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Pathology 372 > Lecture 7 Urinary System > Flashcards

Lecture 7 Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

A

Nephron

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2
Q

Which structures make up the upper urinary tract?

A
  1. Kidneys
  2. Ureters
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3
Q

Which structures make up the lower urinary tract?

A
  1. Urinary bladder
  2. Urethra
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4
Q

What structures make up the renal corpuscle?

A
  1. Glomerulus
  2. Bowman’s capsule
  3. Afferent arterioles
  4. Efferent arterioles
  5. Urinary space
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5
Q

What is the vascular part of the renal corpuscle called?

A

Glomerulus

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6
Q

Name the structures:

1.

2.

3.

A
  1. Proximal convoluted tubule
  2. Glomerulus
  3. Bowman’s capsule
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7
Q

Name the structures:

1.

2.

3.

A
  1. Distal convoluted tubule
  2. Collecting duct
  3. Henle’s loop
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8
Q

Within which structure can the juxtaglomerular cells be found?

A

Afferent arterioles

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9
Q

What special structure can be found within the distal tubule?

A

Macula densa

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10
Q

Name the structures:

1.

2.

A
  1. Juxtaglomerular cells
  2. Macula densa
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11
Q
  1. What are the structures circled in black ink called?
  2. Which layer of the filtration apparatus are they attached to?
A
  1. Podocytes
  2. Basement membrane
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12
Q

What are the three layers of the filtrating membrane of the glomerulus?

A
  1. Podocytes
  2. Glomerular basement membrane
  3. Fenestrated endothelial cells
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13
Q

What is the net charge of the glomerular basement membrane?

A

Negative

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14
Q

Would the blood pressure within glomeruli be high or low?

A

High

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15
Q

Nephrin is a structural component of what structure?

A

Slit diaphragm of glomerular podocytes

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16
Q

Renal disease where the slit diaphragm nephrin is lost will cause leakage of what into the urine?

A

Protein

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17
Q
  1. Podocyte pedicels are covered in what?
  2. Is this glycoprotein positively or negatively charged?
A
  1. Podocalyxin
  2. Negatively charged
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18
Q
  1. What type of cell are the mesangial cells?
  2. Name one thing these cells produce.
A
  1. Phagocytic cells
  2. Produce (1) cytokines and (2) a matrix that fills glomeruli
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19
Q

The follow is a picture of a typical glomerulus. Which color dot most accurately depicts where mesangial cells might be located?

A

Red - mesangial cells can most commonly be found in the “middle” of the glomerulus

20
Q

The following depicts the filtration membrane of the glomerulus. Name the two structures highlighted:

A

Blue: podocytes foot processes

Yellow: double basement membrane

21
Q

The following is a high magnification view of a filtering apparatus. Name the highlighted structures:

A

Purple: podocyte

Yellow: podocyte foot process

Green: fenestrated endothelium

22
Q

List 5 functions of the kidney.

A
  1. Maintain acid/base balance
  2. Maintain ion balances
  3. Rid metabolic wastes
  4. Regulate water volume in the body
  5. Endocrine functions
    6.
23
Q

What cells within the kidney produce renin and where specifically are these cells located?

A

Juxtaglomerular cells, located in the afferent arterioles

24
Q

How might a decrease in renal mass lead to anemia?

A

Decreased production of erythropoietin

25
Q
  1. Give an example of a molecule within the body that is filtered but NOT resorbed within the kidneys.
  2. This substance is a good indicator of what renal value?
A
  1. Creatinine
  2. GFR (glomerular filtration rate)
26
Q

What determines the rate at which componds are cleared from the blood?

A

Glomerular filtration rate

27
Q

The ability to retain water within the body and concentrate urine leaving the body is dependent on maintaing a _____ state within the medullary interstitium.

A

Hyperosmotic

28
Q

Select the correct statement:

a. ) Water moves from an area of high osmolarity to an area of low osmolarity
b. ) Water moves from an area of low osmolarity to an area of high osmolarity

A

b.) Water moves from an area of low osmolarity to an area of high osmolarity

29
Q

What determines the rate at which componds are cleared from the blood?

A

Glomerular filtration rate

30
Q

Order the following (1, 2, and 3) in order from the least to the greatest osmolarity:

A

3, 1, 2

31
Q

In terms of GFR, if the filtration rate is high, the clearance rate would be what, high or low?

A

High

32
Q

In terms of creatinine, its concentration within the blood should be directly related to what value?

A

Its clearance rate

33
Q

Azotemia is associated with an excess of what in the blood?

A

Nitrogenous waste products (urea, creatinine)

34
Q
  1. Azotemia due to decreased renal blood flow is called what?
  2. Give 1-2 examples of scienerios where this type of azotemia might be present.
A
  1. Pre-renal azotemia
  2. (1) dehydration or (2) overall blood loss
35
Q

Azotemia due to a lesion in the kidney can be referred to as ____ azotemia.

A

Renal azotemia

36
Q
  1. Azotemia due to an obstruction within the lower urinary tract can be referred to as ____ azotemia.
  2. Give an example of a scienerio where an animal might present with this type of azotemia.
A
  1. Post-renal azotemia
  2. Blocked tom cat
37
Q

List 3 ways nephrons may react to the injury or loss of other nephrons.

A
  1. Shunting of blood to remaining nephrons
  2. Hypertrophy (“supernephron”)
  3. Increased SNGFR (single nephron GFR)
38
Q

When SNGFR (single nephron GFR) increases, what values must change within those individual nephrons to maintain TGFR (total GFR)?

A
  1. Flow rate increases
  2. Solute load increases
  3. Ultrafiltrate volume increases
39
Q

What is a consequence of over-perfusion injury to glomeruli?

A

Glomerulosclerosis

40
Q

An animal that has lost the ability to resorb water will have what for a urine specific gravity?

A

Low urine specific gravity

41
Q

What is the “isosthenuric range” of urine specific gravity?

A

A range that is similar to serum or filtrate as it is formed (1.010)

42
Q

The ability to conserve water and concentrate urine is thanks to what setup within the kidney?

A

The counter current multiplier system

43
Q

To function adequately, what 3 elements does the counter current multiplier system require?

A
  1. Intact tubules
  2. Appropriate flow rate
  3. Osmotic gradient (hyperosmotic medullary interstitium)
44
Q

Glomerular amyloidosis is the deposition of what within the glomerulus?

A

Serum amyloid A protein

45
Q

What is the prognosis of glomerular amyloidosis?

A

Poor

46
Q

Which specific structure witin the juxtaglomerular apparatus initiates the following step-wise process:

Senses low sodium chloride levels, thus stimulating the release of renin. This then activates the renin-angiotensinogen system, better allowing the body to maintain sodium and water levels and keep GFR within its normal range.

A

Macula densa

47
Q

List 3 adaptations to the loss of functional nephrons.

A
  1. Shunting of blood to remaining nephrons
  2. Hypertrophy of remaining nephrons (“supernephron”)
  3. Increased single nephron GFR in functional nephrons

Pathology 372 (17 decks)

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