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Pathology 372 > Respiratory 1 > Flashcards

Respiratory 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 components of the upper respiratory tract?

A
  1. Nasal cavity
  2. Sinuses
  3. Nasopharynx
  4. Larynx
  5. Trachea
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2
Q

What are the 4 primary frunctions of the upper respiratory tract?

A
  1. Warm & humidify air
  2. Cleanse air
  3. Initial defense against pathogens
  4. Conduct air to lower respiratory tract
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3
Q

What is the #1 goal of the upper respiratory tract?

A

To condition/clean the air prior to reaching the lungs

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4
Q

What is the #2 goal of the upper respiratory tract?

A

Move air to/from lungs as efficiently as possible

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5
Q

Which structural feature of the upper respiratory tract allows for air turbulence?

A

Convolutions & branching tubular structure

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6
Q

What are the 3 mechanisms by which particulates are removed from the upper respiratory tract?

A
  1. Coughing
  2. Sneezing
  3. Mucociliary escalator
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7
Q

What are the 2 components of the mucociliary escalator?

A
  1. Surface mucus
  2. Cilia
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8
Q

What are the 2 basic layers of the mucociliary escalator surface mucus?

A
  1. The lower, liquid layer
  2. The viscous surface gel layer
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9
Q

What are 2 contents of the mucociliary escalator mucus layer that neutralize and remove pathogens?

A
  1. Immunoglobulin
  2. Antimicrobial substances
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10
Q

What is the primary antibody in the mucus of the mucociliary escalator?

A

IgA

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11
Q

The normal movement of the cilia of the tracheal epithelium has been impaired.

What is this condition called?

A

Primary ciliary dyskinesia

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12
Q

True or False:

Bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles all have glands.

A

FALSE

Bronchi & bronchioles have glands

Terminal & respiratory bronchioles do NOT

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13
Q

What are 2 functions of the alveoli?

A
  1. Gas exchange
  2. Acid-base balance
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14
Q

What type of cells make up the type I pneumocytes of the alveoli?

A

Simple squamous epithelium

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15
Q
  1. What type of cells make up the type II pneumocytes of the alveoli?
  2. What do these cells produce?
A
  1. Cuboidal epithelial cells
  2. Produce surfactant
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16
Q

True or False:

  1. Bronchi and bronchioles are made up of a columnar epithelium.
  2. Terminal bronchioles are ciliated.
  3. Respiratory bronchioles are made up of a cuboidal epithelium.
A
  1. TRUE
  2. FALSE - terminal bronchioles & respiratory bronchioles are NON-ciliated
  3. TRUE
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17
Q

In which of the following are goblet cells located?

Bronchi

Bronchioles

Terminal bronchioles

Respiratory bronchioles

A

Bronchi

&

Bronchioles

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18
Q

What are the 3 types of cells that make up or are present within the alveoli?

A
  1. Simple squamous epithelium (type I pneumocytes)
  2. Cuboidal epithelium (type II pneumoncytes)
  3. Alveolar macrophages
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19
Q
  1. What makes up the “final line” of defense in the alveoli?
  2. What is the specific function of this particular line of defense?
A
  1. Alveolar macrophages
  2. Phagocytizes and removes material
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20
Q

What are the labeled cell types?

A.

B.

C.

A

A. Alveolar type II pneumocyte

B. Alveolar type I pneumocyte

C. Alveolar capillary

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21
Q
  1. How do cold temperatures affect cilia?
  2. How does this affect the amount of mucus present in the upper respiratory tract?
A
  1. Cilia become SLUGGISH or STOP in cold temperatures
  2. Mucus THICKENS with the cold
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22
Q
  1. What type of environmental conditions might dry out the mucus in the upper respiratory tract?
  2. What affect does this have on mucus clearance?
A
  1. HEAT, LOW HUMIDITY, and DEHYRATION dry out the mucus
  2. This DECREASES mucus clearance
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23
Q

Viral infections, such as BVD, can cause a decrease in the production of what substances in the surface mucus?

A

Antimicrobial substances

(Ex: interferon, defensin, etc.)

