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Ex Phys > Homeostasis/Homeokinesis > Flashcards

Homeostasis/Homeokinesis Flashcards

1
Q

Homeostasis and Homeokinesis are ___ feedback systems

A

Negative feedback

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2
Q

What are the physiological control mechanisms of homeostasis

A

water balance and ionic balance

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3
Q

Homeostasis is defined as:

A

the ability of the body to maintain a stable internal environment through regulatory processes

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4
Q

Although arterial pressure oscillates over time, mean pressure:

A

remains consistent

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5
Q

Control Systems

A

Stimulus > Sensor > Control Center > Effect > Homeostasis

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6
Q

Failure of a biological control system results in:

A

disease; or failure of any component of a control system results in a disturbance of homeostasis

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7
Q

Example of failure of a biological control system is type 1 diabetes. There is damage to beta cells in the pancreas, causing insulin to no longer be released in the blood. Based on the control system diagram, which part failed?

A

Represents a failure of the “effector”

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8
Q

What is the primary feedback system in place to maintain homeostasis in our body?

A

negative feedback

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9
Q

What are some examples of positive feedback?

A

child birth, breast feeding, blood clotting

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10
Q

What is positive feedback?

A

keeps pushing body to the extremes

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11
Q

How common is positive feedback in humans?

A

very rare

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12
Q

Describe what occurs when there is failure within a component of this system designed to maintain homeostasis.

A

In failure, response would go right, towards death, instead of left, towards normal

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13
Q

If you are not adequately hydrated, performance will increase/decrease?

A

decrease

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14
Q

A loss of ____% body water will impair exercise performance:

A

1-2

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15
Q

Total Body Water = __ + ___

A

Internal Cellular Fluid + External Cellular Fluid

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16
Q

Internal cellular fluid accounts for __ of total body water

A

2/3

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17
Q

external cellular fluid accounts for ___ of total body water

A

1/3

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18
Q

When our blood volume is impaired, what happens?

A

everything starts to go downhill

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19
Q

Water in sweat is pulled from the:

A

plasma

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20
Q

While sweating, blood becomes more:

A

osmotic

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21
Q

When blood becomes more osmotic, that causes fluid from __ to move into the blood

A

tissue

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22
Q

When osmotic pressure of tissue fluid is increased, fluid osmotically:

A

moves out of cells into tissue

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23
Q

2 basic types of bonds:

A

Ionic and Covalent

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24
Q

Functions of ions:

A

membrane potential, nerve impulse, synaptic transmission, osmotic pressure

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25
Q

What happens during nerve impulse/synaptic transmission?

A

ions will cross the membrane, causing a change in membrane potential (i.e. carry a signal)

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26
Q

H+ is primarily dependent on 3 things:

A

exercise intensity, amount of muscle mass involved, duration of exercise

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27
Q

Acidosis (too low pH):

A

CNS dysfunction, cardiovascular dysfunction

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28
Q

Alkalosis (too high pH):

A

cardiac dysfunction

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29
Q

Acid Base Balance is based on:

A

concentration of H+

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30
Q

pH of neutral blood:

A

7.4

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31
Q

pH of chemical neutrality (water):

A

7.0

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32
Q

In exercise, pH may drop to 7.2 and negative feedback is essential. if pH is too low, the individual will:

A

fatigue quickly

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33
Q

What is lactic acid?

A

H+ and lactate

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34
Q

Why is lactate still thought to cause acidosis?

A

most texts do not provide and explain the chemically balanced reactions occurring during metabolic acidosis. This incomplete description of acidosis in textbooks has led to the acceptance of the misconceptions of lactate

35
Q

Lactate production is a ___ of cellular acidosis and ___ the causes of acidosis

A

consequence, not

36
Q

lactate is a temporary ____ or ___ to the cells elevated accumulation of protons during high-intensity exercise

A

neutralizer, buffer

37
Q

Lactate production is __ for contracting muscle

A

good

38
Q

Creatine Phosphate (CP) is associated with which kind of exercise?

A

Anaerobic

39
Q

Glycolytic Pathway (Glycolysis) is associated with which kind of exercise?

A

Anaerobic

40
Q

Aerobic exercise is associated with what cycle?

