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2015 to 2019 journals > Renal journals > Flashcards

Renal journals Flashcards

1
Q

What percentage of ureterocoeles are ectopic? How effective is laser ablation?

A

JVIM 2018. 71% ectopic. 11/13 had resolution of pollakiuria or incontinence after ablation

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2
Q

What is the effect of using telimisartan in combination with an ACEi on blood pressure and UPC?

A

Fowler JVIM 2021: Combination significantly reduced blood pressure (by 13mmHg) compared to ACEi alone. Reduced UPC by 2.5. UPC of ACEi + TEL group was significantly lower than the TEL group
* was retrospective so TEL group may have been more severe

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3
Q

What is the impact of HCM on SDMA? What about diabetes? (cats)

A

JVIM 2018: No change for HCM compared to healthy controls. DM significantly lower result

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4
Q

What microRNA was upregulated in the urine of cats with pyelonephritis

A

JVIM 2019: miR-16

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5
Q

What was the effect of mannitol on UOP, GFR and Fe of Na/Urea compared to D5W? did a CRI improve its efficacy?

A

JVIM 2019: Mannitol was only able to transiently increase the FE of Na and Urea in healthy dogs. It increased UOP or GFR but to the same degree as the control fluid (D5W). The CRI did not sustain the effect on Na and Urea excretion as it did not maintain its serum levels

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6
Q

What is the clinical utility of iohexol plasma clearance for GFR in dogs?

A

JVIM 2019: Predicting pre-azotaemic CKD. Particularly if it was >40% reduced, this correctly diagnosed 9/9 dogs in this group

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7
Q

What is the difference in ECF between azotaemic and non azotaemic cats? How is this measured?

A

JVIM 2015: No difference. Iohexol clearance and bromide dilution can be used, agreement between the two was poor in this study

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8
Q

What RAAS differences are there between greyhounds and non greyhounds?

A

JVIM 2017: Greyhounds had no difference in basal RAAS activation than other breeds. They did have lower aldosterone though, possibly in response to higher blood pressure and sodium

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9
Q

In a antimicrobial susceptibility study in the mid-western USA, what was the susceptibiltiy of UTI E coli to amoxicillin OR amoxiclav in cats VS dogs

A

JVIM 2019: E coli mostly (92%) susceptible to Clav in dogs. Amoxicillin much lower, 53%. Cat isolates were not susceptible and this was attributed to a different breakpoint between species; higher breakpoint for dog UTI than cat.

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10
Q

Is the definition of a breakpoint?

A 
chosen concentration (mg/L) of an antibiotic which defines whether a species of bacteria is susceptible or resistant to the antibiotic
If the MIC for the bacteria falls within the breakpoint (concentration required) then it is considered susceptible. For example, breakpoint for Amoxiclav in dogs in urine is HIGHER than serum. Meaning more bacteria are likely to be susceptible as will include bacteria which are killed by Clav at higher concentrations. 
Eg Breakpoint for clav in urine <8ug/ml. MIC for E coli: 2ug/ml = susceptible (vs plasma breakpoint 0.5ug/ml = resistant)
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11
Q

What changes in faecal SCFAs are seen in Stage 3/4 cats with CKD?

A

JVIM 2019: Higher Isovaleric acid concentrations. Concentrations of branched SCFAs correlated weakly with p-cresol-sulfate concentrations and were higher in cats with muscle wasting

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12
Q

What is more reliable for sequential patient monitoring SDMA or creatinine? What about for use of population RI?

A

JVIM 2018: Creatinine was recommended to be used with sequential measurements and SDMA better suited to population based RI

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13
Q

What is the association between cTnI and BNP with GFR?

A

JVIM 2017: no independent association between the two

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14
Q

What are the strongest predictors of FGF 23 in dogs?

A

JVIM 2017: creatinine and phosphorous

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15
Q

Can SDMA differentiate between CKD and AKI?

A

JVIM 2017: No, but the SDMA/creatinine ratio is higher in CKD dogs

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16
Q

Is SDMA dialysable?

A

JVIM 2019: Yes, however its clearance was still dependent on renal function and it had less post dialysis rebound effect, so may still be used for monitoring for CKD dogs having hemodialysis

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17
Q

What is the effect of hospitalisation on the UPC?

A

JVIM 2015: increases, in 50% of patients in this paper

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18
Q

Are UPCs on single or pooled measurements comparable?

