Haematology

Question 1

What is the prevalence of hospital acquired anemia? What is it associated with? Is it prognostically significant?

Answer 1

JVIM 2016: Admission anaemia in 32%, during hospitalisation 56% (+24%). Associated with surgery and increased blood samples and being a cat. Anaemic dogs less likely to survive to discharge

Question 2

What marker of oxidative stress was different between anemic and non anemic dogs?

Answer 2

JVIM 2017: Glutathione peroxidase activity. Not different between haemolytic and non haemolytic anemia though

Question 3

Name another blood group in dogs apart from DEA? What is the most common form in North America of this type and does it come with preformed antibodies?

Answer 3

JVIM 2016: Kai 1 and Kai 2. Kai 1+ Kai 2- most common in this survey (95%) and no dogs positive for both. No antibodies for this group and no association with DEA

Question 4

What is the mode of transmission of the blood type DAL? What breeds are most commonly reported DAL -ve and what is the significance of this?

Answer 4

JVIM 2017: Autosomal dominant. Dal -ve most commonly in Dobermans (4%), Dalmations (11%), Shih Taus (57%) and mixed breed dogs 2.5%. Only 2.4% of donors negative overall. Dal -ve dogs can become sensitised through transfusion with a positive dog

Question 5

Name a feline blood type other than A/B. What was the incidence of major cross match incompatibilities in cats which were transfusion native? what is the clinical impact?

Answer 5

JVIM 2018: Mik group. 14.9% had major compatibilities which were transfusion naiive (27% which weren’t naiive). Febrile reactions more common in non-crossmatched cats. Crossmatching did not improve survival or PCV increase

Question 6

What blood indices can change in dogs donating blood more than 6 times annually?

Answer 6

JVIM 2015: Lower PCV, HCT, Retic count. Mature RBC indices were normal, but reticulocyte volume and haemoglobin content were lower. Iron and ferritin levels were the same but they had lower total iron binding capacity.

Question 7

What is CTAD anticoagulant (acronym)? what can it be used for and what can’t it be used for?

Answer 7

JFMS 2017: citrate, theophylline, adenosine and dipyridamole. Can be used for routine haematology, biochemistry (with some limitations - AST, albumin, CK, ALP) and coags in cats but not platelet aggrenometry.

Question 8

Does rivaroxaban require special administration in regards to food and gastroprotectants? What can be used to monitor its activity?

Answer 8

JVECC 2018: Given without food did increase anti-Xa activity at 36 hours but not at other time points. No impact on feeding overall and gastroprotectants not significant

Question 9

What point of care test has excellent correlation with anti-Xa (rivaroxaban activity) in dogs? What is the recommended change?

Answer 9

JVECC 2019: PT. TEG correlated poorly.
JVIM 2019: 1.5-1.9 prolongation in PT, 3 hours post. R value of TEG could also be used, but needed to use tissue factors.

Question 10

What is the effect of hexastarch administration to dogs with systemic inflammation? what about healthy dogs? Did saline have any impact on coagulation?

Answer 10

JVIM 2015: transient hyaocoagulability was seen in dogs administered LPS, with a prolonged APTT, decreased clot formation speed/strength and acquired type 1 VWD

Question 10

What is the effect of hexastarch administration to dogs with systemic inflammation? what about healthy dogs? Did saline have any impact on coagulation?

Answer 10

JVIM 2015: transient hyaocoagulability was seen in dogs administered LPS, with a prolonged APTT, decreased clot formation speed/strength and acquired type 1 VWD

Question 11

What is the effect of Yunnan Baiyao on coagulation as per TEG?

Answer 11

JVECC 2018: increased G, A30 and A60 values and after 1 week decreased LY30 and LY60. Suggestive of increased clot strength

Question 12

What was the effect of volume replacement with tetra starch on haemorrhaged dogs?

Answer 12

JVIM 2018: No effect on BMBT, increased APTTT 4 hours post. TEG changes with both TS and LRS. Conclusion was a transient dilution coagulopathy was seen which is similar to LRS

Question 13

What ROTEM variable is an alternative to fibrinogen activity using the clauss method?

