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Hindlimb Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

what is the origin of tensor fasciae latae?

A

ventral iliac spine and nearby gluteal fascia

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2
Q

what is the insertion of tensor fasciae latae?

A

fascia lata

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3
Q

what is the function of tensor fasciae latae?

A

tautens the gluteal fascia and fascia lata over the thigh

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4
Q

what are the abductors of the dog hip?

A

superficial gluteal, middle gluteal, piriformis

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5
Q

what is the secondary function of the abductors of the hindlimb?

A

secondary extensors of the hip (retractors of the limb)

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6
Q

what is the origin of superficial gluteal?

A

lateral sacrum, Cd1, cranial half of sacrosciatic ligament

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7
Q

what is the insertion of superficial gluteal (carnivores)?

A

greater trochanter

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8
Q

where does superficial gluteal insert in horses?

A

3rd trochanter

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9
Q

what is the function of superficial gluteal in horses?

A

hip flexor

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10
Q

which is large, superficial, middle or deep gluteal?

A

middle gluteal

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11
Q

where does the middle gluteal lie relative to superficial gluteal?

A

cranial

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12
Q

what is the function of superficial gluteal (carnivores)?

A

abductor, secondary extensor of hip

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13
Q

what is the origin of middle gluteal?

A

wing of ilium

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14
Q

what is the insertion of middle gluteal?

A

greater trochanter

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15
Q

what is the function of middle gluteal?

A

abductor, secondary hip extensor

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16
Q

where does piriformis originate?

A

lateral sacrum, Cd1, cranial half of sacrosciatic ligament with superficial gluteal

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17
Q

where does piriformis insert?

A

greater trochanter with middle gluteal

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18
Q

what is the shape of piriformis?

A

spindle shaped with tiny distal tendon

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19
Q

where does piriformis lie?

A

under dorsal part of MG

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20
Q

what are the prime extensors of the hip?

A

biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus, quadratus femoris

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21
Q

what takes up much of the lateral view of the thigh?

A

biceps femoris

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22
Q

how many insertions does biceps femoris have?

A

3

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23
Q

what is the origin of biceps femoris?

A

caudal half of sacrosciatic ligament, sciatic tuberosity

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24
Q

what are the insertions of biceps femoris?

A

laterally on distal femur via fascia lata. laterally on tibial crest. part of Achilles’ tendon to tube calcis

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25
Q

what muscle runs along the caudal edge of biceps?

A

tenuissimus

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26
Q

what is the function of tenuissimus?

A

flexes stifle along with caudal region of biceps femoris

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27
Q

what is the insertion of the cranial region of biceps femoris?

A

laterally on distal femur via fascia lata

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28
Q

what is the insertion of the caudal region of biceps femoris?

A

laterally on tibial crest

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29
Q

what is the function of the cranial region of biceps femoris?

A

hip extensor

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30
Q

what is the function of the caudal region of biceps femoris?

A

stifle flexor

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31
Q

what thick strap-like muscle is directly caudal to biceps femoris?

A

semitendinosus

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32
Q

what is the shape of semitendinosus?

A

thick, strap-like

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33
Q

what muscle is medial to semitendinosus, at proximal end of thigh?

A

semimembranosus

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34
Q

what is the origin of semimembranosus?

A

sciatic tuberosity and caudal part of ventral ischium

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35
Q

what are the insertions of semimembranosus?

A

distal medial rough line of femur and medial tibial condyle

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36
Q

what are the functions of semimembranosus?

A

hip extensor and stifle flexor but more medially than biceps femoris

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37
Q

what are the functions of biceps femoris?

A

hip extensor and stifle flexor

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38
Q

what is the insertion of the medial part of semimembranosus?

A

distal medial rough line of femur

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39
Q

what is the function of the medial part of semimembranosus?

A

hip extensor

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40
Q

what is the function of the lateral part of semimembranosus?

A

stifle flexor

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41
Q

what is the insertion of the lateral part of semimembranosus?

A

medial tibial condyle

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42
Q

where does quadratus femoris lie?

A

deep by the hip joint

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43
Q

what is the function of quadratus femoris?

A

hip extensor

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44
Q

what is the origin of quadratus femoris?

A

caudal part of ventral ischium

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45
Q

what is the insertion of quadratus femoris?

A

intertrochanteric ridge

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46
Q

what is the inward rotator of the hip?

A

deep gluteal

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47
Q

what is the function of deep gluteal?

A

inward rotation of hip

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48
Q

where does deep gluteal lie?

