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VAP > Ligament Origins and Insertions > Flashcards

Ligament Origins and Insertions Flashcards

1
Q

What ligaments are present within the shoulder joint?

A

medial and lateral glenohumeral ligaments

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2
Q

what additional ligament is present in the shoulder joint of uingulates?

A

the coracohumeral ligament

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3
Q

what is the coracohumeral ligament between?

A

the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula and the greater tubercle of the humerus

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4
Q

what bridges the bicipital groove in carnivores?

A

the transverse humeral ligament

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5
Q

where does the lateral (radial) collateral ligament originate in the elbow?

A

lateral epicondyle of the humerus

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6
Q

where does the lateral (radial) collateral ligament insert in the elbow?

A

divides and inserts on the radius and ulna

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7
Q

what part of the lateral (radial) collateral ligament of the elbow isn’t present in the horse

A

the ulnar insertion

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8
Q

where does the medial (ulnar) collateral ligament originate in the elbow?

A

medial epicondyle of the humerus

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9
Q

where does the medial (ulnar) collateral ligament insert in the elbow?

A

divides and inserts on the ulna and radius

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10
Q

what represents the remnant of the pronator teres muscle in horses and cattle?

A

cranial part of the medial (ulnar) collateral ligament in the elbow

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11
Q

where does the olecranon ligament originate?

A

medial epicondyle of the humerus

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12
Q

where does the olecranon ligament insert?

A

the anconeal process

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13
Q

what is the function of the olecranon ligament?

A

re-enforces the joint capsule on its flexor aspect in the cat and dog

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14
Q

what joint does the anular ligament of the radius support?

A

the proximal radioulnar joint

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15
Q

where does the anular ligament of the radius originate and insert?

A

passes around radial head on flexor aspect of elbow joint and attaches distally to radial notch of ulna

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16
Q

what joint does the interosseous ligament of the antebrachium support?

A

proximal radioulnar joint

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17
Q

what does the interosseus ligament of the antebrachium bridge in the dog?

A

the proximal half of the interosseus space

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18
Q

what is the ligament of the distal radioulnar joint?

A

the radioulnar ligament

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19
Q

what does the radioulnar ligament extend between?

A

the radial trochlea and the styloid process of the ulna

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20
Q

what are the 2 major groups of ligaments which support the carpus?

A

long lateral and medial carpal collateral ligaments, short ligaments

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21
Q

where does the lateral collateral ligament of the carpus attach proximally?

A

the lateral styloid process of the radius

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22
Q

where do the 3 branches of the lateral collateral ligament of the carpus insert?

A

proximal extremity of the lateral metacarpal bone, ulnar carpal bone, fourth carpal bone

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23
Q

where doe the medial carpal collateral ligament extend between?

A

the medial styloid process of the radius and the proximal extremity of the medial metacarpal bone, deep branch to the 2nd carpal bone

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24
Q

in what species are the long continuous collateral ligaments of the carpus absent?

A

carnivores

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25
Q

what 3 groups can the short ligaments of the carpus be divided into?

A

vertical, horizontal and short ligaments

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26
Q

what does the extensor retinaculum in the carpus surround?

A

the extensor tendons

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27
Q

what does the flexor retinaculum in the carpus attach to and become part of?

A

attaches to the base of the accessory bone and becomes part of the metacarpal fascia

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28
Q

what is the carpal canal formed by?

A

the flexor retinaculum and the joint capsule of the carpus

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29
Q

what does the carpal canal contain?

A

the flexor tendons, arteries, veins and nerves

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30
Q

what can the sesamoid ligaments in the forelimb be subdivided into?

A

proximal, middle and distal ligaments

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31
Q

what is the proximal sesamoid ligament of the proximal sesamoid bones replaced by in carnivores and pigs?

A

the interosseus muscle

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32
Q

what is the proximal sesamoid ligament replaced by in ruminants and horses?

