Ligament Origins and Insertions Flashcards
What ligaments are present within the shoulder joint?
medial and lateral glenohumeral ligaments
what additional ligament is present in the shoulder joint of uingulates?
the coracohumeral ligament
what is the coracohumeral ligament between?
the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula and the greater tubercle of the humerus
what bridges the bicipital groove in carnivores?
the transverse humeral ligament
where does the lateral (radial) collateral ligament originate in the elbow?
lateral epicondyle of the humerus
where does the lateral (radial) collateral ligament insert in the elbow?
divides and inserts on the radius and ulna
what part of the lateral (radial) collateral ligament of the elbow isn’t present in the horse
the ulnar insertion
where does the medial (ulnar) collateral ligament originate in the elbow?
medial epicondyle of the humerus
where does the medial (ulnar) collateral ligament insert in the elbow?
divides and inserts on the ulna and radius
what represents the remnant of the pronator teres muscle in horses and cattle?
cranial part of the medial (ulnar) collateral ligament in the elbow
where does the olecranon ligament originate?
medial epicondyle of the humerus
where does the olecranon ligament insert?
the anconeal process
what is the function of the olecranon ligament?
re-enforces the joint capsule on its flexor aspect in the cat and dog
what joint does the anular ligament of the radius support?
the proximal radioulnar joint
where does the anular ligament of the radius originate and insert?
passes around radial head on flexor aspect of elbow joint and attaches distally to radial notch of ulna
what joint does the interosseous ligament of the antebrachium support?
proximal radioulnar joint
what does the interosseus ligament of the antebrachium bridge in the dog?
the proximal half of the interosseus space
what is the ligament of the distal radioulnar joint?
the radioulnar ligament
what does the radioulnar ligament extend between?
the radial trochlea and the styloid process of the ulna
what are the 2 major groups of ligaments which support the carpus?
long lateral and medial carpal collateral ligaments, short ligaments
where does the lateral collateral ligament of the carpus attach proximally?
the lateral styloid process of the radius
where do the 3 branches of the lateral collateral ligament of the carpus insert?
proximal extremity of the lateral metacarpal bone, ulnar carpal bone, fourth carpal bone
where doe the medial carpal collateral ligament extend between?
the medial styloid process of the radius and the proximal extremity of the medial metacarpal bone, deep branch to the 2nd carpal bone
in what species are the long continuous collateral ligaments of the carpus absent?
carnivores
what 3 groups can the short ligaments of the carpus be divided into?
vertical, horizontal and short ligaments
what does the extensor retinaculum in the carpus surround?
the extensor tendons
what does the flexor retinaculum in the carpus attach to and become part of?
attaches to the base of the accessory bone and becomes part of the metacarpal fascia
what is the carpal canal formed by?
the flexor retinaculum and the joint capsule of the carpus
what does the carpal canal contain?
the flexor tendons, arteries, veins and nerves
what can the sesamoid ligaments in the forelimb be subdivided into?
proximal, middle and distal ligaments
what is the proximal sesamoid ligament of the proximal sesamoid bones replaced by in carnivores and pigs?
the interosseus muscle
what is the proximal sesamoid ligament replaced by in ruminants and horses?
the suspensory ligament
what is the medial interosseus muscle replaced by in horses?
the suspensory ligament
what are the ligaments of the metacarpophalangeal joints? carnivores
collateral ligaments, ligaments of the proximal sesamoid bones
where do the collateral ligaments of the metacarpophalangeal joints attach? carnivores
the distal ends of the metacarpal bones and the first phalanges
what are the middle ligaments of the proximal sesamoid bones? carnivores
the intersesamoid ligaments and the lateral and medial sesamoid ligaments
what do the intersesamoid ligaments of the proximal sesamoid bones attach? carnivores
the palmar surfaces of the paired sesamoid bones of 1 digit
what are the lateral and medial sesamoid ligaments of the proximal sesamoid bones between? carnivores
the sesamoid bones and the metacarpal bones and the proximal phalanges
what are the distal ligaments of the proximal sesamoid bones? carnivores
the short distal sesamoid ligament and the cruciate ligaments of the sesamoid bones between the proximal sesamoid bones and proximal phalanges
what are the only ligaments bridging the proximal interphalangeal joints vertically? carnivores
collateral ligaments
what are the interdigital ligaments in carnivores?
