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VAP > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

what is the ventral boundary of the thoracic cavity?

A

sternum

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2
Q

what is the dorsal boundary of the thoracic cavity?

A

vertebral column

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3
Q

what is the caudal boundary of the thoracic cavity?

A

costal arch

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4
Q

what is the cranial boundary of the thoracic cavity?

A

thoracic inlet (1st pair of ribs, T1, manubrium)

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5
Q

what is the lateral boundary of the thoracic cavity?

A

ribs

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6
Q

what is the thoracic cavity lined with?

A

pleural membranes

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7
Q

what is pulmonary ventilation dependent on?

A

atmospheric pressure, alveolar pressure and intrapleural pressure

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8
Q

what do ribs articulate with dorsally?

A

thoracic vertebrae

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9
Q

what do ribs interject with ventrally?

A

junction of 2 sternebrae

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10
Q

what is the costochondral junction?

A

where the cartilaginous portion of ribs meet the bony portion

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11
Q

what forms a barrier to prolapse of nucleus pulposus?

A

intercapital ligaments

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12
Q

what do the intercapital ligaments run between?

A

T2 and T10

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13
Q

what does the rib tuberculum articulate with?

A

transverse processes

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14
Q

what is the name of the head of rib?

A

capitulum

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15
Q

what does the capitulum articulate with?

A

centra of 2 adjacent vertebrae

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16
Q

what sort of joints are costovertebral joints?

A

synovial joints

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17
Q

what muscles are involved in inspiration?

A

diaphragm, external intercostals, ‘minor’ muscles

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18
Q

what muscles are involved in expiration?

A

elastic recoil of lungs, relaxation of diaphragm, internal intercostals, abdominal muscles, ‘minor’ muscles

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19
Q

which direction do the fibres of external intercostal run?

A

dorso-cranially to ventro-caudally

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20
Q

which direction do the fibres of internal intercostal run?

A

dorso-caudally to ventro-cranially

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21
Q

what is the pivotal point of ribs?

A

synovial joint

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22
Q

what is the diaphragm?

A

muscular partition between thoracic and abdominal cavities

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23
Q

what does the diaphragm consist of (2)?

A

muscular periphery, Y-shaped tendinous centre

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24
Q

what does the muscular part of the diaphragm consist of?

A

lumbar part, costal part, sternal part

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25
Q

what does the lumbar part of the diaphragm originate from?

A

lumbar vertebrae 3&4 via strong tendons

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26
Q

what does the costal part of the diaphragm originate from?

A

medial surfaces of the caudal ribs (8-13 in dog)

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27
Q

where do all of the parts of the diaphragm insert?

A

on the central tendon

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27
Q

what does the sternal part of the diaphragm originate from?

A

dorsal surface of the caudal sternum

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28
Q

what is the diaphragm innervated by?

A

left and right phrenic nerve, cervical nerves 5,6,7

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29
Q

what do the left and right phrenic nerve follow?

A

septum tranversum

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30
Q

what are the diaphragm hiati?

A

aortic, oesophageal, caval

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31
Q

what passes through the aortic hiatus?

A

aorta, thoracic duct, azygous vein

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32
Q

what passes through the oesophageal hiatus?

A

oesophagus, vagus

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33
Q

what is the name of the branch of the subclavian artery that supplies intercostal spaces 1-3?

A

costocervical artery

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33
Q

what does the costocervical artery supply?

A

intercostal spaces 1-3

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34
Q

what is the costocervical artery a branch of?

A

the subclavian artery

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35
Q

what vein takes blood from intercostal spaces 1-3?

A

costocervical-vertebral vein

36
Q

do vital structures run cranially or caudally to the rib?

37
Q

what is the significance of vital structures running caudal to the ribs?

A

always insert needles cranial to rib

38
Q

what does the larynx do?

A

controls and detects what enters the trachea

39
Q

what are the components of the upper bronchial tree?

A

trachea, primary bronchus, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, further branching until bronchioles reached

40
Q

what are the secondary bronchi?

A

lobar bronchi

41
Q

what are the tertiary bronchi?

A

segmental bronchi

42
Q

what are the components of the lower bronchial tree?

A

bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles

43
Q

what is the difference between bronchi and bronchioles?

A

bronchi have cartilage in walls and bronchioles don’t

44
Q

what is an acinus?

A

a group of alveoli

45
Q

what do branches of the pulmonary artery and veins tend to follow?

A

bronchial branching

46
Q

what species does tracheal collapse occur in?

A

toy/miniature dogs and Shetland ponies

47
Q

how many left lobes do dog lungs have?

48
Q

what is the apical part of the left side of the dog lung?

A

cranial part of cranial lobe

49
Q

what is the cardiac part of the left side of the dog lung?

A

caudal part of cranial lobe

50
Q

what is the diaphragmatic part of the left side of the dog lung?

A

caudal lobe

51
Q

how many right lobes does the dog lung have?

52
Q

what is the apical part of the right side of the dog lung?

A

cranial lobe

53
Q

what is the cardiac part of the right side of the dog lung?

A

middle lobe

54
Q

what is the diaphragmatic part of the right side of the dog lung?

A

caudal lobe

55
Q

what is the accessory lobe in the right side of the dog lung

A

branch of the caudal lobe

56
Q

how many left lobes do cows/sheep/pigs have?

57
Q

what are the left lobes of the sheep and cow lung the same as?

A

dogs and pigs

58
Q

how many right lobes do cow and sheep lungs have?

59
Q

how many right lobes do pig lungs have?

60
Q

what species are the right lobes of the pig lung the same as?

61
Q

how many left lobes do horse lungs have?

62
Q

what are the 2 left lobes of the horse lung?

A

cranial (apical) and caudal (diaphragmatic)

63
Q

how many right lobes do horse lungs have?

64
Q

what are the right lobes of the horse lung?

A

cranial (apical), caudal (diaphragmatic) and accessory (branch of caudal lobe)

65
Q

what is a lobule (lungs)?

A

a pulmonary bronchiole, its branches and vasculature surrounded by connective tissue septa

66
Q

do carnivores have lobulation?

67
Q

do pigs have lobulation?

68
Q

do ox have lobulation?

69
Q

do sheep have lung lobulation?

70
Q

do horses have lobulation?

71
Q

do carnivores have a tracheal bronchus?

72
Q

do pigs have a tracheal bronchus?

73
Q

do ox have a tracheal bronchus?

74
Q

do sheep have a tracheal bronchus?

75
Q

do horses have a tracheal bronchus?

76
Q

what are pleural membranes?

A

single cell thickness serous membranes

77
Q

what does parietal pleura line?

A

the thoracic cavity

78
Q

what does visceral pleura cover?

79
Q

what do pleural membranes develop from?

A

lateral plate mesoderm

80
Q

what is a pleural cavity/sac?

A

space between 2 pleural membranes

81
Q

what does pleural fluid do?

A

lubricates the movement of the lungs within the pleural cavity

82
Q

what is pleurisy?

A

inflammation of pleura

83
Q

what are the subdivisions of parietal pleura?

A

costal, mediastinal, diaphragmatic

84
Q

what is visceral pleura tightly adherent to?

85
Q

which are more extensive, pleural cavities or lungs?

A

pleural cavities

86
Q

what do pleural spaces provide in inspiration?

A

reserve spaces (recesses) for borders of lungs to move into

87
Q

what recess does the basal lung border move into in inspiration?

A

costodiaphragmatic recess

88
Q

what recess does the ventral lung border move into in inspiration?

A

costomediastinal recess

VAP (10 decks)

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