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Ex Phys > Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

Cardiovascular system works with:

A

pulmonary system

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2
Q

Purpose of cardiovascular system:

A
  • Transport O2 and nutrients to tissues
  • Removal of CO2 and other waste products
  • Regulation of body temp
  • Transportation of hormones
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3
Q

Blood is very good at transporting heat; it helps remove heat from body during:

A

exercise

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4
Q

The heart creates pressure to pump:

A

blood

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5
Q

Arteries carry blood away from the:

A

heart

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6
Q

Arterioles are small arteries capable of:

A

constricting/changing their size to affect blood flow

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7
Q

Capillaries exchange O2, CO2 and nutrients with:

A

tissues

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8
Q

Venules are small veins with:

A

slight elasticity

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9
Q

Veins carry blood toward the:

A

heart

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10
Q

Structure of the heart:

A

4 chambers; right and left atriums; right and left ventricles; 4 valves

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11
Q

The right and left atriums receive:

A

blood

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12
Q

Right and left ventricles push ___ out

A

blood

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13
Q

What are the four valves of the heart?

A

R and L AV valves, R and L semilunar valves

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14
Q

semilunar valves open when:

A

pressure increases on one side of the valve

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15
Q

Semilunar valves are:

A

one-way

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16
Q

Major vessels of the heart:

A
  • inferior and superior vena cava
  • pulmonary artery
  • aortic artery
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17
Q

Pulmonary Circuit:

A

-right side of the heart (collects deoxygenated blood from the body)
- pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs via pulmonary arteries
- returns oxygenated blood to the left side of the heart via pulmonary veins

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18
Q

Systemic Circuit:

A
  • Left side of the heart (brings oxygenated blood from lungs and gives it to the body)
  • pumps oxygenated blood to the whole body via arteries
  • returns deoxygenated blood to the right side of the heart via veins
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19
Q

Pulmonary circulation:

A

pumps deoxygenated blood from body to lungs;
RA > AV valve > RV > pulmonary valve > pulmonary arteries > lungs > pulmonary valve > LA

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20
Q

Systemic circulation:

A

pumps oxygenated blood from lungs to body;
LA > mitral valve > LV > aortic valve > aorta > body > superior, inferior vena cava > RA

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21
Q

Myocardium is the:

A

heart wall; 3 layers

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22
Q

What are the three layers of the myocardium?

A
  • epicardium (outside)
  • myocardium (performs contractions)
  • endocardium (inner layer of protection, smooth layer for blood to move)
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23
Q

Coronary arteries supply:

A

blood to heart

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24
Q

Myocardial Infarction (heart attack) happens when:

A

blockage in coronary blood flow results in cell damage

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25
Q

Exercise training ___ the risk of having a heart attack

A

decreases

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26
Q

Both heart and skeletal muscles have:

A

contractile proteins (actin and myosin), z-discs (walls of contractile portion of the heart), and striated structure

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27
Q

What is the shape of a heart muscle?

A

shorter than skeletal muscle fibers and branching

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28
Q

How many Nuclei are in heart muscles?

A

single

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29
Q

Do heart muscles have cellular junctions?

A

yes - intercalated discs

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30
Q

What kind of connective tissue does heart muscle have?

A

endomysium

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31
Q

Intercalated disc carries:

A

electrical signal; happens in certain order

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32
Q

What is the primary form of energy production in a heart muscle?

A

aerobic

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33
Q

What is the calcium source for contraction in a heart muscle?

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum and extracellular calcium

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34
Q

Does heart muscle move voluntarily or involuntarily?

A

involuntarily

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35
Q

What is the regeneration potential of heart muscle?

A

none - no satellite cells present

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36
Q

The Cardiac Cycle refers to:

A

the repeating patterns of contraction and relaxation of the heart

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37
Q

Systole:

A
  • contraction phase
  • ejection of blood (approx 2/3 of blood is ejected from ventricles per beat)
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38
Q

Diastole:

A
  • relaxation phase
  • filling with blood
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39
Q

At rest, diastolic time is ___ than systolic time

A

longer

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40
Q

During exercise, what happens to the duration of both systolic and diastolic?

A

both durations are decreased

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41
Q

At rest, how long does systole and diastole take?

A

.3 and .5 seconds, respectively

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42
Q

during exercise, how long does systole and diastole take?

A

.2 and .13 seconds, respectively

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43
Q

During diastole, the pressure in the ventricles is:

A

low

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44
Q

AV valves open when:

A

ventricular P < atrial P

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45
Q

During systole, the pressure in the ventricles:

A

increase

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46
Q

During systole, blood is ejected:

A

in pulmonary and systemic circulation

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47
Q

semilunar valves open when:

A

ventricular P > aortic P

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48
Q

What are the first and second heart sounds?

