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Pathophys > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

Tachypnea Causes

A

Fever
Respiratory distress
Toxins
Hypoperfusion
Brain lesion
Metabolic acidosis
Anxiety

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2
Q

Bradypnea Causes

A

Narcotics/sedative
Drugs/ETOH
Metabolic disorders
Hypoperfusion
Fatigue
Brain injury

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3
Q

Cheyne-Stokes respirations

A

Alternating periods of increased & decreased rate & depth w/ brief periods of apnea

Causes:
-Increased ICP
-CHF
-Renal failure
-Toxins
-Acidosis

*Repeating pattern
*May indicate spinal injury

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4
Q

Biot’s respirations

A

Similar to Cheyne-Stokes but irregularly irregular

Cause:
-Meningitis
-Increased ICP
-Neurological emergency

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5
Q

Kussmaul’s respirations

A

Deep & fast breaths lacking any apneic periods (Deep labored breathing that indicates severe acidosis)

Cause:
-Metabolic
-Renal failure
-Diabetic ketoacidosis

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6
Q

Apneustic respirations

A

A long, gasping inspiration followed by a very short expiration in which the breath is not completely expelled. Result is chest hyperinflation (causes severe hypoxemia)

Causes:
-Brain lesion

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7
Q

Central neurogenic hyperventilation

A

Very deep & rapid respiratory rate (>25)

Central nervous system acidosis triggers rapid, deep breathing = systemic alkalosis

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8
Q

Stridor

A

inspiration

-Croup
-Epiglottitis
-FBA

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9
Q

Rhonchi

A

Primarily expiration

-Frank aspiration
-Bronchitis
-Cystic fibrosis
-Pneumonia

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10
Q

Wheeze

A

Primarly expiration

-Reactive airway disease
-Asthma
-CHF
-Chronic bronchitis
-Emphysema
-Endobronchial obstruction

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11
Q

Wheeze

A

End-inspiration

-Pneumonia
-CHF exacerbation
-Pulmonary edema

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12
Q

Diminished breath sounds

A

Either or both

-Emphysema
-Atelectasis
-Pneumothorax (simple or tension)
-Flail chest
-Neuromuscular disease
-Pleural effusion

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13
Q

Pleural rub

A

Either

-Pleuritis
-Pleurisy
-Pleural effusion

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14
Q

Respiratory Distress TX

A

-Dual Neb
-IV & EtCO2
-Solumedrol (125mg)
-Mag (2g/15min)
-CPAP
-Epi (0.3mg of 1:1)
-Ventilatory Support
-Position of comfort

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15
Q
  • Typically overweight
  • Fatigue
  • Chest discomfort
  • Course Rhonchi or Wheezing
  • Productive cough w/ sputum
A

Chronic Bronchitis

Increase in the number and size of mucus-producing glands, which results from prolonged exposure to irritants (most often cigarette smoke)

  • Resistance on inspiration & expiration
  • Chronic cyanosis
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16
Q
  • Thin, barrel chested
  • Swollen lower extremities
  • Pink complexion
  • Non productive cough
  • Wheezing & Rhonchi
  • Prolonged inspiration (pursed-lip breathing)
  • Extreme dyspnea on exertion
A

Emphysema

Permanent abnormal enlargement of the air spaces beyond the terminal bronchioles and by destruction and collapse of the alveoli

17
Q
  • Productive cough w/ sputum production
  • Pleuritic chest pain
  • Tachypnea & Tachycardia
  • Wheezing, crackles, or Rhonchi
  • Flank or Back pain
  • Fever “shaking chills”
  • Anorexia
  • Nausea/Vomiting

HX:
-Flu or Cold
-Over 65 or under 2 yrs
-Cystic Fibrosis, Asthma, COPD, Sarcoidosis
-Hospital, Long term Care Facility
-Weak immunity

A

Pneumonia

Specific infections that cause an acute inflammatory process of the respiratory bronchioles and the alveoli

Resp Distrss TX
-IV fluids to support blood pressure and to thin and loosen mucus
-Cardiac monitoring
-CPAP