A

deep to superficial and middle gluteals

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49
Q

what is the origin of deep gluteal?

A

neck of ilium

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50
Q

what is the insertion of deep gluteal?

A

cranially on greater trochanter

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51
Q

what are the 3 deep outward rotators of the hip?

A

internal obturator, gemelli, external obturator

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52
Q

what do the outward hip rotators oppose the pull of?

A

deep gluteal

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53
Q

what is the function of internal obturator?

A

hip outward rotator

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54
Q

what is the function of gemelli?

A

hip outward rotator

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55
Q

what is the function of external obturator?

A

hip outward rotator

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56
Q

what is the origin of internal obturator?

A

rim of obturator foramen

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57
Q

what is the insertion of internal obturator?

A

on intertrochanteric fossa of femur

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58
Q

what direction does internal obturator run?

A

dorsolaterally to slip out of the pelvis as tendon over sciatic spine

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59
Q

where does gemelli lie?

A

sandwiched between external and internal obturator

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60
Q

what is the origin of gemelli?

A

ventral to sciatic spine

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61
Q

what is the insertion of gemelli?

A

on intertrochanteric fossa

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62
Q

what is the insertion of external obturator?

A

intertrochanteric fossa

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63
Q

what is the origin of external obturator?

A

rim of obturator foramen

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64
Q

which direction does external obturator run?

A

laterally beneath the pelvis

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65
Q

where do the hip adductors lie?

A

on the medial side

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66
Q

where does gracilis lie?

A

caudomedially on thigh

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67
Q

what is the function of the adductor muscle?

A

hip adductor

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68
Q

what is the shape of gracilis?

A

broad but thin

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69
Q

what is the origin of the adductor mucle?

A

ventral surface of pubis

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70
Q

what is the insertion of the adductor muscle?

A

lateral rough line of femur

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71
Q

where does pectineus lie?

A

cranial to adductor

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72
Q

what is the appearance of pectineus?

A

small spindle of muscle

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73
Q

what is the origin of pectineus?

A

iliopubic eminence

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74
Q

what is the insertion of pectineus?

A

distal medial rough line of femur

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75
Q

what is the function of pectineus?

A

hip adductor

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76
Q

what ligament does the horse have for anti abduction?

A

accessory ligament of hip

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77
Q

what are the adductor muscles?

A

adductor and pectineus

78
Q

what is the most cranial muscle in the thigh?

A

cranial sartorius

79
Q

what is the appearance of cranial sartorius?

A

strap-like

80
Q

what is the origin of cranial sartorius?

A

iliac crest, cranial ventral iliac spine

81
Q

what is the insertion of cranial sartorius?

A

via fascia lata, medially to distal femur and patella

82
Q

what is the function of cranial sartorius?

A

secondary hip flexor

83
Q

what is the prime hip flexor muscle?

84
Q

where does iliopsoas lie?

A

medial and very deep

85
Q

how many origins does iliopsoas have?

86
Q

how many insertions does iliopsoas have?

87
Q

what are the origins of iliopsoas?

A

iliacus (ventral neck of ilium) and psoas major

88
Q

what is psoas major?

A

transverse process of the last 4 lumbar vertebrae

89
Q

what is the insertion of iliopsoas?

A

lesser trochanter

90
Q

what are the hip flexors?

A

iliopsoas and cranial sartorius

91
Q

what are the stifle flexors? (5)

A

biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus, gracilis, caudal sartorius

92
Q

where do all 5 stifle flexors originate?

A

on the pelvis

93
Q

what are all 5 stifle flexors?

A

polyarticular muscles

94
Q

what is the origin of semitendinosus?

A

sciatic tuberosity

95
Q

what are the hamstrings?

A

biceps femoris. semimembranosus, semitendinosus

96
Q

what are the insertions of semitendinosus?

A

distally on medial tibial crest and part of Achilles tendon to tuber calcis

97
Q

where does gracilis lie and what is its appearance?

A

large flat muscle, covers much of medial thigh

98
Q

what is the origin of gracilis?

A

pelvic symphysis

99
Q

what are the insertions of gracilis?

A

middle of medial tibial crest (between semitend. and caudal sartorius) and part of Achilles tendon to tuber calcis

100
Q

where does caudal sartorius lie?

A

far cranially in the thigh

101
Q

what is the origin of caudal sartorius?

A

cranial ventral iliac spine

102
Q

what is the insertion of caudal sartorius?