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24
Q

List at least 3 impairments to the respiratory defense mechanisms

A

Decreased immune response:

Immunodeficiency disorders (including stress)

Viruses (FIV, BVD)

Airway epithelial damage:

Bacteria (Mycoplasma, Bordetella)

Viruses (Influenza)

Air pollutants (dust)

Chemicals

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25
Q

What is known as the “most costely disease of beef cattle”?

A

Bovine shipping fever

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26
Q

What are the 3 GENERAL causes of bovine shipping fever?

A

Stress

Dust/ammonia

Viruses

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27
Q
  1. What are the 4 viruses that could contribute to bovine shipping fever?
  2. Which of these viruses causing an immunosuppression?
  3. Which of these viruses decreases mucociliary clearance, altering innate immunity?
A
  1. BVD, IBR, PI3, BRSV
  2. BVD
  3. IBR, PI3, BRSV
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28
Q

BVD suppresses _____ _____ function and causes a sustained _____.

A

BVD suppresses alveolar macrophage function and causes a sustained neutropenia.

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29
Q

Complex interactions between environmental influences + multiple pathogens = _____ ______ _____

A

Respiratory disease complex

CIRD = canine infectious respiratory disease

BRDC = bovine respiratory disease complex

PRDC = porcine respiratory disease complex

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30
Q

What 2 gross changes might you see in a lung with mild injury and acute inflammation?

A

Hyperemia

&

Serious exudate

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31
Q
  1. What type of exudate might you see with a chronic inflammation?
  2. Which 2 structures would undergo hyperplasia as part of a chronic inflammation?
A
  1. Thick, mucoid exudate
  2. Goblet cells & mucous glands
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32
Q

What type of change is the following describing?

Loss of mucocilliary apparatus (no cilia)

Mucosal drying (no goblet cells)

Microfloral change

A

Squamous metaplasia

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33
Q

With an infection of the upper respiratory tract, what clinical signs might you see?

A

Nasal discharge

Sneezing

Runny eyes

Cough

Fever

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34
Q

The following refer to upper respiratory tract infections in DOGS:

  1. What are 4 common viral causes?
  2. What is 1 common bacterial cause?
  3. What is 1 common fungal cause?
A
  1. Distemper, adenovirus, influenza, parainfluenza
  2. Bordetella
  3. Aspergillus
35
Q

The following refer to upper respiratory tract infections of CATS:

  1. What are 2 common viral causes?
  2. What is 1 common bacterial cause?
  3. What is 1 fungal cause?
A
  1. Herpes, calicivirus
  2. Chlamydia
  3. Cryptococcus
36
Q

The following refer to upper respiratory tract infections in EQUINE:

  1. What are 4 common viral causes?
  2. What is 1 common bacterial cause?
  3. What is 1 common fungal cause?
A
  1. Herpes, influenza, adenovirus, parainfluenza
  2. Streptococcus equi (Strangles)
  3. Aspergillus
37
Q

The following refer to upper respiratory tract infections in BOVINE:

  1. What is 1 commone viral cause?
  2. What is 1 common bacterial cause?
A
  1. Herpes
  2. Fusobacterium necrophorum (calf diphtheria)
38
Q

One more!! The following refer to upper respiratory tract infections in SWINE:

  1. What are 3 common viral causes?
  2. What are 2 common bacterial causes?
  3. What is the condition called caused by those bacteria?
A
  1. Herpes, influenza, cytomegalovirus
  2. Bordetella, pasteurella
  3. Atrophic rhinitis
39
Q
  1. Describe the gross change you see in this steer.
  2. What is your diagnosis?
  3. What is likely the causative agent?
A
  1. Adherent fibrinopurulent exudate on the nasal, laryngeal, and tracheal mucosa
  2. Fibrinopurulent rhinotracheitis
  3. IBR (Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis OR bovine herpesvirus-1)
40
Q

In a horse you necropsy, you see a mild, necrotizing rhinitis, tracheitis, and bronchiolitis.

  1. What is your likely diagnosis?
  2. What could be the 2 causative agents?
A
  1. Equine Rhinopneumonitis
  2. Equine herpesvirus-1 and Equine herpesvirus-4
41
Q

You do a necropsy on a cat and find a mucopurulent, ulcerative rhinitis and tracheitis.

What is your diagnosis?