Answer 13

JVIM 2019: Maximum clot firmness was strongly correlated and therefore could be used instead to evaluate the effect of fibrinogen on homeostasis.

Question 14

What TEG variables are negative prognostic indicators for dogs with chronic hepatitis?

Answer 14

JVIM 2017: Hyperfibrinolysis was associated with high disease activity. Hypocoagulability was a negative prognostic indicator.

Question 15

What was the recorded prevalence of Aortic thromboembolism in a north American teaching hospital? What breed had increased odds and what disease was most commonly recorded?

Answer 15

JAVMA 2017: 0.03%. Shetland sheepdogs increased OR (2.59), PLN present in 22%

Question 16

What disorders were identified in reticulocytosis cases without anaemia in dogs and cats?

Answer 16

JSAP 2018: < 2% were healthy animals. Blood loss, cardiorespiratory disease, GI disease, inflammatory disease and cancer were most frequent. Mortality rate was 37 and 29% for cats and dogs respectively

Question 17

What is methemoglobin? In what breed is congenital methHb reported and what is the cause?

Answer 17

Methemoglobin has an iron molecule in the oxidised (Fe3+)/ferric state. It has impaired ability to bind oxygen. Reduction to haemoglobin requires NADH B5 meth reductase. In Pomeranians a mutation of this reductase ((CYB5R3) leads to NADH B5 reductase deficiency (mis sense mutation)

Question 18

What % of dogs with splenic torsion that undergo surgery survive to discharge? What breed are over represented? what factors are associated with non survival? was splenic neoplasia common?

Answer 18

JAVMA 2016: 91% survive to discharge. GSD, Danes and English Bulldogs were common breeds. Septic peritonitis, intraoperative haemorrhage and post op respiratory distress was associated with non survival. No spleens were neoplastic

Question 19

In dogs <16kg that have splenectomy, what is the most common neoplasia? which breed most commonly had splenic malignancies in this weight category? was haemabdomen associated with malignancy?

Answer 19

JAVMA 2017: HSA, Wheaton terriers, there wasn’t an association between haemoperitoneum and malignant disease

Question 20

What sonographic factors are associated with clinically significant splenic cytology?

Answer 20

JVIM 2019: Nodules 1-2cm, target lesions and peritoneal effusion. Clinically relevant findings in 20% of dogs in this study

Question 21

What factors are associated with higher platelet concentrations in donations for platelet concentrates in dogs?

Answer 21

JVIM 2017: Higher platelet counts, lipemia and phosphorous levels. Explained 29% of variance in total

Question 22

What diseases are associated with thrombocytosis (categories). Is there an association with severity?

Answer 22

JVIM 2017: Neoplasia (carcinoma commonly) - 55.7%, endocrine disease, inflammatory disease. Immune mediated disease was common (22%) and had higher PLT count than other causes of inflammatory diseases

Question 23

What is the difference in platelet aggrenometry after clopidogrel administration in PLN dogs and healthy dogs?

Answer 23

JVIM 2019: all but 1 dog in the PLN group had suppressed PA with ADP as the stimuli, but not with arachidonic acid. Notably, no difference was seen in either type of PA after aspirin administration.

Question 24

What is the impact of MYBPC3 A31P mutation on platelet activity? What is the impact of clopidogrel on these cats?

Answer 24

JVIM 2016: Increased platelet activation in response to ADP was seen in these cats. Clopidogrel reduced ADP induced P selection expression in most cats

Question 25

What is the effect of cyclosporine (potentially) on homeostasis? How can this be mitigated?

Answer 25

JVIM 2016: increases thromboxane synthesis. Aspirin was effective in mitigating this, with the presence of cyclosporine not affecting its ability to inhibit platelets or reduce urinary thromboxane

Question 26

What is PAMfix used for?

