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VAP > Forelimb Muscle Origins, Insertions & Functions > Flashcards

Forelimb Muscle Origins, Insertions & Functions Flashcards

1
Q

what extend onto the leg to form the deep fasciae of the forelimb?

A

the deep fascia of the neck and of the trunk

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2
Q

what is the deep fascia on the medial surface of the shoulder called?

A

axillary fascia (fascia axillaris)

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3
Q

what is the distal continuation of the axillary fascia on the lateral surface of the brachium called?

A

the brachial fascia (fascia brachii)

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4
Q

what is the fascia that covers the extensor and flexor muscles of the elbow and digit in the forearm region called?

A

the antebrachial fascia (fascia antebrachii)

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5
Q

what does the dorsal deep fascia contribute to?

A

the extensor retinaculum

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6
Q

what does the palmar deep fascia contribute to?

A

the flexor retinaculum

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7
Q

what does the palmar deep fascia form in horses?

A

the anular ligament of the fetlock and other supportive structure of the fetlock

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8
Q

what does the superficial layer of extrinsic forelimb musculature comprise? (5)

A

m. trapezius, m. sternocleidomastoideus, m. omotransversarius, m. latissimus dorsi, m. pectoralis superficialis

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9
Q

what muscles make up m. sternocleidomastoideus?

A

sternocephalic and brachiocephalic muscle

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10
Q

what portions does m. trapezius consist of?

A

a cervical and thoracic portion divided by a tendinous band

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11
Q

what is the shape of m. trapezius?

A

broad, thin, triangular

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12
Q

where does the cervical portion of m. trapezius originate?

A

the caudal half of dorsal raphe of the neck

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13
Q

where does the cervical portion of m. trapezius insert?

A

proximal 4/5 of scapular spine

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14
Q

where does the thoracic portion of m. trapezius originate?

A

the supraspinous ligaments and the dorsal spinous processes (3rd c.v to 9th t.v)

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15
Q

where does m. trapezius insert?

A

proximal 1/3 of scapular spine

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16
Q

what is the function of m. trapezius?

A

caudal rotation of scapula

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17
Q

where does m. sternocephalicus extend between?

A

the sternum and the head

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18
Q

where does m. brachiocephalicus extend between?

A

the humerus and the head

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19
Q

what is the function of brachiocephalicus?

A

main protractor of forelimb

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20
Q

what can the brachiocephalic muscle be subdivided into?

A

cleidobrachialis, cleidocervicalis, cleidomastoideus

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21
Q

where do the 3 muscles of brachiocephalicus interconnect?

A

at the clavicular tendon

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22
Q

where does the cleidobrachial muscle originate?

A

the clavicular tendon

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23
Q

where does the cleidobrachial muscle insert?

A

cranially on distal 3rd of humerus shaft

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24
Q

what is the cleidocephalic muscle (cleidocervicalis) between?

A

origin= cranial half of median raphe of neck, insertion= the clavicular tendon

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25
Q

what are the 2 portions of the sternocephalic muscle in carnivores?

A

m. sternomastoideus and m. sterno-occipitalis

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26
Q

where do both m. sternomastoideus and m. sterno-occipitalis originate?

A

the manubrium of the sternum

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27
Q

where do both m. sternomastoideus and m. sterno-occipitalis insert?

A

the mastoid process of the temporal bone and nuchal crest of the occipital bone respectively

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28
Q

what are the 2 parts of m. sternocephalicus in the ox and goat?

A

m. sternomastoideus and m. sternomandibularis

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29
Q

where does the sternomandibular muscle originate in the ox/goat?

A

the manubrium of the sternum and the 1st rib

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30
Q

where does m. sternomandibularis insert in the ox/goat?

A

the mandible by means of an aponeurosis

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31
Q

what is m. sternocephalicus called in the pig?

A

m sterno-occipitalis

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32
Q

where does the sternomandibular muscle originate in the horse?

A

from the manubrium of the sternum

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33
Q

where does the sternomandibular muscle insert in the horse?

A

with a thin tendon to the mandible

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34
Q

where does the cleidomastoid muscle originate?

A

midline of the neck

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35
Q

where does cleidomastoideus insert?

A

clavicular tendon

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36
Q

what is the shape of m. omotransversarius?

A

strong, cord-like muscle

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37
Q

where does omotransversarius originate?

A

the wing of the atlas

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38
Q

where does omotransversarius insert?

A

distal 1/5 of scapular spine

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39
Q

what is the ventral border of m. omotransversarius fused to?

A

the cervical part of the trapezius muscle

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40
Q

what does m. omotransversarius unite with in the horse?

A

the cleidomastoid muscle

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41
Q

what is the function of omotransversarius?

