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Ex Phys > Bioenergetics > Flashcards

Bioenergetics Flashcards

1
Q

Substrates:

A

fuel sources from which we make energy (ATP); carbohydrate, fat, protein

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2
Q

Bioenergetics

A

process of converting subtsrates into energy

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3
Q

metabolism

A

highly integrated network of chemical reactions essential to viability of living organisms

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4
Q

Measuring energy release

A

calories or kilocalorie

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5
Q

Calorie (cal)

A

amount of heat energy needed to raise 1g of water 1 degree celcius

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6
Q

Kilocalorie

A

equals 1,000 calories

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7
Q

Endergonic reactions

A

require energy to be added to the reactants before the reaction will proceed

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8
Q

Exergonic reactions

A

reactions that give off energy as a result of chemical processes

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9
Q

3 primary sources of energy:

A

carbohydrates (CHO), fats, proteins

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10
Q

Energy is released when chemical bonds are:

A

broken

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11
Q

During short activity, more __; during longer activity,

A

CHO; CHO, Fat

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12
Q

Carbohydrates provide:

A

4kcal/g ~ 2500 kcal stored in body (very little)

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13
Q

All CHO is converted into:

A

glucose

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14
Q

CHO is transported to:

A

all body tissues

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15
Q

Extra glucose is stored as ___ in the liver and muscles

A

glycogen

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16
Q

Glycogen is converted back to glucose when:

A

more ATP is needed

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17
Q

Glycogen stores are:

A

limited, rely on dietary CHO to replenish

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18
Q

Fat provides:

A

~9kcal/g

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19
Q

fat is an ___ substrate, with ___ storage

A

efficient, efficient

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20
Q

Fat is stored in the form of:

A

triglycerides (TGs)

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21
Q

TGs must be broken down by a process called

A

lipolysis

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22
Q

only FFA’s are used to form:

A

ATP

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23
Q

Phospholipids are used to build:

A

cell membranes

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24
Q

More glycogen is stored in ___ than ___

A

muscle than liver

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25
Q

Not a lot of glucose is stored in:

A

body fluids (blood)

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26
Q

Not a lot of fat is stored in ___

A

muscle

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27
Q

Protein provides:

A

4kcal/g (similar to carbs)

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28
Q

Protein must first be converted to ___ before it can be used

A

glucose

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29
Q

Gluconeogenesis:

A

Converting protein and fat into glucose

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30
Q

lipogenesis

A

converting protein and CHO into FFAs

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31
Q

Protein can provide ___% of energy during prolonged exercise

A

5-10

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32
Q

use of protein is usually during:

A

fast/starvation states or ultra marathons

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33
Q

Enzymes

A

to NOT start chemical reactions or set ATP yield, do facilitate reactions, lower activation energy for chemical reaction, end with suffix -ase

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34
Q

ATP is broken down by:

A

ATPase (Adenosine Tyriphosphatase)

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35
Q

Enzymes will be impacted by increases in :

A

body temperature

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36
Q

warm-ups help with enzyme ____

A

activity

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37
Q

Types of work in the body:

A

transport, chemical, mechanical

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38
Q

Transport work:

A

active transport, resets membrane

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39
Q

chemical work

A

glucose glycogen; glycerol + FA > Triaclygycerol; amino acids > protein

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40
Q

mechanical work

A

contractile cells; muscle contraction; protein filaments convert chemical energy to mechanical energy

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41
Q

Breakdown of ATP to release energy

A

Hydrolysis: ATP + Water + ATPase > ADP + Pi + energy

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42
Q

How many kcal per mole of ATP is produced during hydrolysis

A

~7.3

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43
Q

Synthesis of ATP from by-products:

A

ADP + Pi + energy > ATP (via phosphorylation)

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44
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation:

A

generates largest amount of ATP; aerobic

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45
Q

Substrate-level phosphorylation:

A

anaerobic

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46
Q

Body must constantly synthesize new:

A

ATP

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47
Q

If we are exercising in a hot environment (air temp > skin temp) which is the primary factor of heat loss?

A

evaporation

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48
Q

If it’s humid outside, what is the primary factor of heat loss?