Answer 26

JVIM 2018: platelet inhibition can be measured by stimulating platelets and then using flow cytometry to measure their expression of P selectin. PAMFIx is a paraformaldehyde fixative which can stabilise the platelets after activation and allow delayed flow cytometry. In this study It was useful up to 22 days

Question 27

For plateletworks platelet function analysis, what agonist was able to show a response with both clopidogrel and aspirin? What cartridges could be used for clopidogrel response with PFA?

Answer 27

JVIM 2018: For plateletworks, arachidonic acid could be used as an agonist. For PFA the P2Y cartridge

Question 27

For plateletworks platelet function analysis, what agonist was able to show a response with both clopidogrel and aspirin? What cartridges could be used for clopidogrel response with PFA?

Answer 27

JVIM 2018: For plateletworks, arachidonic acid could be used as an agonist. For PFA the P2Y cartridge

Question 28

What adverse effects were reported with intraperitoneal mesenchymal stem cell injection in cats?

Answer 28

JVIM 2016: Transient lethargy in two cats. Jejunal LN enlargement at weeks 1 and 5

Question 29

What metabolic derangement is associated with hypertension in Greyhounds?

Answer 29

JVIM 2016; altered eicosanoid profiles, implying vascular dysfunction - eg dogs had higher 11,12EET and 20(S)HETE with hypertension. Albuminuria correlated with total DHET which was higher in greyhounds

Question 30

What laboratory changes were described in a series of dogs receiving TPE? What comorbidity was associated with citrate accumulation and what max citrate infusion was suggested form this study?

Answer 30

JVIM 2019: 24% decrease in TP, 53% decrease in fibrinogen, reductions in bilirubin, urea and creatinine. Citrate accumulation occurred n all but was more pronounced in dogs with renal disease. Max rates were 5.5umol/kg/min for renal disease and 9umol/kg/min for other. Complications in 34% of dogs

Question 31

What breed has lower VWF and fibrinogen concentrations? is this relevant to cryoprecipitate donations?

Answer 31

JVIM 2019: Greyhounds have lower and this is reflected in their cryoprecipitate. However, in this study, they still meant human blood bank standards.

Question 32

What % of intermittent hemodialysis patients require blood products? what is their use associated with?

Answer 32

JVIM 2017; 87% of cats and 32% of dogs. In dogs this was associated with higher likelihood of death and in cats was associated with the number of dialysis treatments

Question 33

Is there a benefit to performing a major crossmatch on transfusion negative cats?

Answer 33

JVIM 2018: no difference was seen I incidence of transfusion tractions (17% vs 29% but not statistically different), no difference in mean change in PCV.

Question 34

A commercial closed system was deemed appropriate for storing feline whole blood for how long? What changes were seen in the blood?What was the anticoagulant?

Answer 34

JVIM 2018: 35 days. 1/8 grew serratia at D35. 23DPG and ATP decreased . increased hemolysis, lactate and potassium. CPDA anticoagulant

Question 35

How does immunochromatographic blood typing in cats compare to flow cytometry?

Answer 35

JVIM 2019: concordant, R =1. In this study. 14 incompatibilities outside AB where identified via xmatching

Question 36

In a JSAP study, what was better at predicting a transfusion reaction in naiive cats; slide agglutination or commercial test?

Answer 36

JSAP 2020: Commercial was more specific for predicting reactions, with less incompatibility overall

Question 37

Can cats have naturally occurring anti-dog antigens?

Answer 37

JFMS 2018: Yes, with warm cross match positivity detected

Question 38

What is a membrane marker on red cells that can serve as a marker of quality/cell removal?

Answer 38

JVIM 2017: Erythrocyte phosphatidylserine. Increases are considered a storage lesion. in this study, their expression was not influenced by leukoreduction. Leukoreduction transiently increased TXB2 and PGF2

Question 39

What is the incidence of alloimmunisation (becoming incompatible) to other RBC antigens in DEA 1 matched dogs ?

Answer 39

JVIM 2017: 44%, cross matching recommended for subsequent transfusions

Question 40

Are weakly DEA 1+ dogs immunogenic to negative dogs?

Answer 40

JVIM 2019: yes - the single dog in this study was sensitives for 1657 days +