A

JVIM 2018: evaluated in PLN dogs in hospital. There was more variability at UPC 4+ but clinical relevance was unknown. At <4 there was variability but authors stated was within what was disregarded by recommendations to be called a true difference (<80%)

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19
Q

What is the SediVue Sn for detecting vs insensitive?

A

JVIM 2019: Sn for RBC, WBC and struvite (Sn 85-90%). Not very sensitive for epithelial cells

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20
Q

What is the intraindividual variability in a first AM USG In dogs (difference between min-max - mean).

A

JVIM 2019: 0.015

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21
Q

Are there distinguishable differences by renal pelvis size in cats with CKD, pyelonephritis and ureteral obstruction?

A

JFMS 2017: No statistically significant difference between CKD and pyelonephritis in terms of renal pelvis size. UO was bigger than CKD but not statistically significantly different from pyelonephritis

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22
Q

What are some urinary markers of renal recovery in AKI?

A

JVIM 2015: Increasing GFR, UOP and decreasing Fe Na

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23
Q

What can AKI do to cPLI, TLI and lipase?

A

JVIM 2016: did not consistently change them, though in some dogs there was an increase

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24
Q

What is the implication of Fe of Na in AKI dogs?

A

JVIM 2018: Higher in intrinsic compared to VR, higher in non survivors and in another paper predictive of renal recovery (as it reduces)

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25
Q

What vWD like homeostatic disorder can be seen in dogs with AKI?

A

JVIM 2019: Like Type II, decreased large dimers based on increased VWF:collagen binding activity. Also reduced platelet aggregometry

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26
Q

What is fenoldopam? Is it effective in reducing mortality in AKI associated with heatstroke?

A

JVIM 2018: Dopamine 1 receptor agonist; theoretically increases GFR and renal blood flow via direct vasodilation. There was no significant mortality difference between treatment and a placebo in this study

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27
Q

Is a CPLI >400 prognostic in dogs having IHD for AKI?

A

JVIM 2018: No

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28
Q

In what stage of CKD have decreased in Vitamin D been seen in dogs?

A

JVIM 2017: Stage 3 and 4

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29
Q

Do blood calcitonin levels impact iCa levels in CKD cats?

A

JVIM 2018: no

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30
Q

Is Cystatin C a useful biomarker in cats with CKD (what is it trying to predict?)

A

JVIM 2016: Proteinase inhibitor. Trying to predict GFR. Was insensitive and could not reliably distinguish healthy from CKD cats or reduced GFR
+ JVIM 2016: Was also unable to be used for predicting azotemia in hyperthyroid cats

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31
Q

What is indoxyl sulfate? What is it associated with and what may it predict?

A

JVIM 2019: bacterial metabolite of tryptophan. Associated with phosphate metabolism and CKD progression in cats

32
Q

What iron status derangements may be seen in cats with CKD?

A

JVIM 2017: Functional deficiency; Hepcidin and SAA increased, TIBC and total iron reduced. No association between these and survival in this paper

33
Q

What ultrasonographic index may help distinguish healthy cat kidneys from kidneys with CKD?

A

JFMS 2018: resistive index, increased, cut off 0.639

34
Q

What was the effect on PO4 homeostasis of cats fed a moderate protein and Po4 restricted diet?

A

JVIM 2016: Stable PTH levels, in the other diet their PTH levels increased over time. No treatment effect on the onset of azotemia in this study

35
Q

Is there an association between feline morbillivirus and CKD?

A

JVIM 2018: In this study seropositivity was not different between azotemic and non azotemic cats

35
Q

Is there an association between feline morbillivirus and CKD?

A

JVIM 2018: In this study seropositivity was not different between azotemic and non azotemic cats

36
Q

What is the association between Mg and FGF 23 in cats with CKD?

A

JVIM 2018: Inverse relationship. Hypomagnesemia was associated with increased risk of death

37
Q

What are the microbiome changes that occur in cats with CKD and which metabolic marker may change?

A

JVIM 2019: Reduced diversity and richness. Increased indoxyl sulfate. No significant differences between Stage 2 and Stage 3/4

38
Q

What is the MOA of Beraprost? What is the effect on cats with CKD based on a placebo controlled trial?