A

Feline viral rhinotracheitis

(Feline herpes virus)

42
Q

You do a necropsy on a pig and find a firbrinonecrotic rhinitis and tracheitis.

What is your diagnosis?

A

Pseudorabies

43
Q

Some forms of bronhitis and bronchilitis cause necrosis of the airway epithlial cells as seen in the image here.

What are the causes of this necrotizing change?

A

IBR

BRSV

SIV

Herpes

Histophilus somni

44
Q

There are 2 forms of bronchitis and bronchiolitis, one of which is the necrotizing form.

What is the other form?

A

Degenerative

45
Q

What are 2 causative agents of degenerative bronchitis or bronchiolitis?

A

Mycoplasma hypopneumoniae

Bordetella bronchiseptica

46
Q

An agent binds to cilia, causes ciliostasis, clumping and loss of cilia, and loss of epithelial cells.

Is that an example of a necrotizing or degenerative bronchitis?

A

Degenerative

47
Q

What are the clinical signs of bronchitis/bronchiolitis?

A

Productive cough

Fever

Chills

Labored breathing (wheezing)

Depression

48
Q
  1. Within inflammation in the airway, you get an increased or decreased production of mucus?
  2. You get bronchial constriction or bronchial dilation?
A
  1. Increased mucus secretion
  2. Bronchial constriction
49
Q

With inflammation of the airway, there is an increase in exudate and cellular debris. This can lead to partial or complete airway obstruction.

What 4 respiratory conditions could be sequela to inflammation and obstruction of the airway?

A
  1. Bronchiolitis obliterans
  2. Atelectasis
  3. Emphysema
  4. Bronchiectasis
50
Q

What is bronchiectasis?

A

Permanent, abnormal dilation of the bronchi

51
Q
  1. What is the cause of bronchiectasis?
  2. What is the pathogenesis of bronchiectasis?
A
  1. Acquired as a result of prolonged inflammation
  2. Severe suppurative bronchitis -> neutrophiil lysosomal enzymes weaken & destroy bronchial wall -> dilated, mucus filled aiway with decreased mucocilliary clearance
52
Q

This is a lung.

What change is being illustrated?

A

Bronchiectasis

53
Q

What is bronchiolitis obliterans?

A

Partial or complete obstruction of the airway by fibrous connective tissue

54
Q

The following refers to the pathogenesis of bronchiolitis obliterans. Fill in the missing pieces:

____A_____ –> Loss of lining epithelium & filling of lumen with fibrinous to suppurative exudate –> ____B_____ –> Partial or complete airway obliteration by fibrous connective tissue

A

A. Bronchiolar injury (Ex: SIV, BRSV)

B. Fibroblasts migrate in & organize exudate

55
Q

The following image depits changes that are associated with bronchiolitis obliterans.

What specific change is the “?” depicting?

A

Filling of lumen with fibrinous to suppurative exudate

56
Q

What is a consequence of a partial, valve-like obstruction within the airways?

A

Over-inflation (emphysema)

57
Q

What is a consequence of complete obstruction of the airways?

A

Atelectasis

58
Q

What is atelectasis?

A

Alveolar collapse

59
Q

When bronchiolitis obliterans interferes with clearance of the airways, what is the animal predisposed to?

A

Bronchopneumonia

60
Q

If the structure on the left is normal, what do you call the condition on the right?

A

Atelectasis

61
Q

What do you call the failure of a newborn’s lungs to expand?

A

Atelectasis neonatorum

62
Q
  1. How might you recognize atalectasis grossly?
  2. How might you recognize atalectasis microscopically?
A
  1. Grossly:
    • Color = dull red
    • Consistency = spongy
    • Appearance = depressed or shrunken compared to surrounding inflated lung
    • NO fluid or exudate expressed form cut surface
  2. Microscopically:
    • Alveoli are compressed into slits
63
Q

What are the 4 general causes of atelectasis?

A
  1. Lack of pulmonary surfactant (premature birth)
  2. Reduced inspiratory force
  3. Obstruction
  4. Compression
64
Q

There are 2 types of compressive forces that could lead to atelectasis, thoracic effusion and pneumothorax.

How does pneumothorax cause atelectasis?

A

A lack of negative pressure causes the collapse

65
Q

This lung has a well-demarcated, almost linear demarcation.