A

first: closing of AV valves
second: closing of aortic and pulmonary valves

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49
Q

Arterial blood pressure is expressed as:

A

systolic/diastolic

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50
Q

Normal blood pressure is:

A

120/80 mmHg

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51
Q

Systolic pressure:

A

pressure generated during ventricular contraction

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52
Q

Diastolic pressure:

A

pressure in arteries during ventricular relaxation

53
Q

Pulse pressure:

A

systolic - diastolic

54
Q

when inflating the cuff while taking blood pressure, the cuff pressure is raised to:

A

200 mmHg, which closes the vessel

55
Q

When taking blood pressure, after releasing the cuff pressure, what do you hear?

A

turbulent 1st korotkoff sounds

56
Q

When taking blood pressure, when do you start recording cuff pressure?

A

at first sound, marks systolic BP

57
Q

When taking blood pressure, when do you stop recording cuff pressure?

A

at the last korotkoff sound, marks diastolic BP

58
Q

At the last korotkoff sound when taking BP, that indicates the vessel is:

A

fully opened

59
Q

Hypertension numbers:

A

SBP > 140 mmHg
DBP > 90 mmHg
*only need one to be hyper

60
Q

Hypotension numbers:

A

SBP < 90 mmHg
DBP < 60 mmHg
*only need one to be hypo

61
Q

Determinants of MAP

A
  • cardiac output (amount of blood getting kicked out per min)
  • total vascular resistance
62
Q

Short-term regulation of arterial blood pressure

A
  • sympathetic nervous system (SNS)
  • baroreceptors in aorta and carotid arteries
    increase in BP = decrease SNS activity
    decrease in BP = increase SNS activity
63
Q

Long-term regulation of arterial blood pressure

A

Kidneys via control of blood volume; affects total vascular resistance

64
Q

Contraction of the heart depends on:

A

electrical stimulation of the myocardium

65
Q

Sinoatrial node (SA node) is the ___ and initiates ___

A
  • pacemaker (sets pace, if fails, AV node takes over)
  • initiates depolarization
66
Q

Atrioventricular node (AV node) passes ___ signal to ventricles and causes a brief delay allowing for ___ _____

A
  • passes depolarization (signal) to ventricles
  • brief delay to allow for ventricular filling
67
Q

Bundle branches connect atria to:

A

left and right ventricle

68
Q

purkinje fibers spread wave of ____ throughout ventricles

A

depolarization

69
Q

What are the three main wavelengths of an electrocardiogram (ECG)?

A

P wave, QRS complex, T wave

70
Q

P wave

A

atrial depolarization (contraction signal)

71
Q

QRS complex:

A

ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization (reset membrane potential to relaxed state)

72
Q

T wave

A

ventricular repolarization (going back to resting membrane)

73
Q

ECG abnormalities may indicate:

A

coronary heart disease

74
Q

ST-segment depression on an ECG can indicate:

A

myocardial ischemia (lack of blood flow)

75
Q

Cardiac output (Q) =

A

the amount of blood pumped by the heart each minute

76
Q

Cardiac output is the product of:

A

heart rate and stroke volume

77
Q

what is stroke volume?

A

amount of blood ejected in each beat

78
Q

what is heart beat?

A

number of beats per min

79
Q

Trained individuals have a higher cardiac output, meaning:

A

the heart doesn’t need to work so hard, their heart muscles are more efficient

80
Q

How does the parasympathetic nervous system regulate heart rate?

A
  • via vagus nerve
  • slow HR by inhibiting SA and AV node
  • low resting HR due to parasympathetic tone
81
Q

how does the sympathetic nervous system regulate heart rate?

A
  • via cardiac accelerator nerves
  • increases HR by stimulating SA and AV
82
Q

Initial increase in HR at onset of exercise is due to:

A

parasympathetic withdrawal (up to 100 bpm)

83
Q

later increase in HR during exercise is due to:

A

SNS outflow

84
Q

How does the end-diastolic volume (EDV) regulate stroke volume?

A
  • volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of a diastole (pre-load)
  • frank-starling mechanism (greater EDV results in a more forceful contraction due to stretch of ventricles)
85
Q

How does average aortic blood pressure regulate stroke volume?

A

pressure the heart must pump against to eject blood (afterload); has the potential to lower SV

86
Q

How does the strength of the ventricular contraction regulate stroke volume?

A

ventricular contraction is enhanced by circulating epinephrine and norepinephrine, direct sympathetic stimulation of the heart

87
Q

End-diastolic volume (EDV) is dependent on:

A

venous return

88
Q

venous return is increased by:

A
  • vasoconstriction via SNS
  • skeletal muscle pump
  • respiratory pump
89
Q

how does the skeletal muscle pump increase venous return?

A
  • rhythmic skeletal muscle contraction force blood in the extremities toward the heart
  • one way valves prevent backflow
90
Q

how does the respiratory pump increase venous return?

