Respiration - Topic 2 Flashcards
What do the nasal conchae do?
Increase the surface area of the nasal cavity
3 folds inside the nasal cavity - name them.
- Superior nasal Concha
- middle nasal concha
- inferior nasal concha
Why is it important that the surface area inside the nasal cavity is increased?
Cold air entering the body can be warmed (by the many superficial blood vessels lining the mucous membrane) and humidified (by the mucous). Dry cold air can damage the delicate structure of the alveoli.
The inferior continuation of the larynx. Has walls made of partial rings of cartilage.
Trachea
To split into two branches:
Bifurcate
Trachea -> Primary bronchi (enter L and R lungs) -> secondary bronchi -> Tertiary bronchi (how do characteristics change as we go down this list?)
They get smaller with less cartilage
What makes up the walls of the bronchioles
Smooth muscle (mostly), no cartilage
What are attached to the ends of respiratory bronchioles?
Air sacs called Alveoli
What do terminal bronchioles branch into?
Respiratory bronchioles.
Comprise the bulk of the tissue space in the lungs.
Alveoli
In the lungs, what are the organised clusters of tissue separated by small fissures.
Lobes
What are the number of lobes of the Left lung? What are they called?
2
- Superior lobe
- Inferior lobe
What number of lobes in the Right lung? What are their names?
3
- Superior lobe
- Middle lobe
- Inferior lobe
Which lung is slightly larger?
Right lung
What is the indentation in the medial surface of the superior lobe of the left lung called?
The Cardiac Notch
Peaked surface at the top of each lung…
Apex
Flattened inferior surface of each lung…
Base
Bulging region on the medial surface of each lung, where major airways, nerves and blood vessels enter and leave the lung.
Hilus
Name of the 2 layers of membranes supporting the lungs.
Plural membranes (Plurae)
The plurae are actually a single membrane the folds back in on itself, forming 2 layers, rather than 2 separate membranes. True or false?
True
The layer of membrane in direct contact with the lung surface is called the ____ _____.
Visceral Pleura
The outer layer of membrane around the lungs is called?
Parietal pleura
The parietal pleura usally adheres to the diaphragm and the inner wall of the… what?
Thorax
Why do the thorax and diaphragm pull the parietal pleura with them when they expand during exhalation?
The parietal pleura adheres to them.
What is the pleural fluid, and what is its purpose?
A very thin layer of fluid between the visceral and parietal pleura which allows them to slide over each other without friction as the lungs expand and contract during breathing..
Some functions of the Visceral and parietal pleura
- support for lungs
- protection for lungs
- lubrication for constant lung movement
What is the trunk of the body?
Everything between the base of the neck and the pelvis, excluding upper limbs.
Name the two trunk cavities.
- Thoracic cavity (upper 1/3)
2. Abdomino-pelvic cavity (lower 2/3)
Which muscle separates the trunk into 2 cavities?
Diaphragm
Organs from which systems are found in the Thoracic cavity?
- Circulatory system
* respiratory system
Organs from which systems are found in the Abdomino-Pelvic cavity?
- Digestive system
- urinary system
- reproductive system
Which bones make up the Thoracic skeleton?
- Thoracic vertebrae
- Sternum (breastbone)
- ribs
The bones of the spine which attach to the ribs in the thoracic region.
Thoracic vertebrae
Large flat bone in the anterior mid line of the thorax.
Sternum
The ribs connect the ____ ____ posteriorly, with the _____ anteriorly.
- Thoracic vertebrae
2. sternum
Name the parts of a vertebral bone.
- Body
- Two transverse processes
- One spinous process
The most posterior part of the vertebra.
Spinous process
There are two of these processes on the vertebral bone.
Transverse process
The ring shaped hole formed by the vertebral bone.
Vertebral foramen
All the vertebral foramina line up with each other to form the ______ ____.
Vertebral canal
The vertebral canal houses the _____ ___.
Spinal cord
The most anterior part of the vertebra
Vertebral body
How many thoracic vertebrae?
12
How many pairs of ribs?
12
2 flat areas found on the vertebral body. The head of the rib articulates with this surface to form a joint.s
Costal surface
The costal surface on the transverse process of the vertebral bone articulates with what?
The tubercle of the rib
This bone forms the anterior point for articulation of the ribs. Also attaches to the clavicles.
Sternum (breast bone)
The sternum is comprised of 3 fused bones. True or false?
True
The most superior of the three fused bones which comprise the sternum is called the….?
Manubrium
The largest and middle of the three fused bones which comprise the sternum is called the….?
Body of the sternum
The small inferior of the three fused bones making up the sternum is called the….?
Xiphoid process
The point where the manubrium and the body of the sternum are fused is called what?