18
Q
  • Dyspnea & Hypoxia
  • Tachypnea & Tachycardia
  • Increasing demand for supplemental O2 to maintain adequate saturation
  • Fever & hypotension
  • Rales/crackles (may or may not be heard on auscultation)

HX:
-Drug users/Workers = Inhaling chemicals
-Pneumonia
-Trauma
-Dialysis = Blood transfusions
-Alcoholic = Pancreatitis
-OD/Vomiting = Aspiration
-Swimming = Near drowning

A

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

TX:
- Fluids (hypotension)
- Nitro

19
Q
  • Acute sharp chest pain (worse when breathing)
  • Acute Dyspnea/Tachypnea
  • Persistent Cough &/or Hemoptysis
  • Acute wheezing/Rales
  • ALOC/Anxiety/Syncope
  • Acute tachycardia/cardiac arrhythmia
  • DVT signs/Leg pain
  • Fever
  • Shock

HX:
- Recent surgery/Trauma
- DVT
- Pregnant
- Long Travel
- Bed rest/Inactivity
- Blood clotting Disorder
- HF/Afib/HTN/Diabetes/Smoker

A

Pulmonary Embolism

TX:
-High flow 02 (Vent if indicated)
-IV & EtCO2
-Nitro (Reduce right-sided workload & pain)
-Morphine (if pain persists)
-Fluids or Epi if Hypotensive (Caution to not over work heart)
-Tx for shock

20
Q
  • Dyspnea (on exertion)
  • Orthopnea
  • Chest pain
  • Diminished breath sounds
  • Better upright

HX:
- Infections/Pneumonia
- CHF
- PE
- Trauma
- Cancer/Tumors
- Autoimmune (Lupus, Rheumatoid Arthritis)

A

Pleural effusion

A buildup of fluid between the tissues that line the lungs and the chest;
Fluid can accumulate around the lungs due to poor pumping by the heart or by inflammation

21
Q
  • Dyspnea (cardinal symptom)
  • Weakness
  • Fatigue
  • Syncope
  • Increased S2 sound
  • Tricuspid murmur
  • Jugular venous pulsations
  • Pittting edema

HX:
- Uppers
- Severe Chronic lung Disease
- Congenital Heart Disease
- Childbearing Aged Women
- 50-60 yr old Women
- Sickle Cell Disease

A

Pulmonary Artery Hypertension

TX:
-Nitro
-Versed (if indicated)
-EKG 12 lead

22
Q

-Dental Pain
-Fever/Chills
-Drooling
-Sore Throat
-Chocking/Dysphagia or Suffocation
-Sublingual & Tongue Edema (Elevated Tongue)
-Firm, Red, & Edema in the anterior throat

HX:
-Dental Decay
-Severe Gingivitis & Cellulitis

A

Ludwig’s Angina

Deep-space infection below the mandible

23
Q

-Persistent painful cough that lasts more than three weeks and usually brings up phlegm, which may be bloody
-Chest Pain
-Weight loss
-Night sweats
-Fever/Chills
-Fatigue
-Loss of appetite
-Acute & persistent Edema

HX:
-Close contact with a person with infectious TB
-Immigration from an area with a high prevalence of TB
-Age younger than 5 years
-Correctional facilities
-Homeless shelters
-Hospitals
-Nursing homes
-Living with IV drug users

A

TB

Acquired through inhalation of a dried-droplet nucleus containing tubercle bacilli (M tuberculosis, Mycobacterium bovis, or a variety of atypical mycobacteria)

24
Q

-Pharyngitis
-Dysphagia
-Dyspnea
-Fever/Chills
-Neck Pain, Stiffness, or Redness
-Drooling
-Trismus (difficulty opening mouth)
-Vocal Changes
-Inspiratory Stridor

HX:
-ENT Infection

A

Retropharyngeal & Prevertebral Abscess

Infections that develop behind the esophagus & in front of the cervical vertebrae

25
Q
  • Acute Sharp/Stabbing Chest/Back pain
  • Decreased breath sounds on affected side
  • SOB & Tachypnea
  • Tachycardia
  • Diaphoresis
  • Fatigue
  • Altered mental status
  • Pallor/Cyanosis

