Respiratory 1 Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 5 components of the upper respiratory tract?
A
- Nasal cavity
- Sinuses
- Nasopharynx
- Larynx
- Trachea
2
Q
What are the 4 primary frunctions of the upper respiratory tract?
A
- Warm & humidify air
- Cleanse air
- Initial defense against pathogens
- Conduct air to lower respiratory tract
3
Q
What is the #1 goal of the upper respiratory tract?
A
To condition/clean the air prior to reaching the lungs
4
Q
What is the #2 goal of the upper respiratory tract?
A
Move air to/from lungs as efficiently as possible
5
Q
Which structural feature of the upper respiratory tract allows for air turbulence?
A
Convolutions & branching tubular structure
6
Q
What are the 3 mechanisms by which particulates are removed from the upper respiratory tract?
A
- Coughing
- Sneezing
- Mucociliary escalator
7
Q
What are the 2 components of the mucociliary escalator?
A
- Surface mucus
- Cilia
8
Q
What are the 2 basic layers of the mucociliary escalator surface mucus?
A
- The lower, liquid layer
- The viscous surface gel layer
9
Q
What are 2 contents of the mucociliary escalator mucus layer that neutralize and remove pathogens?
A
- Immunoglobulin
- Antimicrobial substances
10
Q
What is the primary antibody in the mucus of the mucociliary escalator?
A
IgA
11
Q
The normal movement of the cilia of the tracheal epithelium has been impaired.
What is this condition called?
A
Primary ciliary dyskinesia
12
Q
True or False:
Bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles all have glands.
A
FALSE
Bronchi & bronchioles have glands
Terminal & respiratory bronchioles do NOT
13
Q
What are 2 functions of the alveoli?
A
- Gas exchange
- Acid-base balance
14
Q
What type of cells make up the type I pneumocytes of the alveoli?
A
Simple squamous epithelium
15
Q
- What type of cells make up the type II pneumocytes of the alveoli?
- What do these cells produce?
A
- Cuboidal epithelial cells
- Produce surfactant
16
Q
True or False:
- Bronchi and bronchioles are made up of a columnar epithelium.
- Terminal bronchioles are ciliated.
- Respiratory bronchioles are made up of a cuboidal epithelium.
A
- TRUE
- FALSE - terminal bronchioles & respiratory bronchioles are NON-ciliated
- TRUE
17
Q
In which of the following are goblet cells located?
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles
Respiratory bronchioles
A
Bronchi
&
Bronchioles
18
Q
What are the 3 types of cells that make up or are present within the alveoli?
A
- Simple squamous epithelium (type I pneumocytes)
- Cuboidal epithelium (type II pneumoncytes)
- Alveolar macrophages
19
Q
- What makes up the “final line” of defense in the alveoli?
- What is the specific function of this particular line of defense?
A
- Alveolar macrophages
- Phagocytizes and removes material
20
Q
What are the labeled cell types?
A.
B.
C.
A
A. Alveolar type II pneumocyte
B. Alveolar type I pneumocyte
C. Alveolar capillary
21
Q
- How do cold temperatures affect cilia?
- How does this affect the amount of mucus present in the upper respiratory tract?
A
- Cilia become SLUGGISH or STOP in cold temperatures
- Mucus THICKENS with the cold
22
Q
- What type of environmental conditions might dry out the mucus in the upper respiratory tract?
- What affect does this have on mucus clearance?
A
- HEAT, LOW HUMIDITY, and DEHYRATION dry out the mucus
- This DECREASES mucus clearance
23
Q
Viral infections, such as BVD, can cause a decrease in the production of what substances in the surface mucus?
A
Antimicrobial substances
(Ex: interferon, defensin, etc.)
24
Q
List at least 3 impairments to the respiratory defense mechanisms
A
Decreased immune response:
Immunodeficiency disorders (including stress)
Viruses (FIV, BVD)
Airway epithelial damage:
Bacteria (Mycoplasma, Bordetella)
Viruses (Influenza)
Air pollutants (dust)
Chemicals
25
What is known as the "most costely disease of beef cattle"?