The sternal angle
The superior indentation in the manubrium is know as what?
Suprasternal notch
OR
The jugular notch
The indentations down the sides of the sternum are called the….?
Costal notches
How many costal notches on the sternum?
7 down each side (14 in all)
Why are there costal notches on the sternum?
They are the articulation points for the first 7 pairs of ribs.
Where does the first rib articulate anteriorly?
With the first costal notch on the manubrium of the sternum. (but not the first notch!)
What is the first indentation down the side of the manubrium.
The clavicular notch - where the clavicle (collar bone) articulates with the sternum.
Which part of the rib articulates with the costal surfaces on the body of the thoracic vertebrae
Head
Process on the rib which articulates with the costal surface on the transverse process of the thoracic vertebrae.
Tubercle
The region between the head of the rib and the tubercle is called the…?
Neck
The region of the rib below the tubercle is called the…?
Body of the rib.
The anterior end of the rib serves as an attachment point for what structure, which then forms the joint with the sternum?
The costal cartilage
Where are the costal cartilages found?
Between the anterior end of the rib and the costal notches in the sternum.
Why are there only 7 costal notches on the sternum when there are 12 ribs?
Ribs 7-10 are connected by costal cartilage that articulates with the 7th costal notch. Ribs 11-12 do not articulate with the sternum at all.
Where are the sternocostal joints found?
Between the sternum and the costal cartilages.
What is the joint between the sternum and the costal cartilage called?
The sternocostal joint
What is the sternoclavicular joint?
The joint between the sternum and the clavicle (collar bone)
What are the joints formed between the cartilages of adjacent ribs called?
The interchondral joints.
What is the interchondral joint?
The joints formed between the cartilages of adjacent ribs (ie 7-10)
Joints between adjacent vertebral bodies.
Intervertebral discs.
What are intervertebral discs?
The joints between adjacent vertebral bodies.
What are the costovertebral joints?
The joints formed between the bodies of the vertebrae and the heads of the rib.
What are the costotransverse joints?
The joints formed between the transverse processes of the vertebrae and the tubercles of the ribs.
What is the joint where the head of the ribs articulates with the body of the vertebrae called?
The costovertebral joint.
How many costovertebral joints does the head of each rib articulate with?
- The head of the rib articulates with a costal surface on the inferior part of a superior vertebrae adjacent to it, and a costal surface on the superior part of the inferior vertebrae adjacent to it.
What are the two aspects of respiration?
- Inhalation
* Exhalation
If our thorax doesn’t move, can we breathe?
No!!
The ability to inhale and exhale is based entirely on the movement of the thorax. True or false?
True
What is Boyle’s Law?
- There is a relationship between the volume of a container and the pressure within it.
- As volume increases, pressure decreases
- As volume decreases, pressure increases
How is respiration regulated by thoracic volume?
- Thoracic volume increases -> pressure decreases -> Air rushes in
- Thoracic volume decreases -> pressure increases -> air rushes out
Which volume/pressure law relates to the process of respiration?
Boyle’s law
Breathing dynamics (air flowing into and out of the lungs) is all about changing the volume of the ____. To alter air pressure within the ____.
- Thorax
2. lungs
What is the main muscle of breathing?
Diaphragm
We only need to use one muscle to get enough air under quiet, resting contitions. Which one?
Diaphragm
Movement of the diaphragm changes only one dimension of the thorax. Which one?
Height
Rib and sternum elevators used during inhalation (more than resting) change two dimensions of the thorax. Which ones?
Increase in width and depth (move ribs AND STERNUM up and out)
The lateral dimension is also know as the ____.
width
Movement of the sternum upwards and anteriorly increases thorax size along which dimension?
Depth (anterior-posterior dimension)
Use of the Rib and sternum elevators together with the diaphragm, increases the volume of the thorax along how many dimensions?
All 3 - height (diaphragm), width (rib and sternum elevators moving ribs) and depth (rib and sternum elevators moving sternum)
Rib/sternum depressors contract during exhalation. Simultaneously, rib/sternum elevators _____.
Relax
Rib/sternum depressors contract during exhalation and decrease the ____ and _____ of the thorax.
Width and depth
What is the primary muscle of respiration?
Diaphragm (used constantly to breath in and out)
List other muscles (besides the diaphragm) used in inhalation (excluding accessory muscles).
- External Intercostal muscles
* Serratus posterior superior
List the accessory muscles (used to get the most air possible into the lungs).
- Sternocleidomastoid
- Scales (anterior, middle, posterior)
- Upper limb muscles
- abdominals
List the accessory muscles (used to get the most air possible into the lungs).
