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Metabolism - 1 Flashcards

Macromolecules

1
Q

Definition:

Large molecules necessary for life that are built from smaller organic molecules.

A

Macromolecules

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2
Q

What are the 4 main macromolecules?

A
  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Proteins
  3. Lipids
  4. Nucleic Acids
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3
Q

What macromolecules can be broken down easily through hydrolysis?

A
  • carbohydrates
  • proteins
  • nucleic acids
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4
Q

What are lipids broken down by?

A

Lipolysis

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5
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

Adding water to a molecule to breaking a bond

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6
Q

What are the simplest macromolecules?

A

Carbohydrates

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7
Q

What are carbohydrates made up of?

A

Carbon backbone attached to a 2:1 hydrogen to oxygen ratio

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8
Q

What are carbohydrates used for?

A

Used as fuel or converted to other macromolecules

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9
Q

What are the main types of carbohydrates?

A
  • monosaccharides (1)
  • disaccharides (2)
  • polysaccharides (many)
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10
Q

What are the monosaccharides?

A
  • glucose
  • fructose
  • galactose
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11
Q

What are the disaccharides?

A
  • maltose
  • sucrose
  • lactose
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12
Q

What are the complex (many sugars)?

A
  • starch
  • glycogen
  • fiber (cellulose)
  • chitin
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13
Q

Definition:

Monosaccharides

A

Simple sugars that can not be broken down by hydrolysis into smaller carbohydrate molecules

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14
Q

What carbohydrates can be readily used as fuel sources in the body?

A

Monosaccharides

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15
Q

What is a dietary monosaccharide?

A

A monosaccharide that are readily absorbed by the small intestine

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16
Q

What monosaccharide is always in a disaccharide?

A

Glucose

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17
Q

What % of calories consumed in the USA diet come from sucrose?

A

25%

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18
Q

Where is lactose found naturally?

A

milk and milk sugar products

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19
Q

What is the least sweek of the 3 main dietary disaccharides?

A

lactose

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20
Q

Can polysaccharides be branched or unbranched?

A

Yes

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21
Q

What is starch?

A

Storage form of carbohydrates in plants

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22
Q

What are the 2 starchs?

A
  1. amylose (long, straight chains that are twisted to form helical coils that are slow to breakdown)
  2. amylopectin ( highly branched glucose chains that are fast to breakdown)
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23
Q

Definition:

Storage form of carbohydrates in animals (mainly in muscle and liver)

A

Glycogen

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24
Q

Is glycogen highly branched?

A

Yes - therefore fast to breakdown

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25
How do we convert glucose in the body?
Via glycogenolysis
26
What is the most abundant naturally occuring polysaccharide?
Cellulose
27
# Definition Found in plant walls and provides structural support to the cell
cellulose
28
How many amino acids are there?
20
29
Protein function depends on...
it's shape
30
What causes sickel cell anemia?
A change in 1 amino acid which causes abnormnal folding of protein Sickled cells are unable to fit in capillaries, reducing gas exchange abilities and may put person at higher risk for forming clots
31
# Definition: Enzyme
proteins that catalyze biomechanical reactions
32
What are enzymes essential for?
Chemical processes like digestion and cellular metabolism
33
What are the 2 main types of enzymes? What do they do?
Anabolic: build Catabolic: break down
34
What does amylase do?
Digestion of carbohydrates in mouth and SI
35
What does pepsin do?
Digestion of proteins in the stomach
36
What does lipase do?
Emulsifies fats in SI
37
What does trypsin do?
Further digestion of proteins in SI
38
Why can you take a pills for lactose intolerance, but not for insulin?
You stomach won't digest the enzyme that breaks down lactose, but your stomach will break down insulin
39
# Definition: Proteins secreted by endocrine cells and act to control or regulate specific physiological processes like growth, development, metabolism, reproduction
Hormones
40
# Definition: Protein hormone that helps regulate blood glucose levels.
Insulin
41
T/F: some proteins act as receptors to detect the concentrations of chemicals and send signals to respond
true
42
What hormones are examples lipid steroids?
estrogen and testosterone
43
# Definition: Fats, oils, waxes and other similar compunds in our bodies
Lipids
44
What are lipids mainly made from?
Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
45
T/F: vast majority of lipids are polar (don't dissolve in water)
false, most are non-polar
46
How are lipids transported?
Lipoproteins
47
What are the main uses of lipids?
Energy storage and structure
48
What are the 3 main types of lipids?
- fats - phospholipids - steroids
49
Fats are constructed from...
a single glycerol molecule and three fatty acids
50
# Definition: Fatty acids with the maximal number of hydrogen atoms possible for the structure with no double bonds. Form straight chains.
saturated fatty acids
51
# Definition Unsaturated fatty acids
Has one or more double bonds present and forms a bent chain
52
Are saturated or unsaturated fatty acids solid at room temp?
saturated
53
What type of lipid is a major component of the plasma membrane?
Phospholipid
54
What differentiates phospholipids from fats?
Instead of 3 fatty acids attached to a glycerol backbone, they have 2 fatty acids also attached to a glycerol backbone but with a phosphate group
55
T/F: The phosphate group on phospholipids is negatively charged making it non-polar and hydrophobic
False It is polar and hydrophillic (water loving)
56
Are fatty acid tails hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
Hydrophobic, non-polar (water fearing)
57
Do water-soluble or fat-soluble molecules pass right through the phospholipid bilayer?
Fat-soluble, water soluble water molecules need a trasnporter
58
Steroids play a role in...
reproducion, absorption, metabolism regulation, and brain activity
59
What is the structure of steroids?
4 linked carbon rings
60
T/F: steroids are soluble in water
false, insoluble in water (hydrophobic)
61
# Definition: Most common steroid mainly synthesized in the liver.
cholesterol
62
What is cholesterol the precursor to?
- vitamin D - steroid hormones like estrogen, progesteron, testosterone - plays a role in synthesizing aldosterone (used for water retention) - contributes to the formation of cortisol which plays a role in metabolism
63
What are th 2 main types of nucleic acids?
DNA and RNA
64
# Definition: The gentic material of organisms.
DNA
65
# Definition: Instructions for protein sythesis.
RNA

KNES 323 (24 decks)

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