A

caudal rotation of scapula

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42
Q

what is the function of the sternocephalic muscle?

A

flexor of the head and neck

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43
Q

what is the insertion of m. latissimus dorsi?

A

teres tuberosity of humerus

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44
Q

what is the origin of latissimus dorsi?

A

spinous processes of trunk vertebrae (T7-L7), caudal 2 or 3 ribs

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45
Q

what is the function of latissimus dorsi?

A

prime retractor of forelimb

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46
Q

what direction are the fibres of m. latissimus dorsi?

A

cranioventral

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47
Q

what are the additional attachment of m. latissimus dorsi in carnivores? (5)

A

the last thoracic vertebrae, the lumbar vertebrae, the ribs, branch to the deep pectoral muscle, blends with the tendon of the teres major muscle

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48
Q

what is the additional origin of m. latissimus dorsi in the horse?

A

the supraspinous ligament of the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae

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49
Q

where does m. latissimus dorsi insert in the horse?

A

with the tensor muscle of the antebrachial fascia and the teres major muscle on the medial aspect of the proximal humerus

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50
Q

what muscles occupy the space between the ventral part of the thoracic wall and the proximal part of the thoracic limb?

A

the superficial pectoral muscles

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51
Q

what do the superficial pectoral muscles comprise?

A

the descending (m. pectoralis descendens) and the transverse pectoral muscle (m. pectoralis transversus)

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52
Q

where do the superficial pectoral muscles originate

A

sternebrae 1-3

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53
Q

where do the superficial pectoral muscles insert?

A

cranially on distal 2/3 of humerus shaft

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54
Q

in which species are the 2 parts of the superficial pectoral muscles hardly discernable?

A

carnivores

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55
Q

what is the function of the superficial pectoral muscles?

A

adductor

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56
Q

where does the transverse pectoral muscle originate in the horse?

A

the 1st 6 costal cartilages and the sternum

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57
Q

what does the deep layer of the extrinsic musculature of the forelimb comprise? (3)

A

deep pectoral muscle; m. rhomboideus; m. serratus ventralis

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58
Q

where does the deep pectoral muscle originate?

A

from the sternum

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59
Q

where does the deep pectoral muscle insert?

A

lesser tuberosity of humerus with tendinous slips to greater tuberosity

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60
Q

what is the function of the deep pectoral muscle?

A

adductor

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61
Q

what are the two parts of rhomboideus?

A

cervical and thoracic

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62
Q

where does cervical rhomboid originate?

A

dorsal median raphe of neck C2-T3 and nuchal crest

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63
Q

where does cervical rhomboid insert?

A

cranial angle and vertebral border of scapula

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64
Q

what is the function of rhomboideus?

A

elevates scapula

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65
Q

where does the thoracic rhomboid originate?

A

dorsal median raphe of thorax T4-T7

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66
Q

where does the thoracic rhomboid insert?

A

caudal angle and vertebral border of scapula

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67
Q

what are the two parts of serratus ventralis?

A

cervical and thoracic

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68
Q

where does cervical serratus ventralis originate?

A

neck vertebrae (C3-C7) costo-transverse processes

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69
Q

where does cervical serratus ventralis insert?

A

cranial serrated area of scapula

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70
Q

what is the function of cervical serratus ventralis?

A

cranial rotator of scapula, opposes action of trapezii

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71
Q

what is the function of thoracic serratus ventralis?

A

depressor of limb

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72
Q

where does thoracic serratus ventralis originate?

A

individual slips from ribs 1-8

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73
Q

where does thoracic serratus ventralis insert?

A

caudally serrated area of scapula

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74
Q

what are the lateral shoulder muscles? (4)

A

supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, deltoidei

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75
Q

what is the origin of supraspinatus?

A

supraspinous fossa

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76
Q

what is the insertion of supraspinatus?

A

summit of greater tuberosity

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77
Q

what is the function of supraspinatus?

A

shoulder extensor

78
Q

what is the origin of infraspinatus?

A

infraspinous fossa

79
Q

what is the insertion of infraspinatus?

A

laterally on greater tuberosity

80
Q

what inserts on the greater tuberosity?

A
81
Q

what is the function of infraspinatus?

A

stabilise shoulder joint against adduction

82
Q

what are the two parts of deltoideus?

A

spinodeltoideus and acromiodeltoideus

83
Q

what is the function of the deltoidei?

A

shoulder flexor

84
Q

what is the origin of spinodeltoideus?

A

scapular spine

85
Q

what is the origin of acromiodeltoideus?

A

acromion

86
Q

where do the deltoidei insert?

A

deltoid tuberosity on lateral humerus

87
Q

where does teres minor originate?

