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Pathophys > Neurological > Flashcards

Neurological Flashcards

1
Q

Altered Mental Status causes

A

AEIOU TIPS

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2
Q

A

A

Alcohol (drunk or withdrawal)
Acidosis
Alkalosis

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3
Q

E

A

Electrolytes
Endocrine (thyroid, diabetic)
Epilepsy
Encephalopathy (brain disfunction)

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4
Q

I

A

Infection
*sepsis
*meningitis
*encephalitis (inflammation)

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5
Q

O

A

O2 (hypoperfusion)
Opiates
OD

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6
Q

U

A

Uremia (kidney dysfuntion)

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7
Q

T

A

Trauma
Toxins
Tumors
Temp

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8
Q

I

A

Insulin (surplus or deficit)

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9
Q

P

A

Psychiatric

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10
Q

S

A

Stroke
Syncope
Seizure
Shunt
Space occupying lesion

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11
Q

Seizure Causes

A

VASCULAR: Stroke, AV malformations, Bleeding
INFECTIONS
TRAUMA/TOXINS
AUTOIMMUNE
METABOLIC
IDIOPATHIC
NEOPLASM: CNS Tumors
DRUGS

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12
Q

Vascular

A

Strokes (embolic, post)
Av malformations

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13
Q

Infections

A

Meningoencephalitis
Brain abscess
Cerebral malaria
Sepsis

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14
Q

Trauma/Toxins

A

TBI

Drugs/etoh/prescription
Pesticides
Heavy metals

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15
Q

Autoimmune

A

Lupus
Rheumatoid arthritis
Sjorgren’s syndrome
Crohn’s disease

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16
Q

Metabolic

A

Hypoglycemia & HHS
Hepatic encephalopathy
Thyroid disorders
Uremia
Low Na, Ca, Mg

17
Q

Neoplasm

A

Primary & secondary

18
Q

Other

A

Sleep depravation
Eclampsia
Hydrocephalus
Congenital disorders

19
Q

Types of seizures

A

Focal onset seizure
Generalized onset seizure

*Both can have Motor Onset

20
Q

Focal onset seizures

A

Seizure that begins within networks of one hemisphere of the brain

Usually arise from identifiable lesions in the motor or sensory cortex and may spread in an orderly way to surrounding areas

Divided into:
-Focal aware
-Focal impaired aware

21
Q

Focal aware

A

Patient is aware of his/her surroundings (knows something is happening); often remembers

22
Q

Focal impaired aware

A

Change in the patient’s level of awareness during the seizure; may not remember

23
Q

Motor/Non-Motor Onset

A

-Produces a change in muscle activity, such as weakness, twitching, and stiffening of body parts

-Non-motor onset seizures can affect the senses, resulting in changes in smell, taste, and hearing; visual and/or auditory hallucinations may also arise

24
Q

Generalized onset seizure

A

Begins within both hemispheres of the brain and are divided into motor and non-motor

-Awareness is believed to be impacted in some way

May include:
-Absence seizures
-Atonic seizures
-Myoclonic seizures
-Tonic-clonic seizures

25
Q

Seizures 5 minutes or longer

A

Status Epilepticus

-Ongoing or w/out returning to normal
-Usually tonic-clonic

*Medical Emergency

26
Q

Most common CNS infections

A

-Meningitis
-Encephalitis
-Brain abscesses

27
Q

-Brudzinski & Kernig sign
-Nuchal rigidity &/or Joint pain
-Headache
-Fever
-Vomiting
-Photophobia
-Rash
-Sleepy/Fatigue
-ALOC/confusion/seizures

HX:
-Infection

A

Meningitis

Inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord;
Myelitis refers to inflammation of the spinal cord;

When both the brain and the spinal cord are involved, the condition is called encephalomyelitis

28
Q

-Fever
-Headache
-Sensitivity to light
-Sensitivity to sound
-Neck stiffness
-Movement disorders
-Seizures
-ALOC

HX:
-Enteroviruses
-Herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2
-Rabies virus
-Arboviruses like West Nile virus
-Rabies
-Fungus
-Parasites
-Autoimmune diseases
-Certain medications

A

Encephalitis

Inflammation of the brain

29
Q

Brain abscess

A

An accumulation of purulent material surrounded by a capsule within the brain

-Develops from a bacterial infection that often begins in the nasal cavity, middle ear, teeth, or mastoid cells
-May also develop after surgery or penetrating cranial trauma, especially when bone fragments are retained in cranial tissue
-Clinical manifestations are often nonspecific and may be associated with intracranial infection and an expanding intracranial mass.
-Headache is the most common early symptom

30
Q

CNS tumors

A

The second most common group of tumors in children and the most common solid organ tumors in pediatric patients

Heredity may play a role in development; also associated with exposure to radiation, tobacco use, dietary habits, some viruses, and the use of some medications.

-Effects of the tumor depend on its size, location, and growth rate, and whether any evidence of hemorrhage or edema exists

-Headache
-Seizures
-Weakness
-Sensory loss
-Visual disturbance
-Aphasia
-Cognitive dysfunction
-Vomiting

31
Q

Stroke TX

A
  • General Impression
  • LOC
  • XABC’s
  • O2
  • Stroke Screen
  • HX: SAMPLE & OPQRST (Last Seen Normal)
  • Vitals (BG)
  • 12 Lead EKG
  • Large Bore IV Access (AC)
  • Stroke Alert
  • Transport Quickly to appropriate Stroke Center
32
Q

Neurogenic Shock TX

A
  • General Impression
  • LOC
  • ABC’s
    -HX
    -C spine Precautions
  • High Flow 02 & End Tidal cO2
    -Large bore IV Access (2 18g IVs or IO)
    -TX SHOCK (Fluids, Epi, Warmth)
    -Rapid Head to Toe Assessment
    -Stabilize PT (backboard) & Rapid Transport
33
Q

TBI TX

A
  • General Impression
  • LOC
  • XABC’s
    -HX (MOI? Blood Thinners?)
    -C Spine Precautions
  • High Flow 02 & End Tidal cO2 (Ventilate if needed but do not hyperventilate)
    -Semi-Fowler for reduced ICP
    -Large Bore IV Access (2 18g IV’s or IO)
    -Fluids to sustain BP >110
    -Physically restrain combative PT
    -Rapid Transport
    -Monitor VS

Pathophys (16 decks)

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