Hematological Flashcards
-Fatigue and headaches
-Sometimes a sore mouth or tongue
-Brittle nails
-Breathlessness & chest pain in severe cases
HX:
-Heavy menstrual bleeding
-Pregnancy or breastfeeding
-Inflammatory bowel or peptic ulcer disease
-Bariatric surgery, a vegetarian or vegan diet that does not include iron-rich foods
-Daily consumption of more than 16 to 24 ounces (473–710 mL) of cow’s milk in children younger than 1 year
-Hemolytic
Anemia
Iron-Deficient or
Hemolytic:
Inherited disorders that destroy premature RBCs in the blood
-Abdominal fullness
-Bleeding
-Bone pain
-Elevated body temperature and diaphoresis
-Enlargement of lymph nodes
-Enlargement of the liver, spleen, and testes
-Fatigue
-Frequent bruising
-Headache
-Heat intolerance
-Night sweats
-Weight loss
Leukemia
Excess production of leukemic cells crowds and impairs the normal production of RBCs, WBCs, and platelets
Acute or Chronic classification
Chronic leukemia implies an abnormal proliferation of more mature but not fully differentiated cells
Two common forms of leukemia are acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) and acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)
Lymphomas
Any neoplastic disorder of the lymphoid tissue;
All lymphomas are malignant; that is, cancerous tumors that tend to metastasize;
Hodgkin lymphoma is one type; all others, despite their diversity, are called non-Hodgkin lymphomas
-Swollen lymph nodes in the neck, axillae, or groin
-Fatigue
-Chills
-Night sweats
Hodgkin lymphoma
Painless, progressive enlargement of lymphoid tissue found mainly in the lymph nodes and spleen;
Left unchecked, these cancer cells multiply and eventually displace healthy lymphocytes, suppressing the immune system
Non-Hodgkin lymphomas
Causes are largely unknown;
Typically found in patients older than 60
Have been linked to:
-Acute and chronic infections
-Some breast implants
-Some autoimmune conditions
-Exposure to radiation
-Some chemical exposures
S/S:
-Painless swelling of one or more group of lymph nodes
-Enlargement of the liver and spleen
-Fever
-Abdominal pain and gastrointestinal bleeding (rare)
-Blurred vision
-Dizziness
-Generalized itching
-Headache
-Hypertension
-Red hand/feet; red/purple complexion
-Splenomegaly
HX:
-Testosterone/Anabolics
-Obstructive sleep apnea
-Obesity hypoventilation syndrome
-COPD
Polycythemia
An increase in the total RBC mass of the blood
Either primary or secondary polycythemia
*Secondary:
-Higher elevation body adaptation
-Dyspnea/Hemoptysis/Cough
-Petechiae & Ecchymosis
-GI Bleeding
-Renal Failure
-Hypotension
-ALOC
-Fever
HX:
-Blood Transfusion
-Leukemias
-Trauma/Surgery/Burns
-Pregnancy
-Pancreatitis
-Liver Disease
-Blood Infection
Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy
Abnormal clotting disorder that arises as a complication of severe injury, trauma, pregnancy, or disease;
Disrupts the balance among procoagulants, inhibitors, thrombus formation, and lysis
-Easy or excessive bruising (purpura)
-Prolonged bleeding from cuts
-Heavy Nosebleeds
-Bleeding from your gums
-Blood in urine or stools
-Unusual bleeding after vaccinations
-Pain, swelling or tightness in your joints
Hemophilia
A medical condition that causes uncontrolled bleeding and that involves the loss of bleeding control mechanisms;
Comprises a group of inherited bleeding disorders
*Head trauma is potentially life threatening
-Easy or excessive bruising (purpura)
-Petechiae (usually on the lower legs)
-Prolonged bleeding from cuts
-Bleeding from your gums or nose
-Blood in urine or stools
-Unusually heavy menstrual flows
-Fatigue
-Enlarged spleen
HX:
-Leukemia or Lymphoma
-Aplastic anemia
-Vitamin B12 or folic acid deficiency anemias
-Splenomegaly
-Infectious diseases
-Massive blood transfusions
Thrombocytopenia
Low platelet count that can result in bleeding with relatively minor trauma
Can occur if the body does not produce enough platelets or destroys too many platelets, or if the spleen retains too many platelets
At platelet levels below 20,000, spontaneous bleeding can occur, increasing the risk for shock and death
-Excruciating pain, most often in the back or extremities
-Weakness
-Aching
-Chest pain
-Shortness of breath
-Sudden and severe abdominal pain
-Bony deformities & joint pain
-Jaundice
-Fever
Sickle cell disease
Acute emergencies related to sickle cell disease are:
-Vaso-occlusive crisis
-Acute chest syndrome
-Splenic sequestration syndrome
-Anemia
-Weakness
-Skeletal pain
-Hemorrhage
-Hematuria
-Lethargy
-Weight loss
-Frequent fractures
HX:
-Hep B & C
-Agriculture & Farm Work
-Cosmetologists
-Petroleum workers
-Leather Industry
Multiple myeloma
A malignant neoplasm of plasma cells that tend to accumulate in the bone marrow;
The cells destroy bone tissue, which causes pain, fractures, hypercalcemia, and skeletal deformities
Masses of coagulated protein can accumulate within tissues and impair function
Some patients die of kidney failure – a condition that develops from the buildup of proteins that infiltrate the kidneys and block the renal tubules