- Sternocleidomastoid
- Scales (anterior, middle, posterior)
- Upper limb muscles (esp. pectorals)
Where are the attachment points of the diaphragm?
- interior surfaces of the lower ribs
- internal surface of the sternum
- lumbar vertebrae
- central tendon
As the muscle fibres connected to the central tendon of the diaphragm contract, the diaphragm is pulled ______.
Downwards
When the diaphragm contracts, are we inhaling or exhaling?
Inhaling (diaphragm contracts and moves downwards)
What happens to the diaphragm when we exhale?
It relaxes and recoils to its original resting position.
There are two sets of muscles found between adjacent ribs. What are they called?
- External intercostals (elevate ribs)
* Internal intercostals (depress ribs)
The muscle fibres of these elevator muscles run inferomedially between ribs.
External intercostals
The muscle fibres of these elevator muscles run infero-medially between ribs.
External intercostals
Rib depressors whose fibres run supero-medially between the ribs.
Internal intercostals
Insertion point for the external intercostals is on the _____ rib.
inferior
Insertion point for the internal intercostals is on the ______ rib.
superior
Contracting the fibres on the external intercostals causes the lower rib to move _____.
upwards
Contracting the fibres on the internal intercostals causes the upper ribs to move _____.
Downwards
Rib elevator muscle located very deep in the posterior wall of the thorax, underneath the large postural back muscles.
Levator costarum
These small muscles
are attached to the transverse processes of the thoracic vertibrae and run inferiolaterally (slight angle out to the side) to the next rib down.
Levator costarum muscles (rib elevators)
When the levator costarum muscles contract, the pull the ribs ______.
Upwards
Rib elevator.
Attached to the spinous processes of the lower cervical and upper thoracic vertebrae and insert at the superior borders of ribs 2-4.
Serratus posterior superior
Contraction of the Serratus posterior superior elevates ribs numbers….?
2-4
Depressor muscle runs from the spinous processes of the lower thoracic/upper lumber vertebrae upwards and outwards to the inferior borders of ribs numbers 8-12.
Serratus posterior inferior
Contraction of Serratus posterior inferior causes depression of which ribs?
8-12
Muscles that aid forceful respiration to expand thoracic cavity to its maximum volume (but not used in respiration otherwise) are called what?
Accessory respiratory muscles. (They have other main functions but can be employed to assist in respiration if needed)
These accessory respiratory muscles run from the internal surface of the cervical vertebrae, down to the upper ribs.
Scalenes
Although this accessory muscle is mainly used to turn the head, because it is attached also to the sternum it can be employed to help elevate it.
Sternocleidomastoid
During an asthma attack someone might lean hands on a table or their knees. Why?
Supporting shoulders and arms so the pectoral muscles can be utilised to help expand the rib cage.
Forceful contraction of the abdominal muscles forces the diaphragm upwards (pressure on abdominal organs) so abdominals are accessory respiratory muscles for _____.
Exhalation
Accessory muscles of respiration used to aid in forceful exhalation
*abdominals
Name the muscles contracted in quiet inhalation.
- Diaphragm
* External intercostals (can also be used in quiet respiration, but only diaphragm really necessary)
Name the muscles contracted in quiet exhalation.
None. Diaphragm relaxes decreasing thoracic volume -> air flows out of lungs
Muscles contracted during forced inhalation:
- Diaphragm
- external intercostals
- levator costarum
- serratus posterior superior
- Any accessory respiratory muscles needed
Muscles contracted during forced exhalation:
*internal intercostals
*serratus posterior inferior
*Abdominals as accessory muscles if needed
(All elevators relax)
Speech is produced on exhaled air. True or false?
True
Percentage split for inhalation/exhalation during non-speech breathing?
40% inhalation
60% exhalation
Percentage split for inhalation/exhalation during speech?
10% inhalation
90% exhalation
A moderate rate and volume of speech uses the same volume of air as resting respiration. True or false?
True
What phase is extended during moderate rate and volume of speech, despite the same volume of air passing in and out of the lungs as resting respiration?
Exhalation phase - goes from 60% to 90%
What are used to control and draw out exhalation phase during speech, even on the same volume of air?
Respiratory muscles
Posture affects respiratory efficiency, thus it also affects ______ production.
speech
Respiration is most efficient in what posture?
Sitting or standing upright.
Why is breathing in less efficient when lying face down?
Much more resistance to thoracic expansion.
Why is exhalation more difficult to control while lying face up?
Gravity
Why do speech pathologists test respiratory function in patients as part of testing voice function?
If respiration is abnormal, speech might be too.
Why is it important to test patients for respiratory function while they are in the same postion?
Different positions will produce different results in respiratory function (due to restrictions on thoracic expansion or gravity) that are not due to any pathology.