A

proximally on medial tibial crest

103
Q

which muscles make up the Achilles tendon?

A

gastrocnemius, SDF, biceps femoris, semitendinosus, gracilis

104
Q

what is the action of biceps femoris, semitendinosus and gracilis at the hock?

A

passively maintain a degree of extension in hock

105
Q

what is the function of semitendinosus?

A

stifle flexion

106
Q

what is the function of gracilis?

A

stifle flexion

107
Q

what is the function of caudal sartorius?

A

stifle flexion

108
Q

what is the prime stifle extensor?

A

quadriceps femoris

109
Q

how many heads of origin does quadriceps femoris have?

110
Q

how many tendons of insertion does quadriceps femoris have?

111
Q

what is the tendon of insertion of quadriceps femoris commonly called?

A

short patellar ligament

112
Q

what is the function of quadriceps femoris?

A

prime stifle extensor

113
Q

what tendon contains the patella?

A

tendon of insertion of quadriceps femoris

114
Q

what are the 4 heads of quadriceps femoris?

A

rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, vastus medialis

115
Q

what is the origin of rectus femoris?

A

rounded eminence craniodorsal to acetabulum

116
Q

where is the origin of vastus lateralis?

A

proximally on lateral rough line of femur

117
Q

where is the origin of vastus intermedius?

A

proximally on cranial shaft of the femur

118
Q

where is the origin of vastus medialis?

A

proximally on medial rough line

119
Q

what is the insertion of quadriceps femoris?

A

tibial tuberosity

120
Q

what is the stifle inward rotator?

121
Q

what is the function of popliteus?

A

resists outward rotation of stifle, inwardly rotates stifle, ensure femorocrural joint is optimally aligned

122
Q

what causes the outward rotation that popliteus resists?

A

non-sagittal movement of hip, stifle and hock and asymmetry of large thigh muscles

123
Q

what is the direction of the line of pull of popliteus?

124
Q

what is in the tendon of origin of popliteus the dog?

A

sesamoid bone

125
Q

what is the origin of popliteus?

A

fossa on lateral condyle of femur?

126
Q

what is the insertion of popliteus?

A

medial side of caudal aspect of tibia

127
Q

what are the caudal crus muscles?

A

gastrocnemius, SDF, DDF, capsular muscle of hock, popliteus

128
Q

how many bellies does gastrocnemius have?

129
Q

what tendon is the fabella found in?

A

tendon of origin of gastrocnemius

130
Q

what does the gastrocnemius form?

A

caudal contour of the crus

131
Q

what is the origin of gastrocnemius?

A

lateral and medial popliteal surface of femur

132
Q

what is the insertion of gastrocnemius?

A

tuber calcis

133
Q

what is SDF tightly adherent to in the hindlimb?

A

gastrocnemius

134
Q

what is the origin of SDF in the hindlimb?

A

popliteal surface of femur deep to lateral head of gastrocnemius

135
Q

what is the insertion of SDF in the hindlimb?

A

proximal plantar surface of P2 of all digits

136
Q

what is the only part of Achilles tendon that doesn’t insert on tuber calcis?

137
Q

what route does SDF take?

A

spirals around medial side to emerge superficially at tuber calcis

138
Q

where does DDF lie in the hindlimb?

A

deep in caudal crus

139
Q

how many heads does DDF have in the hindlimb?

140
Q

where doe the 2 heads of DDF join in the hindlimb?

141
Q

what are the origins of DDF in the hindlimb?

A

medial popliteal surface of tibia via notch in medial malleolus, lateral popliteal surface of tibia + fibular shaft via tarsal canal

142
Q

what are the insertions of DDF?

A

proximal plantar surface of P3 of all digits

143
Q

what is the capsular muscle of the hock?

A

a tiny tendon of tiny vestigial head of DDF

144
Q

where does the capsular muscle of the hock lie?

A

medial to tendon of medial DDF

145
Q

what is the origin of the capsular muscle of the hock?

A

proximal fibula and adjacent caudal tibia

146
Q

what is the insertion of the capsular muscle of the hock?

A

capsule of hock (especially medial aspect)

147
Q

what covers the proximo-medial caudal tibia proximal to DDF?

A

triangular belly of popliteus

148
Q

what is the tarsal canal?

A

canal medial to tuber calcis

149
Q

what does the tarsal canal contain?

A

lateral tendon of DDF

150
Q

what are the hock flexors in the dog?

A

cranial tibial, fibularis longus, fibularis brevis

151
Q

what is the largest and most important hock flexor in the dog?