A

the suspensory ligament

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33
Q

what is the medial interosseus muscle replaced by in horses?

A

the suspensory ligament

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34
Q

what are the ligaments of the metacarpophalangeal joints? carnivores

A

collateral ligaments, ligaments of the proximal sesamoid bones

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35
Q

where do the collateral ligaments of the metacarpophalangeal joints attach? carnivores

A

the distal ends of the metacarpal bones and the first phalanges

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36
Q

what are the middle ligaments of the proximal sesamoid bones? carnivores

A

the intersesamoid ligaments and the lateral and medial sesamoid ligaments

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37
Q

what do the intersesamoid ligaments of the proximal sesamoid bones attach? carnivores

A

the palmar surfaces of the paired sesamoid bones of 1 digit

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38
Q

what are the lateral and medial sesamoid ligaments of the proximal sesamoid bones between? carnivores

A

the sesamoid bones and the metacarpal bones and the proximal phalanges

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39
Q

what are the distal ligaments of the proximal sesamoid bones? carnivores

A

the short distal sesamoid ligament and the cruciate ligaments of the sesamoid bones between the proximal sesamoid bones and proximal phalanges

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40
Q

what are the only ligaments bridging the proximal interphalangeal joints vertically? carnivores

A

collateral ligaments

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41
Q

what are the interdigital ligaments in carnivores?

A

anular ligaments and a superficial interdigital ligament

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42
Q

what are the ligaments of the fetlock joint? ruminants

A

proximal interdigital ligament; axial and abaxial collateral ligaments; proximal, middle and distal sesamoid ligaments

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43
Q

where does the suspensory ligament originate? ruminants

A

the distal carpal bones

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44
Q

what branches does the suspensory ligament split into? ruminants

A

middle part, lateral and medial branches, strong branch

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45
Q

where does the middle part of the suspensory ligament insert? ruminants

A

axial proximal sesamoid bones and a branch for each digit

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46
Q

where do the lateral and medial branches of the suspensory ligament insert? ruminants

A

on the abaxial proximal sesamoid bones and superficial branch to the extensor tendons

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47
Q

where does the strong branch of the suspensory ligament insert? ruminants

A

unites with the SDFT forming a sheath around the DDFT

48
Q

what do the middle ligaments of the fetlock comprise? ruminants

A

medial and lateral palmar ligaments, interdigital intersesamoid ligament, collateral sesamoid ligaments

49
Q

what is the role of the medial and lateral palmar ligaments in the fetlock? ruminants

A

join the proximal sesamoid bones of the 3rd digit to the ones of the 4th digit

50
Q

What is the role of the interdigital intersesamoid ligament in the fetlock? ruminants

A

between the 2 axial sesamoid bones

51
Q

what is the role of the collateral sesamoid ligaments in the fetlock? ruminants

A

connect the abaxial proximal sesamoids to the first phalanx

52
Q

what provides the distal support of the fetlock? ruminants

A

cruciate sesamoid ligaments, oblique sesamoid ligaments, interdigital phalangosesamoid ligaments

53
Q

what do the cruciate sesamoid ligaments in the fetlock join? ruminants

A

the base of each proximal sesamoid to the lateral aspect of the corresponding first phalanx

54
Q

what doe the oblique sesamoid ligaments in the fetlock connect? ruminants

A

the abaxial proximal sesamoids to the first phalanx

55
Q

what do the interdigital phalangosesamoid ligaments connect in the fetlock? ruminants

A

the axial proximal sesamoids with the proximal end of the opposite first phalanx

56
Q

what supports the pastern joints? ruminants

A

axial and abaxial collateral ligaments; central, axial and abaxial palmar ligaments

57
Q

what ligaments support the coffin joints? ruminants

A

distal interdigital ligaments, dorsal ligament of the coffin joints, axial and abaxial collateral ligaments, ligaments of the distal sesamoid bone

58
Q

what comprises the ligamentous support of the fetlock? horse

A

collateral ligaments; proximal, middle and distal ligaments of the proximal sesamoid bones

59
Q

where do the collateral ligaments of the fetlock originate? horse

A

each side of the distal end of the cannon bone

60
Q

where do the collateral ligaments of the fetlock insert? horse

A

each side of the proximal end of the first phalanx

61
Q

what does the suspensory ligament provide? horse

A

proximal support for the proximal sesamoid bones

62
Q

where does the suspensory ligament originate?

