Respiratory Flashcards
What is the effect of body condition score on vital parameters (eg respiratory parameters and vitals)
JAVMA 2017: BCS positively associated with body temperature, independent of breed and environmental conditions. And negatively associated with tidal volume
What factors were associated with an increased odds of temporary tracheostomy tube placement in BOAS dogs having surgery?
Increasing age; for every 1 year increase, increased by 30%. Corticosteroid administration post operatively and pneumonia were also associated
What is a non invasive way to diagnose pharyngeal collapse? What other conditions has it been associated with?
JVIM 2015: Fluoroscopy. Associated with bronchial, tracheal collapse and BOAS
What dynamic respiratory function test can be used to diagnose BOAS? What characteristics do they show?
JVIM 2016: Whole body barometric plethysmography. Decreased minute volume and increase in trace variation
What % of dogs, presenting for cough and no other URT signs, have laryngeal dysfunction?
JAVMA 2016: 19%
How does tracheobronchial brush cytology compare to BAL fluid?
JVIM 2015Good agreement for the presence of inflammation (80-85%) but type of inflammation described was different
What cytological feature is reliable for the diagnosis of bordetella brochiseptica?
JVIM 2016: PCR more sensitive than culture. Seeing cocobacizlla adherent to the epithelial cells in 20/21 of BAL where epithelial cells were present makes it a reliable and rapid diagnostic tool
What has increased lymphocytes on BAL fluid (20%+) been associated with?
JVIM 2019: eosinophilic airway disease, airway neutrophilia of various causes and airway collapse
How should BAL samples be stored for 24 hours for culture purposes?
JVIM 2019: at 4 degrees
What is a reliable diagnostic method for bronchiectasis? What conditions is it associated with?
JVIM 2016: CT (100%) and bronchoscopy (92%) - bacteria isolated in 28% of cases, inflammatory airway disease (including eosinophilic and pneumonia). Concurrent airway collapse was also seen in 58%
What is the impact of maropitant on airway disease?
JVIM 2016: NK 1 receptor pathways can induce cough and maropitant in this study was found to reduce cough frequency and VAS scores (not placebo controlled). No change in inflammation
What is the deposition of fluticasone, as reported by scintigraphy, for nebulisation and MDI in dogs?:
JVIM 2017: Nebulisation 4.2% and MDI 2.3%
The following are novel drugs for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension, what is their MOA? Imatinib, Beraprost, Bosentan
Imatinib: PDGF antagonist
Beraprost: Prostacyclin agonist
Bosentan: Endothelin 1 antagonist
What class of drug is Milrinone?
PDE 3 inhibitor (same class as Pimobendan). IV drug. Mentioned in PH consensus; may improve RV function and act as a positive inotrope.
What respiratory functional parameters can be monitored for improvement in cats with bronchial disease? How does their improvement correlate with BAL?
JVIM 2015: Pseudo-tidal breathing flow-volume loop. Specifically PEF/EF50 (peak expiratory / end expiratory flow) and PEF/EF25 decreased after treatment and this was associated with a reduction in the granulocyte (neutrophil + eosinophil) %. EF25 was more strongly associated
What marker of air quality was found to be increased in households with cats with respiratory disease?
JVIM 2018: Household PM2.5 level (particulate matter 2.5um or less). >35ug/m3 is considered unacceptable
What is the reported MST and major complication rate (requiring stent replacement) in dogs with tracheal collapse?
JAVMA 2019: MST 1005 days, with 93% surviving to discharge. Major complications in 43%, with stent fracture and tissue ingrowth being most common. 84% of dogs experienced an improvement in dyspnoea
Where are radiographs most sensitive for the diagnosis of airway collapse?
Sensitivity for the detection of bronchoscopically identified collapse was highest for radiography at the trachea, left lobar bronchi, and the right middle bronchus, although specificity was relatively low
What factors increase the risk of caudal tracheal stent fracture?
What factor was associated with obstructed tissue ingrowth and thoracic inlet fracture?
JVIM 2019: 1. Tracheal taper and stent oversizing. 2. tracheal malformations
In what circumstances are BAL bile acids significantly higher than healthy beagles?
JVIM 2018: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, healthy WHWT, laryngeal dysfunction and chronic bronchitis
What viruses were detected in dogs with bacterial pneumonia? Did they affect clinical variables? Were any detected in dogs with Bordetella?
JVIM 2015: Parainfluenza and canine respiratory coronavirus. No detected in bordetella affected dogs. No clinical differences in virus co-infected dogs
How was CRP used to guide treatment of bacterial pneumonia in one paper?
JVIM 2017: Antibiotics continued 5-7 days beyond normalisation, was not associated with an increased number of relapses
What two respiratory syndromes are described in Irish Wolf hounds? what may be associated with their pathogenesis?
JVIM 2019: This paper looked at recurrent bacterial pneumonia; 10/11 dogs had bronchiectasis. A couple had LarPar or oesophageal dysmotility but didn’t appear to be as prevalent. Median age; 5 yo
Also mention rhinitis/bronchopneumonia syndrome seen in young dogs; possibly an IgA deficiency
What POC US findings were consistent with pulmonary oedema in dogs?
JAVMA 2019: B line score 10+ and presence of 2+ sites positive for B lines. Sn 92 and Sp 94
Median % change in thoracic dimension is affected by what in healthy dogs?
JVIM 2017: body weight
What is Heliox and how may it affect breathing in brachycephalic dogs?
JVIM 2019: Heliox is an O2/Helium mixture. It has less density than normal air so promotes laminar air flow. In normal and brachycephalic dogs it increased peak inspiratory flow, peak expiratory flow and normalisation of loop shapes
What clinical parameter was lower in a retrospective study in cats with pleural effusion associated with CHF?
JAVMA 2018: rectal temperature, (36.9 vs 37.9)
What does Lights criteria use for the characterisation of pleural effusion?
JFMS 2016: Fluid to serum lactate and protein ratios
Lactate ratio 0.6+ and Protein ratio 0.5+ consistent with exudate
The albumin gradient can be added to better distinguish cats with exudates as some CHF cats will be “exudative” on lights criteria but the gradient will help differentiate them
Note: Classic exudate cut of: 30+g/L and >7K cells/uL. Transudate <25, < 1500
The SECOND generation NT-proBNP test was evaluated in cats with pleural effusions. What test was Sn/Sp for CHF and which wasn’t?
JVIM 2016: ELISA was Sn and Sp for both plasma and pleural effusion, with different cut-offs. Notably slightly more sensitive for effusion and slightly less specific, but between the two Sn 95-100 and Sp 76-82).
The POC test was useful for plasma samples (Sn 95 and Sp 87) but in pleural fluid the specificity was poor, 64%
Is cisterna chyli ablation helpful in addition to thoracic duct ligation + subphrenic pericardectomy in cats with idiopathic chylothorax?
JAVMA 2018: Addition increased surgical time without better outcomes.
What echo variable may be useful to predict PH if TVR is unable to be measured?
JVIM 2016: Right pulmonary artery distensibility
What are the clinical features of pulmonary vino-occlusive disease and haemangiomatosis?
JVIM 2019: acute presentation in an older dog of respiratory distress. RHS cardiomegaly with PH, CT showed perivascular ground glass opacities and pulmonary artery enlargement
What was the prognosis of dogs with respiratory associated PH treated with sildenafil?
JVIM 2019: 32% died within 1 month and 50% mortality by 6 months. In dogs surviving 1 month there was clinical improvement and improvement in tricuspid pressure gradients
