Haematology Flashcards
What is the prevalence of hospital acquired anemia? What is it associated with? Is it prognostically significant?
JVIM 2016: Admission anaemia in 32%, during hospitalisation 56% (+24%). Associated with surgery and increased blood samples and being a cat. Anaemic dogs less likely to survive to discharge
What marker of oxidative stress was different between anemic and non anemic dogs?
JVIM 2017: Glutathione peroxidase activity. Not different between haemolytic and non haemolytic anemia though
Name another blood group in dogs apart from DEA? What is the most common form in North America of this type and does it come with preformed antibodies?
JVIM 2016: Kai 1 and Kai 2. Kai 1+ Kai 2- most common in this survey (95%) and no dogs positive for both. No antibodies for this group and no association with DEA
What is the mode of transmission of the blood type DAL? What breeds are most commonly reported DAL -ve and what is the significance of this?
JVIM 2017: Autosomal dominant. Dal -ve most commonly in Dobermans (4%), Dalmations (11%), Shih Taus (57%) and mixed breed dogs 2.5%. Only 2.4% of donors negative overall. Dal -ve dogs can become sensitised through transfusion with a positive dog
Name a feline blood type other than A/B. What was the incidence of major cross match incompatibilities in cats which were transfusion native? what is the clinical impact?
JVIM 2018: Mik group. 14.9% had major compatibilities which were transfusion naiive (27% which weren’t naiive). Febrile reactions more common in non-crossmatched cats. Crossmatching did not improve survival or PCV increase
What blood indices can change in dogs donating blood more than 6 times annually?
JVIM 2015: Lower PCV, HCT, Retic count. Mature RBC indices were normal, but reticulocyte volume and haemoglobin content were lower. Iron and ferritin levels were the same but they had lower total iron binding capacity.
What is CTAD anticoagulant (acronym)? what can it be used for and what can’t it be used for?
JFMS 2017: citrate, theophylline, adenosine and dipyridamole. Can be used for routine haematology, biochemistry (with some limitations - AST, albumin, CK, ALP) and coags in cats but not platelet aggrenometry.
Does rivaroxaban require special administration in regards to food and gastroprotectants? What can be used to monitor its activity?
JVECC 2018: Given without food did increase anti-Xa activity at 36 hours but not at other time points. No impact on feeding overall and gastroprotectants not significant
What point of care test has excellent correlation with anti-Xa (rivaroxaban activity) in dogs? What is the recommended change?
JVECC 2019: PT. TEG correlated poorly.
JVIM 2019: 1.5-1.9 prolongation in PT, 3 hours post. R value of TEG could also be used, but needed to use tissue factors.
What is the effect of hexastarch administration to dogs with systemic inflammation? what about healthy dogs? Did saline have any impact on coagulation?
JVIM 2015: transient hyaocoagulability was seen in dogs administered LPS, with a prolonged APTT, decreased clot formation speed/strength and acquired type 1 VWD
What is the effect of hexastarch administration to dogs with systemic inflammation? what about healthy dogs? Did saline have any impact on coagulation?
JVIM 2015: transient hyaocoagulability was seen in dogs administered LPS, with a prolonged APTT, decreased clot formation speed/strength and acquired type 1 VWD
What is the effect of Yunnan Baiyao on coagulation as per TEG?
JVECC 2018: increased G, A30 and A60 values and after 1 week decreased LY30 and LY60. Suggestive of increased clot strength
What was the effect of volume replacement with tetra starch on haemorrhaged dogs?
JVIM 2018: No effect on BMBT, increased APTTT 4 hours post. TEG changes with both TS and LRS. Conclusion was a transient dilution coagulopathy was seen which is similar to LRS
What ROTEM variable is an alternative to fibrinogen activity using the clauss method?
JVIM 2019: Maximum clot firmness was strongly correlated and therefore could be used instead to evaluate the effect of fibrinogen on homeostasis.
What TEG variables are negative prognostic indicators for dogs with chronic hepatitis?
JVIM 2017: Hyperfibrinolysis was associated with high disease activity. Hypocoagulability was a negative prognostic indicator.
What was the recorded prevalence of Aortic thromboembolism in a north American teaching hospital? What breed had increased odds and what disease was most commonly recorded?
JAVMA 2017: 0.03%. Shetland sheepdogs increased OR (2.59), PLN present in 22%
What disorders were identified in reticulocytosis cases without anaemia in dogs and cats?
JSAP 2018: < 2% were healthy animals. Blood loss, cardiorespiratory disease, GI disease, inflammatory disease and cancer were most frequent. Mortality rate was 37 and 29% for cats and dogs respectively
What is methemoglobin? In what breed is congenital methHb reported and what is the cause?
Methemoglobin has an iron molecule in the oxidised (Fe3+)/ferric state. It has impaired ability to bind oxygen. Reduction to haemoglobin requires NADH B5 meth reductase. In Pomeranians a mutation of this reductase ((CYB5R3) leads to NADH B5 reductase deficiency (mis sense mutation)
What % of dogs with splenic torsion that undergo surgery survive to discharge? What breed are over represented? what factors are associated with non survival? was splenic neoplasia common?
JAVMA 2016: 91% survive to discharge. GSD, Danes and English Bulldogs were common breeds. Septic peritonitis, intraoperative haemorrhage and post op respiratory distress was associated with non survival. No spleens were neoplastic
In dogs <16kg that have splenectomy, what is the most common neoplasia? which breed most commonly had splenic malignancies in this weight category? was haemabdomen associated with malignancy?
