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Neurology Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 2 types of neurons in the PNS?

A

sensory and motor

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2
Q

what are the 2 types of nerves in the PNS?

A

spinal and cranial

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3
Q

how many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

A

12

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4
Q

what is the name of the 10th cranial nerve (n.X)?

A

vagus nerve

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5
Q

how many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

30+

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6
Q

what do neurons with their cell bodies inside the CNS develop from?

A

the neural tube

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7
Q

where are the cell bodies of somatic motor neurons?

A

inside the CNS

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8
Q

where are the cell bodies of preganglionic autonomic neurons?

A

inside the CNS

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9
Q

what do neurons with cell bodies in ganglia outside the CNS develop from?

A

neural crest

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10
Q

where are the cell bodies of postganglionic neurons?

A

in ganglia outside the CNS

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11
Q

where are the cell bodies of sensory neurons?

A

in ganglia outside the CNS

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12
Q

what induces each spinal nerve to grow

A

an embryonic somite

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13
Q

what are muscles innervated by?

A

nerve(s) to their myotome(s) of origin

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14
Q

what are plexi?

A

tangles of nerves

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15
Q

why do adjacent spinal nerves often form plexi after leaving the vertebral column?

A

overlap between skin and muscle regions

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16
Q

how many cervical nerves are there?

A

7+1

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17
Q

at which vertebrae do the spinal nerves end?

A

Cd 4/5/6/7

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18
Q

where does the C1 motor nerve exit?

A

lateral foramen of the atlas

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19
Q

what do the nerves pass through in the vertebra in general?

A

the intervertebral notch

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20
Q

where do the cranial/cervical nerves emerge in relation to the same numbered vertebra?

A

cranial

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21
Q

where do the non C nerves arrange relative to the same numbered vertebra?

A

caudal

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22
Q

how many T nerves are there? (dog)

A

13

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23
Q

how many lumbar nerves are there? (dog)

A

7

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24
Q

how many sacral nerves are there? (dog)

A

3

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25
Q

how many caudal nerves are there?

A

4-7

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26
Q

what is the grey matter in vertebrae composed of?

A

cell bodies

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27
Q

what is the white matter in vertebrae composed of?

A

axons

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28
Q

what innervates hypaxial muscles, limbs, body wall (hypomere)

A

ventral ramus

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29
Q

what does ventral ramus innervate?

A

hypaxial muscles, limbs, body wall (hypomere)

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30
Q

what does dorsal ramus innervate?

A

epaxial muscles (epimere)

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31
Q

what innervates epaxial muscles (epimere)?

A

dorsal ramus

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32
Q

what do C1-5 innervate?

A

segmental skin and spinal muscles, some innervate some of cranial truncobrachial junction muscles

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33
Q

what does C1 not have?

A

sensory fibres, dorsal root

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34
Q

what is the sensory region innervated by C2?

A

skin of caudal head/medial ear

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35
Q

what do C5,6,7 form?

A

phrenic nerve to diaphragm

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36
Q

what hypaxial rami form the brachial plexus?

A

C6-T2

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37
Q

how many nerves are in the forelimb?

A

around 12

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38
Q

where is the brachial plexus? (dog)

A

deep to the scapula

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39
Q

what cord innervates the elements of the limb girdle?

A

girdle cord

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40
Q

what are the components of the girdle cord?

A

cleidobrachial, subscapular, suprascapular

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41
Q

what does the sub-scapular nerve innervate?

A

subscapularis

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42
Q

what does the suprascapular nerve innervate?

A

supraspinatus and infraspinatus

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43
Q

what does the cleidobrachial nerve innervate?

A

brachiocephalicus

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44
Q

what are the components of the cranial cord?

A

cranial superficial pectoral nerve, musculocutaneous nerve

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45
Q

what does the cranial superficial pectoral nerve innervate?

A

superficial pectoral

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46
Q

what does the musculocutaneous nerve innervate?

A

elbow flexors

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47
Q

what are the components of the lateral cord?

A

thoracodorsal nerve, axillary nerve, radial nerve

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48
Q

what does the thoracodorsal nerve innervate?

A

latissimus dorsi

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49
Q

what does the axillary nerve innervate?

A

shoulder flexors

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50
Q

what are the components of the caudal cord?

A

caudal (deep) pectoral nerve, median nerve, ulnar nerve

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51
Q

what are the 4 nerve chords from the brachial plexus?