A

the distal row of the carpal bones and proximal part of the cannon bone

63
Q

where do the branches of the suspensory ligament insert? horse

A

the proximal sesamoid bones

64
Q

where does the metacarpointersesamoid ligament extend between? horse

A

the distal end of the metacarpus and the palmar ligament

65
Q

what does the metacarpointersesamoid ligament provide? horse

A

additional support to the fetlock on the palmar aspect

66
Q

what do the middle ligaments of the proximal sesamoid bones comprise? horse

A

the palmar ligament, the medial and lateral collateral ligaments

67
Q

what does the palmar ligament of the proximal sesamoid bones do? horse

A

unites the 2 proximal sesamoids and helps enable the frictionless movement of the flexor tendons over the fetlock joint

68
Q

what do the medial and lateral collateral ligaments of the proximal sesamoid bones connect? horse

A

the proximal sesamoids to the metacarpal bone proximally and to the first phalanx distally

69
Q

what are the distal sesamoid ligaments of the fetlock? horse

A

straight sesamoid ligaments, oblique sesamoid ligaments, cruciate sesamoid ligaments, short sesamoid ligaments, 2 branches of suspensory ligament

70
Q

what forms the stay apparatus which supports the fetlock? horse

A

the suspensory ligament, the palmar ligament, the straight and oblique sesamoid ligaments and the proximal sesamoids

71
Q

where does the straight sesamoid ligament of the fetlock originate and insert? horse

A

originates proximal to base of sesamoid bones, inserts on the 2nd and 1st phalanx (stronger insertion on 2nd)

72
Q

where do the oblique sesamoid ligaments originate and insert?

A

originate proximal to base of sesamoid bones, insert on palmar surface of the 1st phalanx

73
Q

where do the short sesamoid ligaments extend from and to?

A

the base of the sesamoids to the palmar margin of the first phalanx

74
Q

what ligaments are present in the pastern joint? horse

A

collateral ligaments and palmar ligaments

75
Q

what are the palmar ligaments in the pastern joint? horse

A

the axial and abaxial ligaments running parallel to the straight sesamoid ligament, the lateral and medial palmar ligaments

76
Q

what do the ligaments of the pastern joint along with the straight sesamoid ligament and the 2nd phalanx form?

A

the medial scutum- over which DDFT runs

77
Q

what can the ligaments of the coffin joint be divided into?

A

medial and lateral collateral ligaments

78
Q

what can the ligaments of the distal sesamoid bone be divided into?

A

impar distal sesamoid ligament, collateral sesamoid ligaments

79
Q

what does the impar distal sesamoid ligament attach?

A

the distal rim of the navicular to the palmar border of the articular surface of the coffin bone

80
Q

what do the collateral sesamoid ligaments attach?

A

the distal end of the 1st phalanx to the coffin bone, cartilages, and navicular bone

81
Q

what are the ligaments of the cartilages of the distal phalanx?

A

chondroungulocompedal ligaments, lateral and media chondrocoronal ligaments, lateral and medial chondroungular collateral ligaments

82
Q

what deepens the acetabulum?

A

the acetabular lip- called the labrum- fibrocartilage

83
Q

what are the ligaments of the hip joint? (dog)

A

round ligament, transverse acetabular ligament

84
Q

what does the transverse acetabular ligament bridge?