A

citric acid cycle

41
Q

Glucose + NAD > 2 Pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2NADH, 2H+ > 2 Lactate + 2H+

A

Anaerobic

42
Q

Glucose + NAD > 2 Pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH, 2H+ > Krebs + ETC and No lactate

A

Aerobic

43
Q

Buffers:

A

plasma proteins, hemoglobin, carbonate system in acidosis

44
Q

Plasma proteins:

A

the more negative charges caused them to be a proton acceptor

45
Q

Anaerobic exercise has heavier breathing to release more ___ to buffer

A

CO2

46
Q

Bicarbonate buffer:

A

HCO3

47
Q

Carbonic Acid:

A

H2CO3

48
Q

Removal of Acids/Bases

A

Respiratory, renal (renal tubes secrete ammonia and H+ into urine; reabsorb alkali, CI, and bicarbonate)

49
Q

Temperature is regulated by the:

A

hypothalamus

50
Q

Two mechanisms for activating temperature regulation

A

central: blood profusion to skin
peripheral: thermal receptors on the skin

51
Q

What is very effective in transporting heat because it has a high capacity to store heat?

A

blood

52
Q

Many exercise physiologists believe that this is the only serious threat to health that exercise presents to a healthy individual

A

overheating

53
Q

Factors of heat loss:

A

Conduction, Convection, Evaporation, Radiation

54
Q

Conduction:

A

direct transfer by contact

55
Q

Radiation:

A

emission of electromagnetic radiation

56
Q

Evaporation

A

Loss of heat by evaporation of water

57
Q

Convection

A

moving air removes radiated heat

58
Q

At rest in a comfortable environment of 21 degrees C, about __% of body heat loss occurs via radiation

A

61

59
Q

Factors to increase heat production

A

shivering, non-shivering thermogenesis

60
Q

Shivering > increase/decrease metabolism > increase/decrease heat (x3-5)

A

increase, increase

61
Q

Non-shivering thermogenesis

A

catecholamines (norepinephrine and epinephrine), thyroxine to increase resting metabolism

62
Q

Catecholamines

A

increase plasma volume, increase mobilization of fatty acids, increase heat production

63
Q

Non-Shivering thermogenesis is voluntary/involuntary?

A

involuntary

64
Q

Metabolism:

A

all of the chemical reactions within our body that synthesize or break down molecules for survival and function

65
Q

What are fuels utilized in metabolism?

A

carbohydrates (main), Fat (second), Protein (last resort)

66
Q

blood glucose fuels the brain, if the level of it is low, body will switch to __ for fuel

A

fat

67
Q

Carbohydrates ares stored as:

A

stored as glycogen in muscles and liver, converted to fat if not utilized

68
Q

fat

A

triglycerides, fatty acids, used or stored as fat (cannot be changed to muscle)

69
Q

Protein

A

amino acids converted to glucose or fat if not utilized as amino acids, used during exercise

70
Q

What is the term for how molecules are moved around the body?

A

Translocation

71
Q

What are some types of translocation

A

diffusion, osmosis, filtration, active transport, membrane gates/channels/etc.: phagocytosis/pinocytosis/exocytosis

72
Q

Diffusion

A

tries to even out the concentration, no energy needed

73
Q

Facilitated or mediated

A

free > any lipid soluble substance, carrier in the membrane

74
Q

Osmosis

A

movement of fluid, osmotic pressure is based off of number of solutes, not size

75
Q

Filtration

A

driving/hydrostatic pressure, blood pressure forces small solutes through clefts in capillary cells

76
Q

Lymphatics:

A

return fluid to central circulation

77
Q

Active transport

A

creates potential energy to do work, acts against uphill gradient, 50% of all body energy is used in active transport, requires ATP

78
Q

Movement through a membrane

A

phagocytosis, pinocytosis, exocytosis

79
Q

phagocytosis:

A

large, solid, particle being pulled into the cell

80
Q

pinocytosis

A

small particle being pulled into the cell

81
Q

exocytosis

A

particles being pushed out of the cell

82
Q

Exercise disrupts homeostasis by changes in:

A

pH, O2, CO2, water availability, and temperature

83
Q

over time, our bodies respond to exercise stressors and:

A

become more efficient, they adapt

84
Q

Control systems are capable of maintaining steady state during __ exercise in a cool environment:

A

submaximal

Ex Phys (10 decks)

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