  1. What is it dividing? 2. What could have caused such a demarcation?

A.

B.

A
    • A. Normal lung
    • B. Atelectic lung
  2. Thoracic effusion filling up the ventral aspect of the chest leading to ventral ONLY atelectasis (Ex. hardware diseae)
66
Q

Based on the changes you can see here, what abnormality migth you find with the lungs?

A

Atelectasis

NOTE: If there is a significant effusion, there will ALWYAS be assocaited atelectasis!!

67
Q
  1. What do you call fluid accumulation in the air spaces and/or parenchyma of the lung?
  2. Can you name 2 general causes of this condition? (there are 4 total)
A
  1. Pulmonary edema
    • Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
    • Low plasma protein oncotic pressure
    • Increased capillary permeability
    • Obstruction of lymphatic drainage
68
Q

Describe pulmonary edema grossly:

Extra: What type of object might you compare an edemic lung to?

A

Lungs are red, heavy, & swollen

Fluid oozes from cut surface

Clear fluid may distend interlobular spaces

Frothy fluid (foam) in airways and trachea

** Extra: Compare an edematous lung to a water ballon **

69
Q

Describe pulmonary edema microscopically:

A

Hypocellular amorphous eosinophilic fluid in the alveoli

70
Q

Bronchopneumonia is inflammation of the lung in which exudate accumulates primarily in the _____, _____, and _____.

A

Bronchopneumonia is inflammation of the lung in which exudate accumulates primarily in the bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli.

71
Q

What is often the most common cause of a bronchopneumonia?

A

Inhaled infectious agents (bacteria)

These localize at the bronchiole, alveolar junction

72
Q

Describe bronchopneumonia grossly:

A

Pattern: typically anteroventral

Texture: solid where affected (consolidated or hepatized)

Color: darker in color (hyperemia)

Express exudate from the cut surface

Lung may sink in formalin

Coughed up exudate may be present in the trachea

73
Q
  1. Of the conditions we’ve discussed so far, what condition is the following:
  2. What gross features tell you this?
A
  1. Bronchopneumonia
    • Darker in color (hyperemia)
    • Exudate in the trachea from being coughed up
    • Anteroventral pattern
74
Q

Describe bronchopneumonia on a microscopic level:

A

Alveoli and adjacent airways are flooded with a fibrinosuppurative exudate

75
Q
  1. Which of the following is considered “liver like”?
  2. From which of the following can you express a thick exudate from the cut surface?
  3. Which of the following is assocaited with a white froth/foam in the trachea?

Bronchopneumonia

Atalectasis

Edema

A
  1. Bronchopneumonia
  2. Bronchopneumonia
  3. Edema
76
Q
  1. Which of the following will sink in formalin?
  2. Which of the following is most commonly a diffuse change?
  3. Which of the following will have no material expressed from cut surface?
A
  1. Bronchopneumonia
  2. Edema
  3. Atalectasis
77
Q
  1. Which of the following is heavy like a water balloon?
  2. Which of the following has a soft and spongy consistency?

Bronchopneumonia

Atalectasis

Edema

A
  1. Edema
  2. Atalectasis
78
Q
  1. What is an abnormal accumulation of air in the lungs?
  2. What is the cause of this condition?
  3. What is an example of a condition that would cause this?
A
  1. Emphysema
  2. Obstruction of airflow (air is allowed in but NOT out)
  3. Partial bronchiolitis obliterans
79
Q

What do you call this microscopic change?

A

Emphysema

80
Q

What is it called when air ruptures into the interlobular septa?`

A

Interstitial emphysema

81
Q
  1. What change is this image depicting?
  2. In which species does occur?
  3. Why does this occur in that specis?
A
  1. Intertitial emphysema
  2. Cattle
  3. Cattle lack collateral ventilation & have wide interlobular septae
82
Q

You have a lung lesion with the following characteristics:

  • Distention and rupture of alveolar walls
  • A creptius feel when palpated
  • Large pockets throughout the surface

What is this condition called?

A

Emphysema

83
Q

See how much you’ve learned!

Based on the histology slide provided, what is your best morphilogic diagnosis?

A

Bronchopneumonia with bronchiectasis (dilation of the aiway)

Pathology 372 (17 decks)

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