Respiratory Flashcards
What is the purpose of respiration?
to carry oxygen to and remove carbon dioxide from all body tissues; the regulation of blood acid-base balance during exercise
Ventilation:
mechanical process of moving air into and out of the lungs
inspiration:
taking air into lungs
expiration:
expelling air out of lungs
eupnea:
normal respiration
apnea:
cessation of respiration
dyspnea:
irregularities of respiration
hyperpnea:
increase in respiratory rate (frequency) and depth (tidal volume)
External Respiration (pulmonary respiration)
- Passage of air through the respiratory passages and lungs (ventilation)
- Diffusion of respiratory gases between alveoli of lungs and pulmonary capillaries
- Transport of O2 and CO2 through blood
- Diffusion of respiratory gases between blood and tissues
Internal Respiration (Cellular Respiration)
- Utilization of O2 and production of CO2 in essential metabolic reactions in products of energy from food stuffs in the mitochondria
Function of the respiratory system
Exchange of respiratory gases (i.e., O2 and CO2) between atmosphere and the cells of the body
The function of the respiratory system is broken down in four continuous and simultaneously occurring processes which are:
- Ventilation
- Alveolar gas exchange
- Circulatory transport
- Systemic gas exchange
Respiratory system plays an important role in the regulation of:
acid base balance during high intensity exercise
Structural Organization of the respiratory system:
Upper respiratory tract: nose, naval cavity, pharynx
Lower respiratory tract: trachea, bronchus, bronchioles
Function Organization of the respiratory system:
Conducting zone, Respiratory zone
What two muscles assist with inspiration?
external intercostals and diaphragm
What two muscles assist with forced expiration?
internal intercostals, interosseous part and diaphragm
During Pulmonary Ventilation, the lungs are suspended by:
pleural sacs
What happens during pulmonary ventilation when lungs are suspended by pleural sacs?
visceral (pulmonary) pleura attaches to lungs, lungs take size and shape of rib cage
Anatomy of lung, pleural sacs, diaphragm, and rib cage determines:
airflow into and out of lungs
Inspiration during pulmonary ventilation is an active process involving the diaphragm and the:
external intercostal muscles
During inspiration, pressure in the lung is ___ than the air pressure outside the body
less
Pulmonary Ventilation refers to:
the movement of gas into and out of the lungs
Tidal volume =
volume of air inhaled or exhaled in a single breath
T/F: not all the air we take in reaches the alveolar gas compartment
True
What is Quiet Breathing?
inspiration-active, expiration-passive
What happens during Exercise Breathing?
expiratory muscles boost lung’s recoil, abdominal and internal intercostal contract
Pulmonary Ventilation includes both ___ and ____
Dead space and Alveolar Ventilation
Anatomical Dead Space (VD) represents:
“unused” air not participating in gas exchange; air remains in the conducting zone
Alveolar Ventilation (VA) =
portion of the tidal volume that reaches the alveolar compartment
Pulmonary Volumes are measured using:
spirometry; pulmonary volumes and rate of expired air
Residual Volume (RV) =
volume of gas remaining in the lungs after max expiration
Total Lung Capacity (TLC) =
volume of gas remaining in lungs after max inspiration; TLC = VC + RV
Vital Capacity (VC) = inspire____, then exhaled _____
maximally, forcefully
Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV) =
amount expired forcefully in one second
FEV1/VC should be ___ or higher ratio for a healthy individual
80%
Daltons Law:
the total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the pressure that each gas would exert independently
Fick’s Law of Diffusion:
The rate of gas transfer (V gas) is proportional to the tissue area, the diffusion coefficient of the gas, and the difference in the partial pressure of the gas on the two sides of the tissue, and inversely proportional to the thickness
Pulmonary Circulation:
- Carries blood to and from lungs
- Right side of heart through lungs to left side of heart
- Arteries carry blood low in O2 and high in CO2
- Veins carry blood high in O2 and low in CO2
Systemic Circulation:
- Carries blood to and from body tissues (except lungs)
- Left side of heart through body to right side of heart
- Arteries carry blood high in O2 and low in CO2
- Veins carry blood low in O2 and high in CO2
Basic Pattern of blood flow:
- Right side of heart
- Lungs
- Left side of heart
- Systemic cells
During resting conditions (standing) most blood flow is to the ___ of the lung
base
During exercise, blood flow increase to:
top of lung (apex)
Each molecule of hemoglobin can transport __ O2 molecules
4
99% of O2 is transported bound to:
hemoglobin (Hb)
Oxyhemoglobin:
Hb bound to O2
Deoxyhemoglobin:
Hb not bound to O2; free to carry other things like CO2
Oxyhemoglobin is transported to the ___ side of the heart for transport around the body
left
Amount of O2 transported per unit (given volume) of blood is dependent on:
Hb concentration and saturation
Each gram of Hb can transport ___ O2 if fully saturated
1.3 ml
Anemia:
dysfunction or disruption of hemoglobin
The hemoglobin dissociation curve is based off of what equation?
deoxyhemoglobin + O2 <> Oxyhemoglobin
What dictates the direction of the hemoglobin dissociation curve equation?