A

JVIM 2018: Beraprost is a prostacyclin analogue. Theoretical benefit is renoprotection, inhibition of inflammatory mediators and apoptosis.
In this study it cats on placebo didn’t experience an increase in creat over 180d, whereas placebo cats did. They also DIDNT have an increased PO4/ca ratio

39
Q

What was the efficacy (% of dogs) achieving a PCV of 30%+ with darbopeitin? What’s the minimum frequency of administration? What was the incidence of PRA?

A

JVIM 2017: 85% achieved 30%+. No dog sustained a response when given less frequently than every 21 days. Incidence of suspected PRA was 6%

40
Q

What is the optimal needle size for diagnostic yield with renal biopsies?

A

JAVMA 2018: 16G, similar to 14G but greater than 18G

41
Q

What was the effect of fenoldapam on HEALTHY dogs?

A

JVIM 2016:: Significantly increased GFR compared to D5W and significantly increased FeNa

42
Q

What tests may predict renal amyloidosis in Abyssinian cats?

A

JVIM 2015: Urinary SAA and mixed proteinuria

43
Q

What derangement in regards to amino acids can be seen in PLN dogs?

A

JVIM 2019: Low amino acids including leucine, tyrosine,, glycine.

44
Q

What type of glomerulopathy can Lyme disease cause?

A

JVIM 2019: Rapidly progressive membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis.

45
Q

What are some distinguishing features of C6+ve PLN and what is the treatment?

A

JVIM 2019: Retrievers common, thrombocytopenia common, azotemia common/hyperphosphatemia, haematuria/glucosuria/pyruria. No difference in polyarthritis
Note: Doxycycline for 2-3 months, no guaranteed improvement; immunosuppressive

46
Q

What platelet function test may be used to assess response to clopidogrel in PLN dogs? Do they metabolise the drug the same as healthy dogs?

A

JVIM 2019: Platelet aggregometry, using ADP. No difference in drug concentrations found

47
Q

What % of cats with obstructed ureters have been reported secondary to circumcaval ureters? what causes the obstruction?

A

JVIM 2015: 17%, 40% of these cats had strictures. No difference in prognosis from other UO cats, b. Reobstruction most common complication - 44% of stents and 8% of SUB

47
Q

What % of cats with obstructed ureters have been reported secondary to circumcaval ureters? what causes the obstruction?

A

JVIM 2015: 17%, 40% of these cats had strictures. No difference in prognosis from other UO cats, b. Reobstruction most common complication - 44% of stents and 8% of SUB

48
Q

What can be associated with ureteral stenosis? what breed is over represented?

A

JAVMA 2018: Ectopic ureter. Labrador

49
Q

What is the most common bacterial species cultured in cats post SUB and why is this a concern? what reduces the risk of post SUB UTI?

A

JVIM 2019: Overall 25% of SUBS had positive urine cultures pre-discharge. Enterococcus was most common to be cultured in the follow up period. Post operative antibiotics were significantly less likely to have a follow up positive culture

50
Q

What can happen to the appearance of the bladder wall on ultrasound after cystotomy?

A

JAVMA 2018: 50% of dogs in this study had thickening of the cystotomy site 12 weeks after surgery

51
Q

Name a mutation associated with cysteine urolithiasis in a cat? What non-urinary clinical sign can be seen?

A

JVIM 2015: SLC3A1 gene mutation. Arginine deficiency -> hyperammonia

52
Q

What breed has a higher rate of recurrence for Cal Ox uroliths?

A

JAVMA 2015: Mini Schnauzers 3 X the risk

53
Q

Is acid urine and presence of CaOx crystals reliably predictive of Ca Ox uroliths?

A

JAVMA 2016: Ca Ox urolith cases infrequently had either of these two variables present

54
Q

When is the recommended age to start screening for Ca Ox uroliths in at risk breeds based on onset of stones?

A

JVIM 2019: Median age was 8.4 +/- 2.8 years. Screening recommended from 5-6 years of age

55
Q

What vitamin D anomaly can be seen in a subset of CaOx stone forming dogs?

A

JVIM 2019: Increased 25(OH)D:24,25(OH)2D ratio. The latter is a less active metabolite of calcidiol (the former) and calcitriol (1,25OH2D)

56
Q

What can the UCa;Cr ratio be used to predict and does feeding affect it?

A

JVIM 2019: No post prandial change in the 8 hours after feeding. A cut of of 0.06 had a Sp of 93 and a Sn of 56 for identifying CaOx uroliths

57
Q

What is the urate transporter gene called?