Bovine shipping fever
26
What are the 3 GENERAL causes of bovine shipping fever?
Stress
Dust/ammonia
Viruses
27
1. What are the 4 viruses that could contribute to bovine shipping fever?
2. Which of these viruses causing an immunosuppression?
3. Which of these viruses decreases mucociliary clearance, altering innate immunity?
1. BVD, IBR, PI3, BRSV
2. BVD
3. IBR, PI3, BRSV
28
BVD suppresses _____ \_\_\_\_\_ function and causes a sustained \_\_\_\_\_.
BVD suppresses **alveolar macrophage** function and causes a sustained **neutropenia.**
29
Complex interactions between environmental influences + multiple pathogens = _____ \_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_
**Respiratory disease complex**
CIRD = canine infectious respiratory disease
BRDC = bovine respiratory disease complex
PRDC = porcine respiratory disease complex
30
What 2 gross changes might you see in a lung with mild injury and acute inflammation?
Hyperemia
&
Serious exudate
31
1. What type of exudate might you see with a chronic inflammation?
2. Which 2 structures would undergo hyperplasia as part of a chronic inflammation?
1. Thick, mucoid exudate
2. Goblet cells & mucous glands
32
What type of change is the following describing?
Loss of mucocilliary apparatus (no cilia)
Mucosal drying (no goblet cells)
Microfloral change
Squamous metaplasia
33
With an infection of the upper respiratory tract, what clinical signs might you see?
Nasal discharge
Sneezing
Runny eyes
Cough
Fever
34
The following refer to upper respiratory tract infections in DOGS:
1. What are 4 common viral causes?
2. What is 1 common bacterial cause?
3. What is 1 common fungal cause?
1. Distemper, adenovirus, influenza, parainfluenza
2. Bordetella
3. Aspergillus
35
The following refer to upper respiratory tract infections of CATS:
1. What are 2 common viral causes?
2. What is 1 common bacterial cause?
3. What is 1 fungal cause?
1. Herpes, calicivirus
2. Chlamydia
3. Cryptococcus
36
The following refer to upper respiratory tract infections in EQUINE:
1. What are 4 common viral causes?
2. What is 1 common bacterial cause?
3. What is 1 common fungal cause?
1. Herpes, influenza, adenovirus, parainfluenza
2. Streptococcus equi (Strangles)
3. Aspergillus
37
The following refer to upper respiratory tract infections in BOVINE:
1. What is 1 commone viral cause?
2. What is 1 common bacterial cause?
1. Herpes
2. Fusobacterium necrophorum (calf diphtheria)
38
One more!! The following refer to upper respiratory tract infections in SWINE:
1. What are 3 common viral causes?
2. What are 2 common bacterial causes?
3. What is the condition called caused by those bacteria?
1. Herpes, influenza, cytomegalovirus
2. Bordetella, pasteurella
3. Atrophic rhinitis
39
1. Describe the gross change you see in this steer.
2. What is your diagnosis?
3. What is likely the causative agent?
1. Adherent fibrinopurulent exudate on the nasal, laryngeal, and tracheal mucosa
2. Fibrinopurulent rhinotracheitis
3. IBR (Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis OR bovine herpesvirus-1)
40
In a horse you necropsy, you see a mild, necrotizing rhinitis, tracheitis, and bronchiolitis.
1. What is your likely diagnosis?
2. What could be the 2 causative agents?
1. Equine Rhinopneumonitis
2. Equine herpesvirus-1 and Equine herpesvirus-4
41
You do a necropsy on a cat and find a mucopurulent, ulcerative rhinitis and tracheitis.
What is your diagnosis?
Feline viral rhinotracheitis
| (Feline herpes virus)
42
You do a necropsy on a pig and find a firbrinonecrotic rhinitis and tracheitis.