PO2 of the blood and affinity between Hb and O2
At the lung, High PO2 =
formation of oxyhemoglobin
At tissues, low PO2 =
release of O2 to tissues
Dissociation in relation to the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve means:
to separate O2 from Hb
During exercise, PO2:
drops
Strength of O2 and Hb bond is weakened with ____ in pH (increase in acidity)
decrease
What does a decrease in blood pH do?
results in unloading of O2 to tissues, right shift in pH, H+ binds with Hb = decrease O2 transport
Right shift in pH occurs in:
heavy exercise due to increase in H+
When pH decreases, the O2 + Hb bond ___ making it easier to release O2 into the body and be used
weakens
At a constant blood pH, O2 affinity of Hb is ____ related to blood temp
inversely
What happens during exercise?
increase in temp, and change in pH leads to a right shift in the graph
What does myoglobin do?
shuttles O2 from the cell membrane to the mitochondria
Myoglobin (Mb) has a higher affinity for ___ than Hb
O2
Mb binds O2 at a very low:
PO2
Mb stores enough O2 for ____ ____ to catch up
alveolar ventilation
Mb buffers muscle O2 needs at onset of exercise until ____ system increases O2 delivery to muscle
cardiopulmonary
Mb holds on O2 ____, and shuttles it deeper, does not release O2 until low ___
longer, PO2
What does a-v O2 difference mean?
Arterial-Venous Oxygen difference
What is a-v O2 difference?
difference between arterial and venous O2, the amount of O2 extracted by the tissue
for a-v O2 difference, as extraction increases:
venous O2 decreases, making a-v O2 difference increase
normal arterial O2 content:
20 mL O2/100 mL blood
At rest and heavy exercise what is the normal venous O2 content?
at rest: 15-16 mL O2/100 mL blood (low extraction)
at exercise: 4-5 mL O2/100 mL blood (high extraction)
Higher demand of O2 ___ a-v O2 difference
increases
What are the three ways CO2 is transported in blood?
dissolved in plasma (10%)
bound to Hb (20%)
bicarbonate (70%)
When CO2 is dissolved in plasma, what ends up happening to it?
carried up to the lungs, expelled out
Is CO2 being bound to Hb the ideal way for CO2 to be transported in the blood?
no, Hb wants to be open for O2
When CO2 is transported via bicarbonate in the blood, what ends up happening to it?
carried to the lungs to be expelled
H+ + ____ > H2CO3 > CO2 + H2O
HCO3, actual bicarbonate buffer
CO2 transport in blood is constantly going through reaction to buffer:
H2 and CO2
What kind of ventilation removes H+ from blood by the HCO3 reaction?
pulmonary
Increased ventilation results in ___ exhalation
CO2
Increased ventilation reduces ___ and ___ concentration (pH increase)
PCO2 and H+
Decreased ventilation results in buildup of ___
CO2
Decreased ventilation increases ____ and ____ (pH decrease)
PCO2 and H+
Ventilation increases in proportion to:
exercise intensity
What happens to our ventilation (VE) and blood gases during prolonged exercise in a hot environment?
VE drifts upward due to increased body temp, arterial PCO2 remains constant
In relation to breathing patterns, during moderate exercise, there is an increase in:
Tidal volume and breathing frequency
In relation to breathing patterns, during heavy exercise:
tidal volume levels off, breathing frequency increases
VA =
VT - VD (only VT can change)
Control center for respiration:
medulla and pons
body must maintain homeostatic balance between blood:
PO2, PCO2, and pH
In order to maintain homeostasis between blood PO2, PCO2, and pH, what systems need to coordinate?
respiratory and CV
Control of ventilation at rest occurs via:
involuntary regulation of pulmonary ventilation
Inspiratory and expiratory centers:
brain stem > Medulla oblongata and pons
nerves from the respiratory center of the brain establishes:
rate and depth of breathing
Decrease O2, Increase H+, and Increase CO2 stimulate:
ventilation
receptors in the brain, aorta, and carotid arteries are stimulated by:
increase CO2, increase H+, decrease O2
From the effect of endurance exercise training, what happens to ventilation during exercise?
ventilation is about 20-30% lower at the same work rate
Endurance exercise training makes changes in:
aerobic capacity of locomotor muscles
What results from changes in aerobic capacity of locomotor muscles?
less production of H+ and less afferent feedback from muscle to stimulate breathing
What is VO2 max?
highest rate of O2 consumption attainable during maximal exercise
VO2 max =
maximal cardiac output x maximal a-v O2 difference
VO2 max can __ by about 15-20% in about 20 weeks of endurance training
increase
High VO2 max comes primarily from:
maximal a-v O2 difference