A

convection because it’s harder to sweat, so you would rely on wind more to cool down

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49
Q

Bioenergetic outline in order that they would be utilized

A

metabolism, creatine phosphate or ATP-PC system, glycolysis, citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation

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50
Q

Immediate energy systems

A

stored ATP, Phosphocreatine (creatine phosphate)

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51
Q

How much ATP is stored in the body?

A

very small amounts

52
Q

stored ATP is the primary supplier of energy for the first ___ seconds of intense exercise

A

1-3

53
Q

Creatine Phosphate reaction is catalyzed by

A

creatine kinase

54
Q

Creatine Phosphate is most useful for:

A

short high-intensity exercise

55
Q

Is oxygen required for creatine phosphate to take place?

A

it can occur in the presence of oxygen, but it is not required, it is anaerobic

56
Q

Creatine phosphate keys:

A

rapidly available
very limited supply
used during high-intensity activity
anaerobic

57
Q

How much creatine phosphate is stored in the muscle?

A

enough for about 10-20 seconds of exercise (more than stored ATP)

58
Q

As ATP is used, CP reforms more:

A

ATP from ADP

59
Q

Creatine Kinase (CK) controls rate of __ production

A

ATP

60
Q

When ATP levels increase, CK activity __

A

decreases

61
Q

Levels of ATP maintained early during sprinting exercise by ___ breakdown

A

PCr

62
Q

When PCr is depleted, ATP ___

A

declines

63
Q

Creatine Phosphate system is limited, what are some ways to increase CP stores?

A

eat animal meat or take creatine supplements

64
Q

Anaerobic Glycolysis is called onto when doing more ___ exercise

A

long-term

65
Q

Anaerobic Glycolysis

A

metabolism of glucose molecules to produce energy

66
Q

How long does Anaerobic Glycolysis last?

A

15 seconds - 2 mins

67
Q

How many ATP does Anaerobic Glycolysis yield?

A

2 ATP molecules per 1 molecule substrate

68
Q

Intramuscular glycogen supplies most of the energy for ATP resynthesize at first:

A

then we increasingly use blood glucose which is replenished from glycogen stores in the liver

69
Q

Which stores are used first, intramuscular, or liver glycogen?

A

intramuscular

70
Q

What is the only macronutrient whose stored energy can be used to generate ATP anaerobically?

A

CHO

71
Q

Glycolysis

A

uses glucose or glycogen as its substrate

72
Q

glycolysis must convert:

A

glucose-6-phosphate

73
Q

Costs _ ATP for glucose, _ ATP for glycogen

A

1, 0

74
Q

Glycolysis pathway starts with glucose-6-phosphate, ends with:

A

pyruvic acid (PA)

75
Q

All steps of glycolysis occur in the:

A

cytoplasm

76
Q

In glycolysis, glucose is transported into the cell by:

A

mediated transport

77
Q

Since glucose needs to be concentrated in the cell and trapped, it is converted into a form of glucose that will stay in the cell:

A

glucose-6-phosphate

78
Q

Glucose > glucose-6-phosphate is helped by which enzyme?

A

hexokinase

79
Q

If using glycogen first, does glucose need to be converted into glucose-6-phosphate?

A

no

80
Q

Second (or first) step of glycolysis

A

Glucose-6-phosphate gets turned into Fructose-6-phosphate (F6P) then with the help of PFK is turned into Fructose 1,6-biphosphate

81
Q

Rate limiting steps in glycolysis

A

adding phosphate to glucose required ATP and hexokinase; adding phosphate to already phosphorylated fructose compound requires ATP and PFK

82
Q

the anaerobic breakdown requires _ ATP and gains _ ATP

A

2, 4

83
Q

if there’s not enough O2 present, and pyruvic acid starts to pile up, it will become:

A

lactate as a buffer

84
Q

Due to 2 rate limiting steps, _ ATP is consumed during glycolysis

A

2

85
Q

in glycolysis, there are _ ATP producing steps

A

2

86
Q

in glycolysis, there are _ gross ATP produced, resulting in _ net ATP produced

A

4, 2

87
Q

Explain the level of involvement of the respiratory and renal systems in Acid-Base regulation during exercise