A

girdle, cranial, caudal, lateral

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52
Q

what does the radial cord innervate?

A

elbow muscles, carpus muscles, digit extensors

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53
Q

what does the median cord innervate?

A

carpus, digit flexors

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54
Q

what does the ulnar cord innervate?

A

FCU, DDFuln, manus muscles

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55
Q

what are the four long nerves from the brachial plexus?

A

musculocutaneous, ulnar, radial, median

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56
Q

what does the musculocutaneous nerve innervate?

A

elbow flexors, medial skin

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57
Q

what does the radial nerve innervate?

A

elbow, carpus, digit extensors; cranial and dorsal skin

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58
Q

what does the ulnar nerve innervate?

A

carpus and digit flexors, caudal and digit V skin

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59
Q

what does the median nerve innervate?

A

carpus and digit flexors, palmar skin

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60
Q

where is the ulnar nerve located in the manus?

A

deep to muscles

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61
Q

where is the median nerve located in the muscles?

A

superficial layer to skin

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62
Q

what forms the carpal canal?

A

carpal flexor retinaculum

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63
Q

what is sweeney?

A

damage to suprascapular nerve causing suprascapular paralysis leading to rapid atrophy of supraspinatus and infraspinatus

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64
Q

what do n.T3-T12 innervate?

A

spinal segments and intercostal spaces

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65
Q

what do n.T3-T12 run caudal to?

A

each rib

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66
Q

what do n.T13-L3 provide sensory innervation to?

A

the flank

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67
Q

which hypaxial rami mingle as the lumbosacral plexus?

A

L4-S2

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68
Q

what are the 4 main nerves of the hindlimb?

A

genitofemoral nerve, fibular and tibial nerves, obturator nerve

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69
Q

where does the genitofemoral nerve pass through?

A

inguinal canal

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70
Q

what is the sciatic trunk/nerve?

A

2 nerves, 1 dorsal and 1 ventral, that run together

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71
Q

what does the femoral dorsal nerve innervate?

A

hip flexors and stifle extensors

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72
Q

what does the obturator nerve innervate?

A

medial thigh muscles

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73
Q

what does the sciatic trunk innervate?

A

gluteals and hams

74
Q

what does the sciatic trunk separate into?

A

fibular and tibial nerves

75
Q

what does the fibular nerve innervate?

A

hock flexors and digital extensors

76
Q

what does the tibial nerve innervate?

A

hock extensors and digital flexors

77
Q

where are the cell bodies of sensory nerves?

A

within dorsal root ganglion

78
Q

where are the cell bodies of motor neurons?

A

within grey matter

79
Q

where do the motor and sensory nerve join in the spinal cord?

A

at the exit of the vertebral column (foramen)

80
Q

what is the hypomere?

A

the lateral plate of mesoderm that develops into the walls of the body cavities

81
Q

what might the diaphragm be evolved from?

A

a subscapular muscle

82
Q

what is the important nerve for weightbearing in the forelimb?

A

radial nerve

83
Q

what innervates the lateral aspect of the paw?

A

ulnar nerve

84
Q

what path does the radial nerve take?

A

starts medial and caudal and spirals around humerus to become lateral and cranial

85
Q

+ cards for which hypaxial rami each nerve comes from?

A
86
Q

what muscle does the femoral nerve run through?

A

iliopsoas

87
Q

what nerve is important for weightbearing in the hindlimb?

A

femoral nerve

88
Q

where do the tibial and fibular nerves separate?

A

just distal to stifle

89
Q

which remains caudal, the tibial or fibular nerve?

A

the tibial nerve

90
Q

which moves to be cranial, the tibial or fibular nerve?

A

the fibular nerve

91
Q

which nerve is most prone to injury in the hindlimb?

A

obturator nerve

92
Q

paralysis of what nerve is a cause of ‘downer cow syndrome’ in cows giving birth?

A

obturator nerve

93
Q

which nerves innervate segmental muscles of the tail?

A

S3-Cd4-7

94
Q

what do S3-Cd4-7 innervate?

A

segmental muscles of the tail

95
Q

what are the extrinsic muscles of the tail?

A

medial, lateral, dorsal and ventral sacrocaudalis

96
Q

what do the signs of spinal cord injury depend on?

