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BMS 224 - Head and Neck Anatomy > Muscles of the tongue, hyoid, mandible - pt text chapter 6 > Flashcards

Muscles of the tongue, hyoid, mandible - pt text chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

The _______ muscles tend to move the tongue into the general region desired, while the _____ muscles tend to provide the fine, graded control of the articulatory gesture.

A
  1. Extrinsic

2. Intrinsic

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2
Q

This divides the tongue longitudinally and serves as the point of origin for the transverse muscles of the tongue.

A

Median fibrous septum (lingual septum)

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3
Q

This originates at the body of the hyoid bone via the hyoglossal membrane, forming the tongue attachment with the hyoid. It then courses the length of the tongue.

A

Lingual septum

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4
Q

Which muscle courses along the length of the tongue comprising the upper layer of the tongue?

A

Superior longitudinal muscle

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5
Q

This muscle originates form the fibrous submucus layer near the epiglottis, from the hyoid and from the median fibrous septum. Its fibers fan forward and outward to insert into the lateral margins of the tongue and the apex region.

A

Superior longitudinal muscle

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6
Q

Innervation of all of the intrinsic muscles of the tongue are from which nerve?

A

CN XII Hypoglossal nerve

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7
Q

This muscle elevates and assists in retraction of the tongue and deviates the tip. If only the LHS muscle is contracted the tongue is pulled to the LHS, if both muscles are contracted the tip is elevated.

A

Superior longitudinal muscle.

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8
Q

This muscle originates at the root of the tongue and corpus hyoid, with fibres coursing to the apex of the tongue.

A

Inferior longitudinal muscle

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9
Q

This muscle occupies the lower sides of the tongue but not the medial tongue base (because the extrinsic muscle, the genioglossus takes up that space).

A

Inferior longitudinal muscle

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10
Q

This muscle pulls the tip of the tongue downward, assists in retraction and deviates the tongue.

A

Inferior longitudinal muscle

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11
Q

These muscles provide a mechanism for narrowing the tongue.

A

Transverse muscles

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12
Q

These muscles originate at the lingual septum and course laterally to insert into the sides of the tongue into the submucous tissue (although some fibres of this muscle continue to become the palatopharyngeus muscle)

A

Transverse muscle

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13
Q

These muscles run at right angles to the transverse muscles and flatten the tongue.

A

Vertical muscle

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14
Q

Fibres of these muscles course from the base of the tongue and insert into the membranous cover.

A

Vertical muscle

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15
Q

The fibres of these intrinsic tongue muscles interweave:

A

Transverse and vertical muscles

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16
Q

Contracting this muscle pulls the tongue down to the floor of the mouth.

A

Vertical muscle

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17
Q

This extrinsic muscle is the prime mover of the tongue, making up its deeper bulk.

A

Genioglossus muscle

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18
Q

This muscle originates from the inner mandibular surface at the symphysis and fans up, back and forward to insert into the tip and dorsum of the tongue, and also to the corpus of the hyoid bone.

A

Genioglossus muscle

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19
Q

In this muscle, anterior fibres retract the tongue, posterior fibres protrude the tongue and together anterior and posterior fibres depress the tongue.

A

Genioglossus

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20
Q

Name 3 muscles attached to the styloid process:

A
  • Styloglossus muscle
  • Stylopharyngeus muscle
  • Stylohyoid muscle
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21
Q

What are the differences in function between intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles?

A

Intrinsic - precise articulatory performance, refined continuation of the movements of the extrinsic muscles.
Extrinsic - Move the tongue as a unit. Set the general posture for articulation

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22
Q

The genioglossus muscle occupies a medial position in the tongue. Which intrinsic muscles and 2 extrinsic muscles are lateral to it?

A

Inferior longitudinal muscle

  • Hyoglossus
  • Styloglossus
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23
Q

Fibres of the genioglossus muscle insert into the entire surface of the tongue but are scarce to absent in the tip. True or false?

A

True.

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24
Q

What is the result of contraction of anterior fibres in the genioglossus muscle?

A

Retraction of tongue

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25
Q

What is the result of contraction of the posterior fibres in the genioglossus muscle?

A

Draws the tongue forward to aid in protrusion of the apex.

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26
Q

Which nerve innervates the genioglossus muscle?

A

CN XII Hypoglossal nerve

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27
Q

This muscle arises from the length of the greater cornu and lateral body of the hyoid, coursing upward to insert into the sides of the tongue between the styloglossus and the inferior longitudinal muscles.

A

Hyoglossus muscle

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28
Q

This muscle pulls the sides of the tongue down in direct antagonism to the palatoglossus.

A

Hyoglossus muscle

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29
Q

This muscle draws the tongue back and up.