A

the distal third of the caudal border

88
Q

where does teres minor insert?

A

teres tuberosity

89
Q

what is the function of teres minor?

A

shoulder flexor

90
Q

what are the medial shoulder muscles?

A

teres major, subscapularis,

91
Q

what is the origin of teres major?

A

caudal border of scapula

92
Q

what is the insertion of teres minor?

A

teres tuberosity

93
Q

what is the function of teres major?

A

shoulder flexor

94
Q

what is the origin of subscapularis?

A

subscapular fossa

95
Q

what is the insertion of subscapularis?

A

lesser tuberosity

96
Q

what is the function of subscapularis?

A

mainly shoulder extensor, can contribute to maintaining shoulder flexion

97
Q

where does tensor fasciae antebrachii originate?

A

lateral side of latissimus dorsi

98
Q

where does tensor fasciae antebrachii insert?

A

antebrachial fascia and olecranon

99
Q

what is the function of tensor fasciae antebrachii?

A

elbow extensor

100
Q

what are the muscles of the elbow joint?

A

brachialis, triceps, biceps, anconeus, tensor fasciae antebrachii

101
Q

how many heads does triceps have in dog?

A

4

102
Q

how many heads does triceps have in species other than dogs?

A

3

103
Q

what is the extra triceps head that dogs have?

A

accessory head

104
Q

what are the 3 heads of triceps in all species?

A

long, lateral, medial

105
Q

what are the 4 heads of triceps in dogs?

A

long, lateral, medial, accessory

106
Q

what is the origin of the lateral head of triceps?

A

deltoid crest of humerus

107
Q

what is the origin of the medial head of triceps?

A

lesser tuberosity of humerus

108
Q

what is the origin of the long head of triceps?

A

caudal border of scapula

109
Q

what is the origin of the accessory head of triceps?

A

neck of humerus

110
Q

what is the insertion of triceps?

A

olecranon process of ulna

111
Q

what is the function of triceps?

A

elbow extensor

112
Q

how many heads does biceps have in dog?

A

one

113
Q

what is the origin of biceps?

A

bicipital process of scapula

114
Q

what is the main insertion of biceps in the dog?

A

ulnar tuberosity

115
Q

what is the main insertion of biceps in the cat?

A

radius

116
Q

what is the function of biceps?

A

elbow flexor and in cats prime supinator of elbow

117
Q

what binds the tendon of origin of biceps in the bicipital groove?

A

transverse humeral ligament

118
Q

where is the bicipital bursa?

A

deep to tendon of origin

119
Q

what is the origin of brachialis?

A

proximally in musculospiral groove

120
Q

what is the insertion of brachialis?

A

ulnar tuberosity of ulna

121
Q

what is the function of brachialis?

A

elbow flexor

122
Q

what are the supinators of the forearm?

A

brachioradialis and supinator muscle

123
Q

what are the pronators of the forearm?

A

pronator teres and pronator quadratus

124
Q

in what animals is the supinator muscle present?

A

carnivores and pigs

125
Q

in what animals is pronator teres present?

A

carnivores, inconsistently present in pigs, ruminants and horse

126
Q

in what animals is pronator quadratus present?

A

carnivores

127
Q

what are the muscles of the carpus?

A

extensor carpi radialis, extensor carpi ulnaris, flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris, extensor carpi obliquus

128
Q

where are the extensor muscles of the carpus and digits?

A

the cranio(dorso)lateral side

129
Q

where are the flexor muscles of the carpus and digits?

A

the caudo (palmar) side

130
Q

what is the origin of ECU?

A

lateral epicondyle

131
Q

what is the insertion of ECU?

A

laterally, proximally on MC5

132
Q

what is ECU called in ungulates?

A

ulnaris lateralis

133
Q

what is the function of ECU in carnivores?

A

helps extend the carpus or flex the carpus when carpus is already extended or flexed, abducts the forearm

134
Q

what is the function of ECU in species other than carnivores?

A

flexes the carpus

135
Q

what is the origin of ECR?

A

lateral supraepicondylar ridge

136
Q

what is the insertion of ECR?

A

tubercles proximally on MC 2 and 3

137
Q

what is the function of ECR?

A

extends carpus and flexes elbow

138
Q

what is the origin of ECO?

A

craniolateral on middle 1/2 of ulna

139
Q

what is the insertion of ECO?

A

proximal MC1

140
Q

what is the origin of FCU?

A

medial epicondyle (fleshy), medially on olecranon of ulna (fibrous)

141
Q

what are the 2 straps of FCU?

A

fleshy and fibrous

142
Q

what is the insertion of FCU?

