

Biconcave disk

Question 53

T/F: erythrocytes contain most organelles

Answer 53

Fales, they lack mosting including a nucleus for more space for the hemoglobin

Question 54

The biconcave shape of RBCs lead to a ----% increase in surface area?

Answer 54

30

Question 55

# Definition: oxyhemoglobin

Answer 55

when hemoglobin picks up O2 in the lungs which binds to the iron ions

Question 56

# Definition: Deoxyhemoglobin

Answer 56

Bright red oxygenated hemoglobin that travels to the body tissues where it releases some of the oxygen molecules, becoming darker red

Question 57

How does hemoglobin play a role in regulating blood flow and blood pressure via the release of nitric oxide?

Answer 57

NO causes vasodilation which imrpoves blood flow and enhances oxygen delivery

Question 58

What is the role of carbonic anhydrase?

Answer 58

catalyzes the conversion of carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid. carbonic acids transports 70+% of carbon dioxide in the plasma

Question 59

How are worn-out RBCs removed?

Answer 59

By macrophages

Question 60

Where are macrophages primarily located?

Answer 60

within the bone marrow, liver, and spleen

Question 61

T/F: compoents of broken down RBC such as iron ions and heme groups are recycled

Answer 61

True