anular ligaments and a superficial interdigital ligament
what are the ligaments of the fetlock joint? ruminants
proximal interdigital ligament; axial and abaxial collateral ligaments; proximal, middle and distal sesamoid ligaments
where does the suspensory ligament originate? ruminants
the distal carpal bones
what branches does the suspensory ligament split into? ruminants
middle part, lateral and medial branches, strong branch
where does the middle part of the suspensory ligament insert? ruminants
axial proximal sesamoid bones and a branch for each digit
where do the lateral and medial branches of the suspensory ligament insert? ruminants
on the abaxial proximal sesamoid bones and superficial branch to the extensor tendons
where does the strong branch of the suspensory ligament insert? ruminants
unites with the SDFT forming a sheath around the DDFT
what do the middle ligaments of the fetlock comprise? ruminants
medial and lateral palmar ligaments, interdigital intersesamoid ligament, collateral sesamoid ligaments
what is the role of the medial and lateral palmar ligaments in the fetlock? ruminants
join the proximal sesamoid bones of the 3rd digit to the ones of the 4th digit
What is the role of the interdigital intersesamoid ligament in the fetlock? ruminants
between the 2 axial sesamoid bones
what is the role of the collateral sesamoid ligaments in the fetlock? ruminants
connect the abaxial proximal sesamoids to the first phalanx
what provides the distal support of the fetlock? ruminants
cruciate sesamoid ligaments, oblique sesamoid ligaments, interdigital phalangosesamoid ligaments
what do the cruciate sesamoid ligaments in the fetlock join? ruminants
the base of each proximal sesamoid to the lateral aspect of the corresponding first phalanx
what doe the oblique sesamoid ligaments in the fetlock connect? ruminants
the abaxial proximal sesamoids to the first phalanx
what do the interdigital phalangosesamoid ligaments connect in the fetlock? ruminants
the axial proximal sesamoids with the proximal end of the opposite first phalanx
what supports the pastern joints? ruminants
axial and abaxial collateral ligaments; central, axial and abaxial palmar ligaments
what ligaments support the coffin joints? ruminants
distal interdigital ligaments, dorsal ligament of the coffin joints, axial and abaxial collateral ligaments, ligaments of the distal sesamoid bone
what comprises the ligamentous support of the fetlock? horse
collateral ligaments; proximal, middle and distal ligaments of the proximal sesamoid bones
where do the collateral ligaments of the fetlock originate? horse
each side of the distal end of the cannon bone
where do the collateral ligaments of the fetlock insert? horse
each side of the proximal end of the first phalanx
what does the suspensory ligament provide? horse
proximal support for the proximal sesamoid bones
where does the suspensory ligament originate?
the distal row of the carpal bones and proximal part of the cannon bone
where do the branches of the suspensory ligament insert? horse
the proximal sesamoid bones
where does the metacarpointersesamoid ligament extend between? horse
the distal end of the metacarpus and the palmar ligament
what does the metacarpointersesamoid ligament provide? horse
additional support to the fetlock on the palmar aspect
what do the middle ligaments of the proximal sesamoid bones comprise? horse
the palmar ligament, the medial and lateral collateral ligaments
what does the palmar ligament of the proximal sesamoid bones do? horse
unites the 2 proximal sesamoids and helps enable the frictionless movement of the flexor tendons over the fetlock joint
what do the medial and lateral collateral ligaments of the proximal sesamoid bones connect? horse
the proximal sesamoids to the metacarpal bone proximally and to the first phalanx distally
what are the distal sesamoid ligaments of the fetlock? horse
straight sesamoid ligaments, oblique sesamoid ligaments, cruciate sesamoid ligaments, short sesamoid ligaments, 2 branches of suspensory ligament
what forms the stay apparatus which supports the fetlock? horse
the suspensory ligament, the palmar ligament, the straight and oblique sesamoid ligaments and the proximal sesamoids
where does the straight sesamoid ligament of the fetlock originate and insert? horse
originates proximal to base of sesamoid bones, inserts on the 2nd and 1st phalanx (stronger insertion on 2nd)
where do the oblique sesamoid ligaments originate and insert?
originate proximal to base of sesamoid bones, insert on palmar surface of the 1st phalanx
where do the short sesamoid ligaments extend from and to?
the base of the sesamoids to the palmar margin of the first phalanx
what ligaments are present in the pastern joint? horse
collateral ligaments and palmar ligaments
what are the palmar ligaments in the pastern joint? horse
the axial and abaxial ligaments running parallel to the straight sesamoid ligament, the lateral and medial palmar ligaments
what do the ligaments of the pastern joint along with the straight sesamoid ligament and the 2nd phalanx form?