A

the ventral gap in the C-shaped acetabulum

85
Q

what are the ligaments of the hip joint? (horse)

A

round ligament, accessory ligament of the hip, transverse acetabular ligament

86
Q

what is the accessory ligament of the hip for in the horse?

A

resists abduction

87
Q

what can the ligaments of the femorotibial joints be divided into?

A

ligaments of the menisci and ligaments of the femorotibial joint

88
Q

what is the sacrosciatic ligament between?

A

sacrum and sciatic tuberosity

89
Q

what is the sacrosciatic ligament in carnivores?

A

cord

90
Q

what is the sacrosciatic ligament in ungulates?

A

extensive sheet

91
Q

which meniscus has direct attachment to the femur?

A

lateral meniscus

92
Q

which meniscus is fixed in place by attachment to menisco-collateral ligament?

A

the medial meniscus

93
Q

why is the lateral meniscus more mobile than the medial meniscus?

A

lateral has menisco-femoral ligament so moves with femur, medial doesn’t

94
Q

which is more mobile the lateral or medial meniscus?

A

lateral

95
Q

what holds the medial meniscus in place?

A

cranial and caudal menisco-tibial ligaments, small inter-meniscal ligament between the 2 menisci, and the menisco-collateral ligament abaxially

96
Q

what is the proximal tibio-fibular ligament an example of?

A

syndesmosis

97
Q

what does the proximal tibio-fibular ligament attach?

A

fibular head to tibia

98
Q

where does the cranial cruciate ligament of the femorotibial joint attach?

A

cranial tibial plateau

99
Q

where does the caudal cruciate ligament of the femorotibial joint originate and insert?

A

origin= cranial femur, disappears caudally into joint

100
Q

what are the cruciate ligaments of the femorotibial joint lined with?

A

synovial membrane

101
Q

what connects the acetabulum to femoral head?

A

round ligament

102
Q

where does the menisco-femoral ligament run?

A

from caudal aspect of medial femoral condyle to caudal horn of lateral meniscus

103
Q

what is the main reason why femur is functionally asymmetrical?

A

menisco-femoral ligament

104
Q

what are the femorotibial ligaments?

A

lateral and medial collateral ligaments, cranial and caudal cruciate ligaments,

105
Q

where does the lateral collateral femorotibial ligament extend from?

A

lateral epicondyle of the femur, one branch to lateral condyle of tibia and one to the head of the fibula

106
Q

where does the medial collateral ligament femorotibial ligament extend from?

A

the medial epicondyle of the femur to the joint capsule and medial meniscus

107
Q

what is the single patellar ligament in carnivores, pigs and small ruminants identical to in other species?

A

the middle patellar ligament

108
Q

what is the lateral patellar ligament (in horses and ox) attached to?

A

the strong tendon of the biceps muscle of the thigh

109
Q

where does the middle (/only in carnivores and pigs) patellar ligament extend from?

A

cranial part of the apex of the patella to the tuberosity of the tibia

110
Q

contraction of which muscle causes the medial patellar ligament to hook over the trochlea of the femur?

A

quadriceps

111
Q

what are fabellae?

A

sesamoid bones in the femorotibial joints of carnivores within the tendon of origin of gastrocnemius

112
Q

where do the collateral ligaments of the hock run from?

A

crus to metatarsus, short and long lateral and medial collateral ligaments which attach to all levels of tarsus along the way

113
Q

what is the ligament between the calcaneus and the central + 4th tarsal bones + proximal 3rd + 4th metatarsal bones?

A

long plantar ligament

114
Q

when does the cranial tibial ligament bifurcate in the ungulate?

A

after emerging from under distal bifurcation of peroneus tertius

115
Q

what is the medial insertion of the cranial tibial ligament in the ungulate?

A

cunean tendon

116
Q

what does the plantar tarsal ligament do?

A

binds tarsal bones together, is thick fibrous sheet supporting plantar aspect

117
Q
A

VAP (10 decks)

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