A

cranial tibial

152
Q

what forms the cranial contour of the crus in dogs?

A

cranial tibial

153
Q

what is the origin of cranial tibial in the dog?

A

lateral side of tibial crest, muscular groove

154
Q

what is the insertion of cranial tibial in the dog?

A

proximomedially on MT II

155
Q

what are the cranial crus muscles in the dog?

A

cranial tibial, long digital extensor, fibularis longus, lateral digital extensor, fibularis brevis, short digital extensor

156
Q

what is the common digital extensor in the dog hindlimb?

A

long digital extensor

157
Q

where does long digital extensor in the hindlimb originate?

158
Q

where does the proximal tendon of origin of LoDE in the hindlimb run?

A

trhough sharp notch on lateral side of tibial plateau, runs through tendon sheath

159
Q

where does the distal tendon of insertion of LoDE in the hindlimb run past cranial hock?

A

under proximal and distal extensor retinacula

160
Q

what is the origin of LoDE in the hindlimb?

A

fossa on lateral condyle of femur

161
Q

what is the insertion of LoDE in the hindlimb?

A

extensor tubercles on P3 of all digits

162
Q

what is the function of fibularis longus?

A

hock flexor, supports arch of the foot

163
Q

what is the origin of fibularis longus?

A

proximal fibula and lateral tibial condyle

164
Q

what is the insertion of fibularis longus?

A

plantar aspect of proximal ends of MT 2-4, via larger lateral groove in lateral malleolus

165
Q

what is the function of LaDE in the hindlimb?

A

digital extensor

166
Q

what is the shape of LaDE in the hindlimb?

167
Q

where does LaDE lie in the hindlimb?

A

caudal to fibularis longus

168
Q

what does cutting LaDE reveal in the horse hindlimb?

A

stringhalt- involuntary flexion of equine carpus

169
Q

what is the origin of LaDE in the hindlimb?

A

proximal 1/3 of fibula

170
Q

what is the insertion of LaDE in the hindlimb?

A

LoDE at P1 in digit V via smaller caudal groove of lateral malleolus

171
Q

what is the function of fibularis brevis?

A

hock flexor

172
Q

what is the origin of fibularis brevis?

A

fleshy belly applied to middle 1/3 of fibula

173
Q

what is the insertion of fibularis brevis?

A

dorsoproximally on MT V via smaller caudal groove of lateral malleolus

174
Q

where does the short digital extensor of the hindlimb lie?

A

within pes

175
Q

how many bellies does short digital extensor have?

176
Q

what do the bellies of short digital extensor adhere to?

A

dorsal surface of fibular tarsal bone (calcaneus)

177
Q

what is the origin of short digital extensor?

A

dorsal aspect of fibular tarsal

178
Q

what is the insertion of short digital extensor?

A

LoDE tendon at P1 in digits II-IV

179
Q

what is the scheme of the hindlimb digital extensors distally?

A

each digit receives 2 tendons. 1 muscle (LoDE) moves all the digits and 2 others distribute tendons to just some of the digits

180
Q

what forms the contour of the crus in the ungulate?

A

long digital extensor

181
Q

what is the only hindlimb muscle with vertebral origin in ruminants?

A

biceps femoris

182
Q

what forms the cranial contour of crus in ruminants?

A

peroneus tertius

183
Q

what is the function of capsularis coxae?

A

capsular muscle of hip joint

184
Q

what is the final landmark in cranio-lateral surgical approach to the hip?

A

capsularis coxae- tiny ovoid plaque

185
Q

what is the origin of capsularis coxae?

A

on same protuberance as rectus femoris

186
Q

what is the insertion of capsularis coxae?

A

neck of femur (tiny insertion)

187
Q

what does the tendon sheath of LoDE run through at the level of the stifle?

A

extensor groove on lateral edge of tibial plateau

188
Q

what course does the popliteus tendon take from lateral femur?

A

spiraling course to caudal aspect of tibia

189
Q

what is the origin of popliteus tendon?

A

fossa on lateral condyle of femur

190
Q

what is the insertion of popliteus tendon?

A

medial side of caudal aspect of tibia

191
Q

what is the function of popliteus tendon?

A

resists outward rotation which occurs due to non-sagittal movements of hip, stifle and hock, along with cruciate ligaments ensures femorocrural joint optimally aligned

192
Q

what does flexion of the hock lead to in the pes and why?

A

lateral deviation due to the oblique configuration of the trochlea

VAP (10 decks)

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