A

proximal on palmar aspect of MC 4 and 5 via accessory carpal bone

143
Q

what is the function of FCU?

A

flexes carpus, in carnivores is supinator of limb

144
Q

what is the origin of FCR?

A

medial epicondyle, medial radial shaft

145
Q

what is the insertion of FCR?

A

proximal on palmar aspect of MC 2 and 3

146
Q

what is the order of the flexors FCR, FCU and SDF from medial to lateral?

A

FCR, SDF, FCU

147
Q

what is the origin of pronator teres?

A

medial epicondyle

148
Q

what is the insertion of pronator teres?

A

proximally on radius just above oblique line

149
Q

what is the origin of brachioradialis?

A

lateral supra-epicondylar ridge

150
Q

what is the insertion of brachioradialis?

A

medially on distal radius

151
Q

what is the origin of pronator quadratus?

A

interosseus edge of radius

152
Q

what is the insertion of pronator quadratus?

A

interosseus edge of ulna

153
Q

where are the extensor muscles of the digits located?

A

on the cranio(dorso)lateral side of the antebrachium

154
Q

where are the flexor muscles of the digits located?

A

on the caudal (palmar) side of the antebrachium

155
Q

where do the common and lateral digital extensors originate from?

A

the lateral epicondyle of the humerus

156
Q

where do the digital flexors originate from?

A

the medial epicondyle of the humerus

157
Q

what are the digital extensors?

A

common digital extensor, lateral digital extensor, long abductor muscle of the first digit, extensor of digits 1 and 2

158
Q

what is the insertion of CDE?

A

extensor process of distal phalanx of digits 2-5

159
Q

what is the function of CDE?

A

extends the carpal and digital joints

160
Q

what is the insertion of LDE?

A

proximally on all phalanges of digits 3-5

161
Q

what is the function of LDE in carnivores and the pig?

A

extends the carpal and phalangeal joints of the lateral digits

162
Q

what is the function of LDE in ruminants?

A

extends the carpus, fetlock and pastern joints

163
Q

what is the function of LDE in horses?

A

extends the carpus and fetlock joint

164
Q

what is the insertion of the long abductor of the first digit in carnivores?

A

first metacarpal bone

165
Q

what is the origin of the long abductor of the first digit?

A

middle 1/3 of the lateral border of the radius and ulna

166
Q

what is the function of the long abductor of the first digit?

A

extends the carpus and digit to which it extends, abductor of first digit in carnivores

167
Q

what is the insertion of the long abductor of the first digit in pigs and horses?

A

second metacarpal bone

168
Q

what is the insertion of the long abductor of the first digit in ruminants?

A

third metacarpal bone

169
Q

what is the origin of the extensor of digits 1 and 2?

A

craniolateral on middle 1/3 of ulna

170
Q

what is the insertion of the extensor of digits 1 and 2?

A

distal MC 1, proximally on all phalanges of digit 2

171
Q

what is the function of the extensor of digits 1 and 2?

A

prevents abduction of digit 1

172
Q

what is the origin of SDF?

A

medial epicondyle

173
Q

what is the insertion of SDF?

A

proximal on the 2 palmar tubercles of phalanx 2 of digit 5

174
Q

what is the origin of interosseus? (dog)

A

proximal end of palmar surface of MC 2-5

175
Q

what are the insertions of interosseus? (dog)

A

paired tubercles on proximal end of phalanx 1 of digits 2-5, via tendinous slips that pass around digits to extensor tendons of same digits

176
Q

how many interossei do dogs have?

A

one for each digit

177
Q

what sort of muscle is teres minor?

A

capsular muscle

178
Q

what is the function of teres minor?

A

to prevent capsule from becoming trapped between scapula and humerus

179
Q

what is the origin of teres minor?

A

distally on caudal border of scapula

180
Q

what is the insertion of teres minor?

A

greater tuberosity

181
Q

what type of muscle is coracobrachialis?

A

capsular

182
Q

what is the function of coracobrachialis?

A

to prevent capsule from becoming trapped between scapula and humerus

183
Q

what is the origin of coracobrachialis?

A

coracoid process of scapula

184
Q

what is the insertion of coracobrachialis?

A

line between lesser and teres tuberosities

185
Q

what sort of muscle is anconeus?

A

capsular

186
Q

what is the function of anconeus?

A

tenses the lateral side of the elbow joint capsule

187
Q

what is the origin of anconeus?

A

caudally on lateral supra-epicondylar ridge

188
Q

what is the insertion of anconeus?

A

laterally on olecranon

189
Q

where does extensor carpi radialis insert in the horse?

A

on cannon bone

190
Q

what is the interosseus called in the horse?

A

suspensory ligament

VAP (10 decks)

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