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Homeostasis/Homeokinesis Flashcards

1
Q

Homeostasis and Homeokinesis are ___ feedback systems

A

Negative feedback

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2
Q

What are the physiological control mechanisms of homeostasis

A

water balance and ionic balance

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3
Q

Homeostasis is defined as:

A

the ability of the body to maintain a stable internal environment through regulatory processes

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4
Q

Although arterial pressure oscillates over time, mean pressure:

A

remains consistent

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5
Q

Control Systems

A

Stimulus > Sensor > Control Center > Effect > Homeostasis

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6
Q

Failure of a biological control system results in:

A

disease; or failure of any component of a control system results in a disturbance of homeostasis

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7
Q

Example of failure of a biological control system is type 1 diabetes. There is damage to beta cells in the pancreas, causing insulin to no longer be released in the blood. Based on the control system diagram, which part failed?

A

Represents a failure of the “effector”

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8
Q

What is the primary feedback system in place to maintain homeostasis in our body?

A

negative feedback

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9
Q

What are some examples of positive feedback?

A

child birth, breast feeding, blood clotting

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10
Q

What is positive feedback?

A

keeps pushing body to the extremes

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11
Q

How common is positive feedback in humans?

A

very rare

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12
Q

Describe what occurs when there is failure within a component of this system designed to maintain homeostasis.

A

In failure, response would go right, towards death, instead of left, towards normal

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13
Q

If you are not adequately hydrated, performance will increase/decrease?

A

decrease

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14
Q

A loss of ____% body water will impair exercise performance:

A

1-2

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15
Q

Total Body Water = __ + ___

A

Internal Cellular Fluid + External Cellular Fluid

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16
Q

Internal cellular fluid accounts for __ of total body water

A

2/3

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17
Q

external cellular fluid accounts for ___ of total body water

A

1/3

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18
Q

When our blood volume is impaired, what happens?

A

everything starts to go downhill

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19
Q

Water in sweat is pulled from the:

A

plasma

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20
Q

While sweating, blood becomes more:

A

osmotic

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21
Q

When blood becomes more osmotic, that causes fluid from __ to move into the blood

A

tissue

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22
Q

When osmotic pressure of tissue fluid is increased, fluid osmotically:

A

moves out of cells into tissue

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23
Q

2 basic types of bonds:

A

Ionic and Covalent

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24
Q

Functions of ions:

A

membrane potential, nerve impulse, synaptic transmission, osmotic pressure

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25
What happens during nerve impulse/synaptic transmission?
ions will cross the membrane, causing a change in membrane potential (i.e. carry a signal)
26
H+ is primarily dependent on 3 things:
exercise intensity, amount of muscle mass involved, duration of exercise
27
Acidosis (too low pH):
CNS dysfunction, cardiovascular dysfunction
28
Alkalosis (too high pH):
cardiac dysfunction
29
Acid Base Balance is based on:
concentration of H+
30
pH of neutral blood:
7.4
31
pH of chemical neutrality (water):
7.0
32
In exercise, pH may drop to 7.2 and negative feedback is essential. if pH is too low, the individual will:
fatigue quickly
33
What is lactic acid?
H+ and lactate
34
Why is lactate still thought to cause acidosis?
most texts do not provide and explain the chemically balanced reactions occurring during metabolic acidosis. This incomplete description of acidosis in textbooks has led to the acceptance of the misconceptions of lactate
35
Lactate production is a ___ of cellular acidosis and ___ the causes of acidosis
consequence, not
36
lactate is a temporary ____ or ___ to the cells elevated accumulation of protons during high-intensity exercise
neutralizer, buffer
37
Lactate production is __ for contracting muscle
good
38
Creatine Phosphate (CP) is associated with which kind of exercise?
Anaerobic
39
Glycolytic Pathway (Glycolysis) is associated with which kind of exercise?
Anaerobic
40
Aerobic exercise is associated with what cycle?
citric acid cycle
41
Glucose + NAD > 2 Pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2NADH, 2H+ > 2 Lactate + 2H+
Anaerobic
42
Glucose + NAD > 2 Pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH, 2H+ > Krebs + ETC and No lactate
Aerobic
43
Buffers:
plasma proteins, hemoglobin, carbonate system in acidosis
44
Plasma proteins:
the more negative charges caused them to be a proton acceptor
45
Anaerobic exercise has heavier breathing to release more ___ to buffer
CO2
46
Bicarbonate buffer:
HCO3
47
Carbonic Acid:
H2CO3
48
Removal of Acids/Bases
Respiratory, renal (renal tubes secrete ammonia and H+ into urine; reabsorb alkali, CI, and bicarbonate)
49
Temperature is regulated by the:
hypothalamus
50
Two mechanisms for activating temperature regulation
central: blood profusion to skin peripheral: thermal receptors on the skin
51
What is very effective in transporting heat because it has a high capacity to store heat?
blood
52
Many exercise physiologists believe that this is the only serious threat to health that exercise presents to a healthy individual
overheating
53
Factors of heat loss:
Conduction, Convection, Evaporation, Radiation
54
Conduction:
direct transfer by contact
55
Radiation:
emission of electromagnetic radiation
56
Evaporation
Loss of heat by evaporation of water
57
Convection
moving air removes radiated heat
58
At rest in a comfortable environment of 21 degrees C, about __% of body heat loss occurs via radiation
61
59
Factors to increase heat production
shivering, non-shivering thermogenesis
60
Shivering > increase/decrease metabolism > increase/decrease heat (x3-5)
increase, increase
61
Non-shivering thermogenesis
catecholamines (norepinephrine and epinephrine), thyroxine to increase resting metabolism
62
Catecholamines
increase plasma volume, increase mobilization of fatty acids, increase heat production
63
Non-Shivering thermogenesis is voluntary/involuntary?
involuntary
64
Metabolism:
all of the chemical reactions within our body that synthesize or break down molecules for survival and function
65
What are fuels utilized in metabolism?
carbohydrates (main), Fat (second), Protein (last resort)
66
blood glucose fuels the brain, if the level of it is low, body will switch to __ for fuel
fat
67
Carbohydrates ares stored as:
stored as glycogen in muscles and liver, converted to fat if not utilized
68
fat
triglycerides, fatty acids, used or stored as fat (cannot be changed to muscle)
69
Protein
amino acids converted to glucose or fat if not utilized as amino acids, used during exercise
70
What is the term for how molecules are moved around the body?
Translocation
71
What are some types of translocation
diffusion, osmosis, filtration, active transport, membrane gates/channels/etc.: phagocytosis/pinocytosis/exocytosis
72
Diffusion
tries to even out the concentration, no energy needed
73
Facilitated or mediated
free > any lipid soluble substance, carrier in the membrane
74
Osmosis
movement of fluid, osmotic pressure is based off of number of solutes, not size
75
Filtration
driving/hydrostatic pressure, blood pressure forces small solutes through clefts in capillary cells
76
Lymphatics:
return fluid to central circulation
77
Active transport
creates potential energy to do work, acts against uphill gradient, 50% of all body energy is used in active transport, requires ATP
78
Movement through a membrane
phagocytosis, pinocytosis, exocytosis
79
phagocytosis:
large, solid, particle being pulled into the cell
80
pinocytosis
small particle being pulled into the cell
81
exocytosis
particles being pushed out of the cell
82
Exercise disrupts homeostasis by changes in:
pH, O2, CO2, water availability, and temperature
83
over time, our bodies respond to exercise stressors and:
become more efficient, they adapt
84
Control systems are capable of maintaining steady state during __ exercise in a cool environment:
submaximal

Ex Phys (10 decks)

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