A

severity of damage (affecting progressively deeper regions of cord) and cranio-caudal location along cord

97
Q

what spinal nerves contribute to the girdle cord?

A

C6,7 and a little from 8

98
Q

what spinal nerves contribute to the cranial cord?

A

C7/8, little from 6

99
Q

what spinal nerves contribute to the lateral cord?

A

C7/8 and T1

100
Q

what spinal nerves contribute to the caudal cord?

A

C8/T1/T2

101
Q

where are the origins of parasympathetic nerves?

A

craniosacral- can’t come from C1 to L7

102
Q

where are the origins of sympathetic nerves?

A

thoracolumbar- none in cranial nerves

103
Q

where do parasympathetic nerves have their ganglia?

A

near to the organ of effect

104
Q

where do sympathetic nerves have their ganglia?

A

close to the CNS, distant from organ of effect

105
Q

where are the cell bodies of motor neurons?

A

in the grey matter ventral horn

106
Q

where do sensory neurones have to enter the spinal cord?

A

dorsally

107
Q

where do motor neurons have to exit the spinal cord?

A

ventrally

108
Q

what does the autonomic nervous system control?

A

digestion, respiration, perspiration, metabolism, maintaining blood pressure, reproduction

109
Q

what is the sympathetic nervous system responsible for?

A

fight or flight

110
Q

what is the parasympathetic nervous system responsible for?

A

rest and digest

111
Q

how many neurons are there between the CNS and target organ in the ANS?

A

2

112
Q

where are the cell bodies of 1st order neurons?

A

in the CNS

113
Q

what does the 1st order neurons develop from?

A

neural tube

114
Q

where are the cell bodies of the 2nd order neurons (parasympathetic)?

A

close to the target organ

115
Q

what do 2nd order neurons develop from?

A

neural crest

116
Q

which are well myelinated, 1st or 2nd order neurons?

A

1st order

117
Q

what colour are well-myelinated neurons?

A

white

118
Q

what colour are less well-mylelinated neurons?

A

grey

119
Q

which has long post ganglionic fibres, sympathetic or non-sympathetic?

A

sympathetic

120
Q

which has more post-ganglionic fibres from each pre-ganglionic fibre, sympathetic or parasympathetic??

A

sympathetic

121
Q

what do sympathetic nerves mainly release?

A

noradrenaline and co-transmitter Y-NPY

122
Q

what do parasympathetic nerves release?

A

acetylcholine and co-transmitter VIP)

123
Q

what does neuropeptide Y (NPY) do?

A

augment the vasoconstrictor effects of noradrenaline and

124
Q

what does vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) do?

A

stimulate the secretion of water and electrolytes, dilates intestinal smooth muscles and peripheral blood vessels, inhibits gastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretion

125
Q

what receptors do sympathetic nerves act on?

A

adrenoreceptors

126
Q

what receptors do parasympathetic nerves act on?

A

muscarinic receptors

127
Q

what is the distribution of sympathetic innervation?

A

cardiac and all smooth muscle

128
Q

what is the distribution of parasympathetic innervation?

A

cardiac and smooth muscle of the viscera only

129
Q

what is the position of the cell bodies of the 1st order sympathetic neurons?

A

thoracolumbar (T1-L3/4)

130
Q

what is the position of the cell bodies of the 1st order parasympathetic neurons?

A

craniosacral

131
Q

which cranial nerves have parasympathetic fibres?

A

III, VII, IX, X

132
Q

what is the name of cranial nerve III?

A

occular motor nerve

133
Q

what is the name of cranial nerve VII?

A

facial nerve

134
Q

what is the name of cranial nerve IX?

A

glossopharyngeal nerve

135
Q

what is the name of cranial nerve X?

A

vagus nerve

136
Q

where do 1st and 2nd order neurons synapse in sympathetic nervous system?

A

in discrete ganglia

137
Q

where do 1st and 2nd order neurons synapse in parasympathetic nervous system?

A

often independently on or near target organ

138
Q

what is the most important nerve in the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

vagus nerve

139
Q

approximately how many of the parasympathetic nerves in body are stimulated by vagus nerve?

A

75%

140
Q

where do sympathetic neurons originate in the spinal cord?

A

the intermediate/lateral horn of spinal cord

141
Q

what is the somatic afferent axon part of?

A

the sensory peripheral system

142
Q

what is the visceral afferent axon not part of?

