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Ex Phys > BioEnergentics Final > Flashcards

BioEnergentics Final Flashcards

1
Q

Substrates

A

Fuel sources from which we make energy; they are: carbs, fats, and proteins

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2
Q

What is bioenergetics?

A

the process of converting substrates (carbs, fats, proteins) into energy

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3
Q

What is metabolism?

A

highly integrated network of chemical reactions essential to viability of living organisms

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4
Q

What unit is energy release measured in?

A

calories (cal): amount of heat energy needed to raise 1g of water 1 degree celcius

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5
Q

What unit is energy release typically measured in in humans?

A

kilocalorie (kcal) which is equal to 1000 calories

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6
Q

What is an endergonic reaction?

A

a reaction that requires energy to be added to the reactants before the reaction can start

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7
Q

What is an exergonic reaction?

A

a reaction that needs to give off energy as a result of chemical processes

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8
Q

What storage form is food converted into in order to create energy?

A

ATP

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9
Q

What are the three primary sources of energy/fuel?

A

carbs, fats, proteins

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10
Q

Energy is released when chemical bonds are:

A

broken

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11
Q

How many kcals do carbs provide, and how many kcals are stored in the body?

A

provides 4kcal/g and stores 2500 kcal

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12
Q

Extra glucose is stored as ___ in the liver and muscles

A

glycogen

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13
Q

Stores of CHO are limited and can be depleted during:

A

prolonged exercise

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14
Q

When is glycogen converted back to glucose?

A

when more ATP is needed

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15
Q

How many kcals do fats provide?

A

9 kcal/g

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16
Q

What is an efficient substrate and has efficient storage?

A

fat

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17
Q

What is the form that fats are stored in?

A

triglyceride

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18
Q

Triglycerides are broken down by a process called:

A

lipolysis

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19
Q

Only ___ are used to form ATP

A

FFA’s (free fatty acids)

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20
Q

How many kcals do proteins provide?

A

4 kcal/g

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21
Q

In order for proteins to be used, they must first be converted into:

A

glucose via gluconeogenesis

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22
Q

The process of converting protein and carbs into FFAs is called:

A

lipogenesis

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23
Q

What percent of energy can proteins provide during prolonged exercise?

A

5-10%

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24
Q

The speed of cellular chemical reactions is regulated by:

A

catalysts

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25
Q

What do enzymes do?

A

they facilitate reactions by lowering the activation energy

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26
Q

What is an example of an enzyme that is used to break down ATP?

A

ATPase

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27
Q

Transport work is also known as:

A

active transport

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28
Q

Examples of chemical work:

A

glycerol + FA > tiaclygycerol
amino acids > proteins

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29
Q

Examples of mechanical work:

A
  • contractile cells
  • muscle contraction
  • protein filaments convert chemical energy to mechanical energy
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30
Q

What is the process of breaking down ATP to release energy with water called?

A

hydrolysis

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31
Q

How much ATP is stored?

A

very little amount

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32
Q

Stored ATP is the primary supplier of energy for the first ___ seconds of intense exercise.

A

1-3

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33
Q

What are the two immediate energy systems?

A

stored ATP and phosphocreatine

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34
Q

Phosphocreatine is a reaction catalyzed by:

A

creatine kinase

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35
Q

Creatine Kinase is an example of a ___ ____ enzyme.

A

rate limiting

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36
Q

Creatine phosphate is an ___ reaction, meaning it does not require oxygen.

A

anaerobic

37
Q

Creatine Phosphate is used during ___ ___ activity.

A

high-intensity

38
Q

There is enough creatine phosphate stored in muscle for about ___ seconds of exercise.

A

10-20

39
Q

As ATP is used, creatine phosphate reforms more ATP from:

A

ADP

40
Q

Creatine Phosphate recycles ATP during exercise until it is used up which is around ____ of maximal exercise.

A

3-15 seconds

41
Q

Creatine Kinase controls the rate of ___ production

A

ATP

42
Q

When ATP levels increase, creatine kinase activity ____

A

decreases

43
Q

Levels of ATP are maintained early during sprinting exercise by:

A

phosphocreatine breakdown

44
Q

When PCr is depleted, __ declines (in prolonged exercise)

A

ATP

45
Q

At exhaustion, ___ ___ activity is inhibited

A

creatine kinase

46
Q

What is the duration of anaerobic glycolysis?