What is your diagnosis?
Pseudorabies
43
Some forms of bronhitis and bronchilitis cause necrosis of the airway epithlial cells as seen in the image here.
What are the causes of this necrotizing change?
IBR
BRSV
SIV
Herpes
Histophilus somni
44
There are 2 forms of bronchitis and bronchiolitis, one of which is the necrotizing form.
What is the other form?
Degenerative
45
What are 2 causative agents of degenerative bronchitis or bronchiolitis?
Mycoplasma hypopneumoniae
Bordetella bronchiseptica
46
An agent binds to cilia, causes ciliostasis, clumping and loss of cilia, and loss of epithelial cells.
Is that an example of a necrotizing or degenerative bronchitis?
Degenerative
47
What are the clinical signs of bronchitis/bronchiolitis?
Productive cough
Fever
Chills
Labored breathing (wheezing)
Depression
48
1. Within inflammation in the airway, you get an increased or decreased production of mucus?
2. You get bronchial constriction or bronchial dilation?
1. Increased mucus secretion
2. Bronchial constriction
49
With inflammation of the airway, there is an increase in exudate and cellular debris. This can lead to partial or complete airway obstruction.
What 4 respiratory conditions could be sequela to inflammation and obstruction of the airway?
1. Bronchiolitis obliterans
2. Atelectasis
3. Emphysema
4. Bronchiectasis
50
What is bronchiectasis?
Permanent, abnormal dilation of the bronchi
51
1. What is the cause of bronchiectasis?
2. What is the pathogenesis of bronchiectasis?
1. Acquired as a result of prolonged inflammation
2. Severe suppurative bronchitis -\> neutrophiil lysosomal enzymes weaken & destroy bronchial wall -\> **dilated,** mucus filled aiway with decreased mucocilliary clearance
52
This is a lung.
What change is being illustrated?
Bronchiectasis
53
What is bronchiolitis obliterans?
Partial or complete obstruction of the airway by fibrous connective tissue
54
The following refers to the pathogenesis of bronchiolitis obliterans. Fill in the missing pieces:
\_\_\_\_A\_\_\_\_\_ --\> Loss of lining epithelium & filling of lumen with fibrinous to suppurative exudate --\> \_\_\_\_B\_\_\_\_\_ --\> Partial or complete airway obliteration by fibrous connective tissue
A. Bronchiolar injury (Ex: SIV, BRSV)
B. Fibroblasts migrate in & organize exudate
55
The following image depits changes that are associated with bronchiolitis obliterans.
What specific change is the "?" depicting?
Filling of lumen with fibrinous to suppurative exudate
56
What is a consequence of a partial, valve-like obstruction within the airways?
Over-inflation (emphysema)
57
What is a consequence of complete obstruction of the airways?
Atelectasis
58
What is atelectasis?
Alveolar collapse
59
When bronchiolitis obliterans interferes with clearance of the airways, what is the animal predisposed to?
Bronchopneumonia
60
If the structure on the left is normal, what do you call the condition on the right?
Atelectasis
61
What do you call the failure of a newborn's lungs to expand?
Atelectasis neonatorum
62
1. How might you recognize atalectasis grossly?
2. How might you recognize atalectasis microscopically?
1. Grossly:
* Color = dull red
* Consistency = spongy
* Appearance = depressed or shrunken compared to surrounding inflated lung
* NO fluid or exudate expressed form cut surface
2. Microscopically:
* Alveoli are compressed into slits
63
What are the 4 general causes of atelectasis?
1. Lack of pulmonary surfactant (premature birth)
2. Reduced inspiratory force
3. Obstruction
4. Compression
64
There are 2 types of compressive forces that could lead to atelectasis, thoracic effusion and pneumothorax.
How does pneumothorax cause atelectasis?
A lack of negative pressure causes the collapse
65
This lung has a well-demarcated, almost linear demarcation.