A

the ANS

143
Q

what does the sympathetic chain run alongside?

A

the spinal cord

144
Q

what are the 3 options for the 1st order neuron in the sympathetic chain?

A

can synapse immediately, travel up or down chain before synapsing, or pass straight through chain to synapse in outlying prevertebral ganglion

145
Q

what are the 3 sympathetic ganglia cranially in the neck?

A

the cervicothoracic/stellate ganglion, cranial cervical ganglion and middle cervical ganglion

146
Q

which spinal nerves supply the cervicothoracic ganglion?

A

C7-T3

147
Q

which spinal nerves supply the cranial cervical ganglion?

A

C1-C3

148
Q

which spinal nerves supply the middle cervical ganglion?

A

C4-6

149
Q

where is the cranial cervical ganglion found?

A

at base of skull

150
Q

where do the left and right sympathetic chains merge?

A

at L7 in impar ganglion

151
Q

what are the 3 main ganglia outlying from the sympathetic chain?

A

coeliac, cranial mesenteric, caudal mesenteric

152
Q

where are the coeliac, cranial mesenteric and caudal mesenteric ganglia found?

A

at the roots of their named arteries

153
Q

what connects the coeliac, cranial mesenteric and caudal mesenteric nerves with the sympathetic chain?

A

the splanchnic nerve

154
Q

what is the greater splanchnic nerve derived from?

A

T11-T12

155
Q

what is the lesser splanchnic nerve derived from?

A

T11-L1

156
Q

what vertebrae is the lumbar nerve derived from?

A

L3-5

157
Q

what are the 2nd order sympathetic nerves supplying the thoracic viscera called?

A

cardiosympathetic nerves

158
Q

what artery supplies the foregut?

A

coeliac artery

159
Q

what artery supplies the midgut?

A

cranial mesenteric artery

160
Q

what artery supplies the hindgut?

A

caudal mesenteric artery

161
Q

where do the first order neurons in the sympathetic supply to the foregut synapse?

A

coeliac ganglion

162
Q

where do the first order neurons in the sympathetic supply to the midgut synapse?

A

cranial mesenteric ganglion

163
Q

where do the first order neurons in the sympathetic supply to the hindgut synapse?

A

caudal mesenteric ganglion

164
Q

what do the lumbar splanchnics synapse with in the caudal mesenteric ganglion to supply the pelvic viscera?

A

hypogastric nerve

165
Q

what do sympathetic fibres from T1-L3 target?

A

organs in skin (arrector pili, sweat gland and blood vessel smooth muscle)

166
Q

what protects the sympathetic nerves that supply the blood vessels and skin of the neck?

A

transverse foramen

167
Q

where is the adrenal medulla positioned?

A

cranial/dorsal to kidney with outer cortex surrounding central medulla

168
Q

what replaces the second order neurons in the adrenal medulla?

A

chromaffin cells

169
Q

what cells release adrenaline into the blood?

A

chromaffin cells

170
Q

which cranial nerves provide parasympathetic supply to the head?

A

III, VII, IX

171
Q

what supplies the heart with parasympathetic innervation?

A

cardiovagal nerves

172
Q

where do the right and left vagal nerves separate and fuse?

A

along the oesophagus near aorta

173
Q

what allows nerves to pass from the thoracic to the abdominal cavity?

A

hiati in the diaphragm

174
Q

what provides parasympathetic supply to the lesser curvature of the stomach, liver and ventral pancreas?

A

ventral vagus

175
Q

what provides parasympathetic supply to the greater curvature of the stomach, then continues to the remainder of the foregut as plexus on the coeliac artery?

A

dorsal vagus

176
Q

what supplies the midgut with parasympathetic innervation as plexus on cranial mesenteric artery?

A

dorsal vagus

177
Q

what supplies parasympathetic innervation to the pelvic viscera?

A

pelvic nerves from S1 and 2

178
Q

what are the target organs of the parasympathetic pelvic nerves?

A

rectum, ureter, bladder, urethra, genitalia

179
Q

what supplies parasympathetic innervation to the hindgut viscera?

A

pelvic nerves from S1 and S2 that travel to pelvic plexus then either pass along gut wall or join with hypogastric nerve

180
Q

what is Horner’s syndrome?

A

common clinical syndrome resulting from loss of sympathetic innervation to head (eye)

VAP (10 decks)

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