A

rely on respiratory more because blood flow is reduced to renal system

88
Q

Describe the energy investment phase of glycolysis

A

2 steps for glucose (costs 2 ATP), and 1 step for glycogen (1 ATP), adding phosphate to glucose requires ATP and Hexokinase, adding phosphate to already phosphorylated fructose compound requires ATP and PFK

89
Q

End product of glycolysis:

A

pyruvate

90
Q

Under aerobic conditions, pyruvate:

A

goes to citric acid acycle via acetyl CoA molecule; when it is completely combusted, more ATP is produced, so you won’t tire as quickly

91
Q

under anaerobic conditions, pyruvate:

A

becomes lactate; hits a dead end and no more ATP is produced if lactate is accumulated

92
Q

lactate may be converted back to:

A

pyruvate if pyruvate levels are lowered

93
Q

You can reduce lactate concentration by:

A

cooling down after a workout

94
Q

H+ removed from reaction are accepted by:

A

NAD to form NADH

95
Q

NADH + O2 >

A

shuttled H+ into mitochondria

96
Q

NADH + no O2 >

A

H+ to pyruvic acid to form lactate

97
Q

Electron carriers

A

carriers of electrons which has high energy potentials: NAD and FAD

98
Q

NADH

A

only one active in glycolysis; carrier of electrons; donates electrons in production of 2.5-3 ATP; derived from vitamin Niacin

99
Q

FADH2

A

active in kreb’s cycle; electron carrier; donates electron in production of 1.5-2 ATP; riboflavin is associated with the B2 vitamin

100
Q

If conditions are right, electron carriers help generate:

A

a lot of ATP

101
Q

Acetyl CoA enters:

A

Citric Acid cycle

102
Q

citric acid cycle allows for the complete oxidation of

A

Acetyl CoA

103
Q

Citric acid cycle has:

A

1 molecule of glucose, 2 pyruvate, 2 acetyl CoA

104
Q

Citric acid cycle is responsible for:

A

oxidation of CHO, fat, and proteins

105
Q

products of the citric acid cycle include:

A

water, CO2, NADH, H+, FADH2, GTP

106
Q

Citric acid cycle occurs in the:

A

mitochondria

107
Q

glycolysis in the citric acid cycle takes _ pyruvate per 1 molecule of glucose

A

2

108
Q

pyruvate undergoes pyruvate decarboxylation to become:

A

acetyl-CoA before entering citric acid cycle

109
Q

During beta-oxidation (fat breakdown)

A

several acetyl-CoA enter the citric acid cycle

110
Q

protein catabolism (protein breakdown)

A

contributes minimally to bioenergetics; can be converted to glucose or pyruvate, some to acetyl-CoA and other citric acid intermediates

111
Q

NADH produces _ ATP

A

15

112
Q

FADH produces _ ATP

A

3

113
Q

GTP produces _ ATP

A

2

114
Q

How many ATP are produced from 2 turns of the krebs cycle?

A

20

115
Q

12 ATP is added to the krebs cycle from:

A

glycolysis and pyruvate becoming Acetyl CoA

116
Q

What is the total ATP produced from 1 glucose molecule in the krebs cycle?

A

32

117
Q

oxidative phosphorylation is also known as:

A

electron transport chain

118
Q

Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?

A

mitochondria

119
Q

In oxidative phosphorylation, NADH carries __ ATP, and FADH2 carries:

A

2.5 ATP, 1.5 ATP

120
Q

Main controllers of energy systems

A

creatine phosphate or ATP-PC system, glycolysis, citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, glycogen breakdown: phosphorylase

121
Q

Aerobic exercise training increases aerobic capacity by:

A

increasing number of mitochondria, and increasing capillary density. Also increases use of fatty acids and reduces H+ production

122
Q

Why do we care about reducing the carbohydrates we use, and increasing metabolism of fats during exercise?

A

because it is glucose sparing, maintains pH, and maintains lactate for longer exercise at a higher intensity

123
Q

What are the primary fuel source for muscle during low-intensity exercise?

A

fats

124
Q

What are the dominant substrate during high-intensity exercise?

A

CHO

125
Q

During prolonged, low-intensity exercise, there is a shift from:

A

carbohydrate metabolism toward fat metabolism

Ex Phys (10 decks)

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