A

changes in thoracic pressure pull blood toward heart

91
Q

What is the relationship between EDV and SV?

A

positive, when one increases, the other increases

92
Q

Cardiac output is influenced by:

A

cardiac rate and stoke volume

93
Q

cardiac rate is influenced by:

A

parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves

94
Q

stroke volume is influenced by:

A

contraction strength, end-diastolic volume, mean arterial pressure

95
Q

Plasma:

A
  • liquid portion of blood
  • contains ions, proteins, hormones, and platelets
  • majority of blood is plasma
  • if too low blood becomes more viscous (dehydration can lower by 10%)
96
Q

Blood cells:

A

red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC) and platelets

97
Q

Red blood cells (RBC):

A

contain hemoglobin to carry O2

98
Q

White blood cells (WBC):

A

important in preventing infection

99
Q

Platelets:

A

blood clotting

100
Q

Hematocrit:

A

percentage of blood composed of cells

101
Q

blood flow is directly proportional to:

A

the pressure difference between the two ends of the system

102
Q

blood flow is inversely proportional to:

A

resistance

103
Q

blood flow =

A

change in pressure / resistance

104
Q

resistance depends upon:

A
  • length of the vessel
  • viscosity of the blood
  • radius of vessel (great influence on resistance)
105
Q

sources of vascular resistance

A
  • MAP decreases throughout the systemic circulation
  • largest BP drop occurs across the arterioles (arterioles called “resistance vessels”)
106
Q

will length of vessel and viscosity of blood change when starting exercise?

A

no, but can change radius; viscosity and length are long-term adaptations

107
Q

How does pressure change across the systemic circulation?

A

pressure decreases as getting closer back to heart

108
Q

O2 demand by muscles increases during exercise by how much?

A

~ 15 to 25 times greater than rest

109
Q

increased O2 delivery accomplished by:

A
  • increased cardiac output (Q)
  • redistribution of blood flow (from inactive organs to working skeletal msucle)
110
Q

at rest, blood flow is distributed:

A

evenly

111
Q

during exercise, blood flow is distributed:

A

mostly to the heart and brain, only distributed where it is needed

112
Q

Cardiac output increases during exercise due to:

A

increased HR

113
Q

SV increases during exercise, then plateaus at:

A
  • plateau at 40 to 60% VO2 max
  • no plateau in higher trained subjects
114
Q

Changes in arteriovenous difference (a-v O2 difference) during exercise

A

increases during exercise due to higher O2 uptake in tissues (used for ATP production)

115
Q

Fick equation:

A

relationship between cardiac output (Q), VO2 difference, and VO2: VO2 = Q x a-v O2 difference

116
Q

changes in HR and BP during exercise depend on:

A
  • type, intensity, and duration of exercise
  • environmental conditions
117
Q

transition from rest to exercise causes a rapid increase in:

A

HR, SV, and cardiac output

118
Q

Transition from exercise to recovery causes a decrease in:

A

HR, SV, and cardiac output towards resting levels (depends on duration and intensity of exercise, training state of the individual)

119
Q

How does incremental exercise affect heart rate and cardiac output?

A
  • increases linearly with increased work rate
  • both reach a plateau at 100% VO2 max
120
Q

How does incremental exercise affect blood pressure?

A

mean arterial pressure (MAP) increases linearly (SBP increases, DBP remains fairly constant

121
Q

recovery of heart rate and blood pressure between bouts during intermittent exercise depend on:

A
  • individual fitness level
  • temp and humidity
  • duration and intensity of exercise
122
Q

near maximal HR values are possible during intermittent exercise when:

A

it is heavy-intensity

123
Q

during prolonged exercise, cardiac output is maintained due to:

A
  • gradual decrease in stroke volume
  • dehydration and reduced plasma volume
124
Q

gradual increase in heart rate during prolonged exercise (particularly in heat) causes:

A

cardiovascular drift (increased in HR and decreased in SV)

125
Q

Endurance training increases:

A

maximal stroke volume

126
Q

endurance training increases maximal stroke volume by:

A
  • increasing pre-load (EDV), increasing plasma volume, increasing venous return, increasing ventricular volume
  • decreasing afterload (TPR), decreasing arterial constriction, increasing maximal muscle blood flow with no change in mean arterial pressure
  • increasing contractility
127
Q

endurance training-induced changes occur rapidly, such as:

A

11% increase in plasma volume, 7% increase VO2 max, and 10% increase in stroke volume within first six days of endurance training

128
Q

Training-induced increases in a-vO2 difference:

A
  • muscle blood flow increases (decrease SNS vasoconstriction)
  • improved ability of muscle fibers to extract and utilize O2 from the blood (increase capillary density and increase mitochondrial number)

Ex Phys (10 decks)

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