JAVMA 2017: HSA, Wheaton terriers, there wasn’t an association between haemoperitoneum and malignant disease
What sonographic factors are associated with clinically significant splenic cytology?
JVIM 2019: Nodules 1-2cm, target lesions and peritoneal effusion. Clinically relevant findings in 20% of dogs in this study
What factors are associated with higher platelet concentrations in donations for platelet concentrates in dogs?
JVIM 2017: Higher platelet counts, lipemia and phosphorous levels. Explained 29% of variance in total
What diseases are associated with thrombocytosis (categories). Is there an association with severity?
JVIM 2017: Neoplasia (carcinoma commonly) - 55.7%, endocrine disease, inflammatory disease. Immune mediated disease was common (22%) and had higher PLT count than other causes of inflammatory diseases
What is the difference in platelet aggrenometry after clopidogrel administration in PLN dogs and healthy dogs?
JVIM 2019: all but 1 dog in the PLN group had suppressed PA with ADP as the stimuli, but not with arachidonic acid. Notably, no difference was seen in either type of PA after aspirin administration.
What is the impact of MYBPC3 A31P mutation on platelet activity? What is the impact of clopidogrel on these cats?
JVIM 2016: Increased platelet activation in response to ADP was seen in these cats. Clopidogrel reduced ADP induced P selection expression in most cats
What is the effect of cyclosporine (potentially) on homeostasis? How can this be mitigated?
JVIM 2016: increases thromboxane synthesis. Aspirin was effective in mitigating this, with the presence of cyclosporine not affecting its ability to inhibit platelets or reduce urinary thromboxane
What is PAMfix used for?
JVIM 2018: platelet inhibition can be measured by stimulating platelets and then using flow cytometry to measure their expression of P selectin. PAMFIx is a paraformaldehyde fixative which can stabilise the platelets after activation and allow delayed flow cytometry. In this study It was useful up to 22 days
For plateletworks platelet function analysis, what agonist was able to show a response with both clopidogrel and aspirin? What cartridges could be used for clopidogrel response with PFA?
JVIM 2018: For plateletworks, arachidonic acid could be used as an agonist. For PFA the P2Y cartridge
For plateletworks platelet function analysis, what agonist was able to show a response with both clopidogrel and aspirin? What cartridges could be used for clopidogrel response with PFA?
JVIM 2018: For plateletworks, arachidonic acid could be used as an agonist. For PFA the P2Y cartridge
What adverse effects were reported with intraperitoneal mesenchymal stem cell injection in cats?
JVIM 2016: Transient lethargy in two cats. Jejunal LN enlargement at weeks 1 and 5
What metabolic derangement is associated with hypertension in Greyhounds?
JVIM 2016; altered eicosanoid profiles, implying vascular dysfunction - eg dogs had higher 11,12EET and 20(S)HETE with hypertension. Albuminuria correlated with total DHET which was higher in greyhounds
What laboratory changes were described in a series of dogs receiving TPE? What comorbidity was associated with citrate accumulation and what max citrate infusion was suggested form this study?
JVIM 2019: 24% decrease in TP, 53% decrease in fibrinogen, reductions in bilirubin, urea and creatinine. Citrate accumulation occurred n all but was more pronounced in dogs with renal disease. Max rates were 5.5umol/kg/min for renal disease and 9umol/kg/min for other. Complications in 34% of dogs
What breed has lower VWF and fibrinogen concentrations? is this relevant to cryoprecipitate donations?
JVIM 2019: Greyhounds have lower and this is reflected in their cryoprecipitate. However, in this study, they still meant human blood bank standards.
What % of intermittent hemodialysis patients require blood products? what is their use associated with?
JVIM 2017; 87% of cats and 32% of dogs. In dogs this was associated with higher likelihood of death and in cats was associated with the number of dialysis treatments
Is there a benefit to performing a major crossmatch on transfusion negative cats?
JVIM 2018: no difference was seen I incidence of transfusion tractions (17% vs 29% but not statistically different), no difference in mean change in PCV.
A commercial closed system was deemed appropriate for storing feline whole blood for how long? What changes were seen in the blood?What was the anticoagulant?
JVIM 2018: 35 days. 1/8 grew serratia at D35. 23DPG and ATP decreased . increased hemolysis, lactate and potassium. CPDA anticoagulant
How does immunochromatographic blood typing in cats compare to flow cytometry?
JVIM 2019: concordant, R =1. In this study. 14 incompatibilities outside AB where identified via xmatching
In a JSAP study, what was better at predicting a transfusion reaction in naiive cats; slide agglutination or commercial test?
JSAP 2020: Commercial was more specific for predicting reactions, with less incompatibility overall
Can cats have naturally occurring anti-dog antigens?
JFMS 2018: Yes, with warm cross match positivity detected
What is a membrane marker on red cells that can serve as a marker of quality/cell removal?
JVIM 2017: Erythrocyte phosphatidylserine. Increases are considered a storage lesion. in this study, their expression was not influenced by leukoreduction. Leukoreduction transiently increased TXB2 and PGF2
What is the incidence of alloimmunisation (becoming incompatible) to other RBC antigens in DEA 1 matched dogs ?
JVIM 2017: 44%, cross matching recommended for subsequent transfusions
Are weakly DEA 1+ dogs immunogenic to negative dogs?
JVIM 2019: yes - the single dog in this study was sensitives for 1657 days +