A

15 seconds to 2 mins

47
Q

What many ATP does glycolysis yield?

A

2 ATP for every 1 molecule of substrate

48
Q

What supplies most of the energy for ATP resynthesis at first?

A

intramuscular glycogen

49
Q

What is used after intramuscular glycogen?

A

blood glucose which comes from liver glycogen

50
Q

In glycolysis, glucose and glycogen both need to convert to:

A

glucose-6-phosphate

51
Q

In glycolysis, how much ATP does it cost when starting out with glucose? glycogen?

A

glucose: 1
glycogen: 0

52
Q

Where do all steps of glycolysis occur?

A

cytoplasm

53
Q

In glycolysis, glucose is transported into the cell via:

A

mediated transport

54
Q

What is the enzyme that helps to convert glucose to glucose-6-phosphate?

A

hexokinase

55
Q

What is the enzyme that helps convert glucose-6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-biphosphate?

A

phosphofructokinase (PFK)

56
Q

What are the two rate limiting steps of glycolysis?

A
  • adding phosphate to glucose required ATP and hexokinase
  • adding phosphate to already phosphorylated fructose requires ATP and PFK
57
Q

The anaerobic breakdown of glucose has a net ATP of:

A

2

58
Q

What is the end product of glycolysis?

A

pyruvate

59
Q

When there is adequate oxygen, what is the fate of pyruvate?

A

goes to the citric acid cycle via acetyl CoA molecule, results in more ATP produced

60
Q

When there is NOT adequate oxygen, what is the fate of pyruvate?

A

pyruvate becomes lactate , no more ATP produced, inhibits PFK

61
Q

If pyruvate levels are lowered, what can happen to lactate?

A

may be converted back to pyruvate

62
Q

Following exercise with a “cool down” can do this to lactate levels

A

lowers lactate levels

63
Q

Hydrogen in glycolysis that are removed from the reaction are accepted by:

A

NAD to form NADH

64
Q

With adequate oxygen, NADH shuttles H+ into:

A

the mitochondria

65
Q

Without adequate oxygen, NADH shuttles H+ to:

A

pyruvic acid to form lactic acid

66
Q

What are two carriers of electrons that have high energy potentials?

A

NAD/H AND FAD/H

67
Q

How many ATP does NADH help produce?

A

3

68
Q

How many ATP does FADH help produce?

A

2

69
Q

NADH is associated with the vitamin:

A

B3

70
Q

FADH is associated with the vitamin:

A

B2

71
Q

The citric acid cycle allows for the complete oxidation of:

A

Acetyl CoA

72
Q

How many cycles of the citric acid cycle does 1 molecule of glucose go through?

A

2 cycles

73
Q

What are the products of the citric acid cycle?

A

Water, CO2, NADH, H+, FADH, and GTP

74
Q

Where does the citric acid cycle occur?

A

mitochondria

75
Q

Does the citric acid cycle require oxygen?

A

yes

76
Q

During glycolysis, pyruvate undergoes pyruvate decarboxylation to become:

A

acetyl-coA

77
Q

How many ATP are produced during 2 complete cycles of the citric acid cycle?

A

20 ATP

78
Q

How many of the 20 ATP formed from the citric acid cycle are from NADH, FADH, and GTP?

A

NADH: 15
FADH: 3
GTP: 2

79
Q

What is Aerobic Metabolism?

A

energy derived from aerobic metabolism of glucose

80
Q

How many ATP are produced from the aerobic conditions of glycolysis?

A

12

81
Q

What is the total tally of ATP produced from 1 glucose molecule?

A

32 ATP/ 33 with glycogen

82
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation occurs in:

A

the mitochondria

83
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation is a series of reactions involving:

A

cytochromes and cytochrome oxidase

84
Q

Aerobic exercise training effects:

A
  • increases number of mitochondria
  • increases capillary density
  • increases use of fatty acids
  • reduces H+ production
85
Q

Exercising longer and at a higher intensity allows for:

A
  • glucose sparing
  • maintaining pH
  • maintaining lactate
86
Q

Fats are the primary fuel source for muscle during ___ _____ exercise.

A

low-intensity

87
Q

CHO are dominant substrate during ___ ____ exercise

A

high-intensity

88
Q

During prolonged, low-intensity exercise, what is used as fuel?

A

shift from carbs to fats

Ex Phys (10 decks)

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