VS what genes have been implicated in cysteine tubular malabsorption?

A

SLC2A9 for hepatic urate transport.

SLC3A1 and SC7A9 for cysteine

58
Q

What is the urate transporter gene called? VS what genes have been implicated in cysteine tubular malabsorption?

A

SLC2A9 for hepatic urate transport. SLC3A1 and SC7A9 for cysteine

59
Q

What cytokines are different between FIC and healthy cats?

A

JVIM 2018: CXCL 12, IL 12, IL 18 and Flt3L

60
Q

What % of cats will have recurrent FIC within 6 months? Is this incidence improved by meloxicam administration?

A

JVIM 2019: 25%. No

61
Q

What is the most common cause of incontinence in cats? What % fail to improve?

A

JVIM 2019: Spinal cord disease. 50% failed to improve overall and spinal cord had a poorer prognosis

62
Q

what is an alternative to cross linked collagen injections for USMI, what is the reported success?

A

JSAP 2019: Dextranomer/hyaluronic acid copolymer injection, 58% success rate at 6 months, median duration of continence 20 months

63
Q

What are some risk factors for USMI in female dogs?

A

JVIM 2017: Weight (25kg+), neutering and for dogs over 25kg age at neutering - for every month of delay there was a decrease in hazard. Mean age of incontinence was 3.7 years

64
Q

What is the incidence of 30 day recurrence of obstructed FLUTD in cats that received an indwelling Ucath vs those that were treated as outpatients. What factor was associated with recurrence in the indwelling group?

A

JAVMA 2018: Indwelling 11%, outpatient 31% recurrence. Increasingly abnormal urine colour was associated with recurrence

65
Q

What factors are associated with duration and severity of post obstructive diuresis in cats having stents or SUBs?

A

JAVMA 2019: Pre-Sx renal values, K+ and PO4 (intensity and duration), absolute change before and after surgery of BUN/CREA and K+ (duration). Anuria pre Sx was associated with longer diuresis

66
Q

what is the reported incidence of bacteriuria pre and post catheterisation in obstructed male cats?

A

JVECC 2018: 0% pre and 13% post ( at 24 hours)

67
Q

What is Tavocept and what may it be used for?

A

JVIM 2018: a water soluble form of mesna. Converted to mesna in the kidneys, then inactivates toxic platinum species. May be given with cisplatin to reduce to diuresis time required from 6 hours to 90 minutes while also reducing occurrence of azotemia.

68
Q

What is the most common complication of SUBs in cats?

A

JAVMA 2015: Mineralisation, 24% of cases

69
Q

What is an oral treatment for idiopathic hypercalcaemia in cats? How effective is it in reducing iCa?

A

JVIM 2015: Alendronate. Dose 5-20mg q 7 days in this study, reduced iCa in all cats over a 6 month period; -13 to -18%

70
Q

Predictive calcium calculations exist for estimating ionised hyper or hypocalcaemia - are they sensitive or specific?

A

JVIM - two papers, both showed specific results but had <80% sensitivity for diagnosing hypo or hypercalcaemia.

71
Q

What % of BW is total body water?

A

JVIM 2018 60% in minimally conditioned labs, 74% in highly conditioned

72
Q

Is there an association between HES and AKI? Dogs vs cats

A

JVIM 2017: HES treated dogs were not significantly more likely to have a different AKI grade but, number of days HES treatment was given was associated with increase in AKI grade within 10 days.
JVIM 2017: Cats, no different between HES treated and untreated cats

73
Q

Is there a difference between tetrastarch and LRS on AKI markers (NGAL and creat) or extravascular lung water in experimentally haemorrhaged dogs?

A

JVIM 2018: No difference in AKI markers between groups. Tetrastarch dogs had less extravascular lung water but no difference in oxygen partial pressures

73
Q

Is there a difference between tetrastarch and LRS on AKI markers (NGAL and creat) or extravascular lung water in experimentally haemorrhaged dogs?

A

JVIM 2018: No difference in AKI markers between groups. Tetrastarch dogs had less extravascular lung water but no difference in oxygen partial pressures

74
Q

What urinary markers are associated with immune mediated glomerulonephritis?

A

JVIM 2016: Urine IgM:creat and Urine NAG:Creat (Sn 75 and Sp78, population of proteinuric dogs).
Note: IgM:Fe was also a poor prognostic indicator

2015 to 2019 journals (13 decks)

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