the medial scutum- over which DDFT runs
what can the ligaments of the coffin joint be divided into?
medial and lateral collateral ligaments
what can the ligaments of the distal sesamoid bone be divided into?
impar distal sesamoid ligament, collateral sesamoid ligaments
what does the impar distal sesamoid ligament attach?
the distal rim of the navicular to the palmar border of the articular surface of the coffin bone
what do the collateral sesamoid ligaments attach?
the distal end of the 1st phalanx to the coffin bone, cartilages, and navicular bone
what are the ligaments of the cartilages of the distal phalanx?
chondroungulocompedal ligaments, lateral and media chondrocoronal ligaments, lateral and medial chondroungular collateral ligaments
what deepens the acetabulum?
the acetabular lip- called the labrum- fibrocartilage
what are the ligaments of the hip joint? (dog)
round ligament, transverse acetabular ligament
what does the transverse acetabular ligament bridge?
the ventral gap in the C-shaped acetabulum
what are the ligaments of the hip joint? (horse)
round ligament, accessory ligament of the hip, transverse acetabular ligament
what is the accessory ligament of the hip for in the horse?
resists abduction
what can the ligaments of the femorotibial joints be divided into?
ligaments of the menisci and ligaments of the femorotibial joint
what is the sacrosciatic ligament between?
sacrum and sciatic tuberosity
what is the sacrosciatic ligament in carnivores?
cord
what is the sacrosciatic ligament in ungulates?
extensive sheet
which meniscus has direct attachment to the femur?
lateral meniscus
which meniscus is fixed in place by attachment to menisco-collateral ligament?
the medial meniscus
why is the lateral meniscus more mobile than the medial meniscus?
lateral has menisco-femoral ligament so moves with femur, medial doesn’t
which is more mobile the lateral or medial meniscus?
lateral
what holds the medial meniscus in place?
cranial and caudal menisco-tibial ligaments, small inter-meniscal ligament between the 2 menisci, and the menisco-collateral ligament abaxially
what is the proximal tibio-fibular ligament an example of?
syndesmosis
what does the proximal tibio-fibular ligament attach?
fibular head to tibia
where does the cranial cruciate ligament of the femorotibial joint attach?
cranial tibial plateau
where does the caudal cruciate ligament of the femorotibial joint originate and insert?
origin= cranial femur, disappears caudally into joint
what are the cruciate ligaments of the femorotibial joint lined with?
synovial membrane
what connects the acetabulum to femoral head?
round ligament
where does the menisco-femoral ligament run?
from caudal aspect of medial femoral condyle to caudal horn of lateral meniscus
what is the main reason why femur is functionally asymmetrical?
menisco-femoral ligament
what are the femorotibial ligaments?
lateral and medial collateral ligaments, cranial and caudal cruciate ligaments,
where does the lateral collateral femorotibial ligament extend from?
lateral epicondyle of the femur, one branch to lateral condyle of tibia and one to the head of the fibula
where does the medial collateral ligament femorotibial ligament extend from?
the medial epicondyle of the femur to the joint capsule and medial meniscus
what is the single patellar ligament in carnivores, pigs and small ruminants identical to in other species?
the middle patellar ligament
what is the lateral patellar ligament (in horses and ox) attached to?
the strong tendon of the biceps muscle of the thigh
where does the middle (/only in carnivores and pigs) patellar ligament extend from?
cranial part of the apex of the patella to the tuberosity of the tibia
contraction of which muscle causes the medial patellar ligament to hook over the trochlea of the femur?
quadriceps
what are fabellae?
sesamoid bones in the femorotibial joints of carnivores within the tendon of origin of gastrocnemius
where do the collateral ligaments of the hock run from?
crus to metatarsus, short and long lateral and medial collateral ligaments which attach to all levels of tarsus along the way
what is the ligament between the calcaneus and the central + 4th tarsal bones + proximal 3rd + 4th metatarsal bones?
long plantar ligament
when does the cranial tibial ligament bifurcate in the ungulate?
after emerging from under distal bifurcation of peroneus tertius
what is the medial insertion of the cranial tibial ligament in the ungulate?
cunean tendon
what does the plantar tarsal ligament do?
binds tarsal bones together, is thick fibrous sheet supporting plantar aspect