HX:
- Tall & Thin
- Smoker
- Asthma
- COPD
- Cystic fibrosis
- Tuberculosis
- Whooping cough

A

Spontaneous Pneumothorax

TX:
-Needle Decompress
-High flow 02/Ventilatory support)
-IV & EtCO2
-TX for shock

26
Q

-Increasing dyspnea or difficulty ventilating with a bag-mask device
-Unilateral decreased or absent breath sounds
-Anxiety & Tachycardia
-Cyanosis
-Hypotension or unexplained signs of shock
-JVD
-Unequal expansion of the chest (tension does not fall with respiration)
-Subcutaneous emphysema
-Tracheal deviation (a late sign)

HX:
-Trauma

A

Tension pneumothorax

27
Q

-Chest Pain
-SOB & Diminished breath sounds on affected side
-Tachypnea & Tachycardia
-Confusion, Restlessness/Anxiety
-Pallor
-Hypotension

HX:
-Trauma
-Surgery
-Blood Clotting Disorder
-Pulmonary Infacrtion
-Lung Cancer or TB

A

Hemothorax

Accumulation of blood in the pleural space caused by bleeding from the lung parenchyma or damaged vessels

28
Q

-Flat neck veins
-Tachypnea & Dyspnea
-Cyanosis (often not evident in hemorrhagic shock)
-Diminished or decreased breath sounds
-Hypovolemic shock
-Narrow pulse pressure

HX:
-Trauma

A

Hemopneumothorax

29
Q

-Tachypnea
-Tachycardia
-Cough
-Hemoptysis
-Apprehension
-Respiratory distress
-Dyspnea
-Crackles
-Evidence of blunt chest trauma
-Cyanosis

HX:
-Trauma

A

Pulmonary Contusion

30
Q

-Stridor
-Dysphonia or Dysphagia
-Hemoptysis
-High riding hyoid bone
-Massive subcutaneous emphysema
-Dyspnea & Severe Hypoxia
-Tachypnea & Tachycardia
-Persistent Pneumothorax
-Respiratory Distress

HX:
-Trauma

A

Tracheobronchial injury

31
Q

-Respiratory Distress (Anxious, Tachypneic, & Pale)
-Abdominal Pain & Tenderness
-Grey Turner Sign
-Decreased breath sounds
-Bowel sounds auscultated over the chest

A

Ruptured diaphragm

32
Q

-Purple-red discoloration of the face and neck (the skin below the area remains pink)
-JVD
-Swelling or hemorrhage of the conjunctiva (subconjunctival petechiae may appear)

A

Traumatic asphyxia

Severe crushing injury to the chest and abdomen that results in an increase in intrathoracic pressure

33
Q

-Whooping cough
-Runny nose
-Tearing eyes
-Fatigue
-Fever
-Difficulty breathing
-Vomiting
-Apnea, cyanosis

HX:
-Infant/PED

A

Pertussis

34
Q

-Fever
-Severe cough
-Wheezing
-Tachypnea/Dyspnea
-Cyanosis
Infants are affected worse

A

RSV

Very common respiratory illness that infects the lower respiratory tract;
It usually occurs during the winter months

35
Q

-High fever
-Muscle aches
-Cough
-Pneumonia

A

SARS

A form of Coronavirus

36
Q

-Fever/Chills
-Muscle Aches
-Malaise
-Dry cough/SOB
-Headache/Dizziness
-Nausea/Vomiting
-Severe respiratory distress and shock

HX:
-Roden Infestation

A

Hantavirus

The virus is carried by rodents and is transmitted by inhalation of aerosol material contaminated with rodent urine and feces

37
Q

Anaphylaxis TX

A
  • IM Epi 0.3 (may repeat q 5-15 min)
  • Duoneb (wheezing)
  • Large Bore IV Access
  • 20ml/kg fluid (hypotensive)
  • Vitals & HX
  • Diphenhydramine 1mg/kg (50mg max)
  • Solumedrol 2mg/kg (125mg max)

Pathophys (16 decks)

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