1. What is it dividing? 2. What could have caused such a demarcation?
A.
B.
1. * A. Normal lung
* B. Atelectic lung
2. Thoracic effusion filling up the ventral aspect of the chest leading to ventral ONLY atelectasis (Ex. hardware diseae)
66
Based on the changes you can see here, what abnormality migth you find with the lungs?
Atelectasis
NOTE: If there is a significant effusion, there will ALWYAS be assocaited atelectasis!!
67
1. What do you call fluid accumulation in the air spaces and/or parenchyma of the lung?
2. Can you name 2 general causes of this condition? (there are 4 total)
1. Pulmonary edema
2. * Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
* Low plasma protein oncotic pressure
* Increased capillary permeability
* Obstruction of lymphatic drainage
68
Describe pulmonary edema grossly:
Extra: What type of object might you compare an edemic lung to?
Lungs are red, heavy, & swollen
Fluid oozes from cut surface
Clear fluid may distend interlobular spaces
Frothy fluid (foam) in airways and trachea
\*\* Extra: Compare an edematous lung to a water ballon \*\*
69
Describe pulmonary edema microscopically:
Hypocellular amorphous eosinophilic fluid in the alveoli
70
Bronchopneumonia is inflammation of the lung in which exudate accumulates primarily in the \_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_\_.
Bronchopneumonia is inflammation of the lung in which exudate accumulates primarily in the **bronchi, bronchioles,** and **alveoli.**
71
What is often the most common cause of a bronchopneumonia?
Inhaled infectious agents (bacteria)
These localize at the bronchiole, alveolar junction
72
Describe bronchopneumonia grossly:
Pattern: typically anteroventral
Texture: solid where affected (consolidated or hepatized)
Color: darker in color (hyperemia)
Express exudate from the cut surface
Lung may sink in formalin
Coughed up exudate may be present in the trachea
73
1. Of the conditions we've discussed so far, what condition is the following:
2. What gross features tell you this?
1. Bronchopneumonia
2. * Darker in color (hyperemia)
* Exudate in the trachea from being coughed up
* Anteroventral pattern
74
Describe bronchopneumonia on a microscopic level:
Alveoli and adjacent airways are flooded with a fibrinosuppurative exudate
75
1. Which of the following is considered "liver like"?
2. From which of the following can you express a thick exudate from the cut surface?
3. Which of the following is assocaited with a white froth/foam in the trachea?
Bronchopneumonia
Atalectasis
Edema
1. Bronchopneumonia
2. Bronchopneumonia
3. Edema
76
1. Which of the following will sink in formalin?
2. Which of the following is most commonly a diffuse change?
3. Which of the following will have no material expressed from cut surface?
1. Bronchopneumonia
2. Edema
3. Atalectasis
77
1. Which of the following is heavy like a water balloon?
2. Which of the following has a soft and spongy consistency?
Bronchopneumonia
Atalectasis
Edema
1. Edema
2. Atalectasis
78
1. What is an abnormal accumulation of air in the lungs?
2. What is the cause of this condition?
3. What is an example of a condition that would cause this?
1. Emphysema
2. Obstruction of airflow (air is allowed in but NOT out)
3. Partial bronchiolitis obliterans
79
What do you call this microscopic change?
Emphysema
80
What is it called when air ruptures into the interlobular septa?`
Interstitial emphysema
81
1. What change is this image depicting?
2. In which species does occur?
3. Why does this occur in that specis?
1. Intertitial emphysema
2. Cattle
3. Cattle lack collateral ventilation & have wide interlobular septae
82
You have a lung lesion with the following characteristics:
* Distention and rupture of alveolar walls
* A creptius feel when palpated
* Large pockets throughout the surface
What is this condition called?
Emphysema
83
See how much you've learned!
Based on the histology slide provided, what is your best morphilogic diagnosis?
Bronchopneumonia with bronchiectasis (dilation of the aiway)