A

Styloglossus muscle

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30
Q

This tongue depressor is often considered to be part of the hyoglossal muscle.

A

Chondroglossus

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31
Q

This muscle originates from the anteriolateral margin of the styloid process, coursing forward and down to insert into the inferior sides of the tongue.

A

Styloglossus muscle.

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32
Q

This muscle serves the dual purpose of depressing the soft palate or elevating the back of the tongue.

A

Palatoglossus muscle

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33
Q

This muscle originates from the anteriolateral palatal aponeurosis, coursing down to insert at the sides ofthe posterior tongue.

A

Palatoglossus muscle

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34
Q

Where does innervation for the palatoglossus muscle come from?

A

From the Pharyngeal plexus, from CN XI Accessory nerve and CN X Vagus nerve

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35
Q

Name the 3 mandibular elevators:

A
  1. Masseter muscle
  2. Temporalis muscle
  3. Medial pterygoid muscle
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36
Q

Name the muscle that protrudes the jaw:

A

Lateral pterygoid muscle

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37
Q

Name the muscles that depress the mandible:

A
  • Digastric muscle
  • Mylohyoid muscle
  • Geniohyoid muscle
  • Platysma
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38
Q

Name the large quadrilateral muscle that originates at the lateral, inferior and medial surfaces of the zygomatic arch, coursing downwards to insert into the ramus of the mandible (mainly) and the coronoid process.

A

Masseter muscle

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39
Q

Which nerve innervates the masseter muscle?

A

CN V3 mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve

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40
Q

This muscle originates at the temporal fossa, a broad region on the temporal and parietal bones. It courses down and forward and its terminal tendon passes deep to the zygomatic arch and inserts into the coronoid process and ramus of the mandible.

A

Temporalis muscle

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41
Q

This muscle elevates the mandible and retracts it if already protruded.

A

Temporalis muscle

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42
Q

Which nerve innervates the temporalis muscle?

A

CN V3 mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve

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43
Q

This muscle originates from the medial pterygoid plate and fossa lateral to it, and courses down and back to insert into the mandibular ramus.

A

Medial pterygoid muscle

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44
Q

Which nerve innervates the medial and lateral pterygoid muscles?

A

CN V3 mandibular branch of the Trigeminal nerve

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45
Q

This muscle originates with one head from the lateral pterygoid plate and with the other from the greater wing of the sphenoid bone, and courses back to insert into the pterygoid fovea of the mandible (lower inner margin of the condyle).

A

Lateral pterygoid muscle

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46
Q

This muscles’s anterior belly originates at the inner surface of the mandible while the posterior belly originates at the mastoid process. The two bellies join at the hyoid.

A

Digastric muscle

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47
Q

If the hyoid bone is fixed by the infrahyoid muscles, what does contraction of the anterior belly of the digastric muscle do?

A

Depress the jaw

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48
Q

The two bellies of the digastric muscle are innervated by the same nerve. True or false?

A

False!

  • Anterior Belly - CN V2 mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve.
  • Posterior belly - CN VII Facial nerve.
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49
Q

What does the posterior belly of the digastric muscle do?

A

Pulls the hyoid bone back. Working together with the anterior belly it can depress the mandible.

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50
Q

What does the anterior belly of the digastric muscle do?

A

Pulls the hyoid bone forwards. Depresses the mandible if working together with the posterior belly.

51
Q

This fan-like muscle courses from the mylohyoid line of the mandible via the median fibrous raphe, inferiorly to the hyoid bone, forming the floor of the mouth.

A

Mylohyoid muscle

52
Q

What does the mylohyoid muscle do?

A

If the hyoid is stabilised it helps depress the mandible.

53
Q

Which nerve innervates the mylohyoid muscle?

A

CN V3 Mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve

54
Q

This muscle originates at the mental spines of the mandible and runs parallel to the anterior belly of the digastric muscle to the body of the hyoid bone.

A

Geniohyoid muscle

55
Q

Which nerve innervates the geniohyoid muscle?

A

CN XII Hypoglossal muscle

56
Q

Which suprahyoid muscles can depress the mandible?

A
  • Mylohyoid muscle

* Geniohyoid muscle

57
Q

The palatal aponeurosis is an extension of an aponeurosis arising from which muscle?

A

Tensor veli palatini

58
Q

Muscles of the soft palate include elevators, a Eustachian tube dilater and depressors. List them:

A 
Elevators: 
*Levator veli palatini
*Musculus uvulae
Eustrachian tube dialator: - Tensor veli palatini
Depressors:
*Palatoglossus muscle
*Palatopharyngeus muscle
59
Q

This is the most superficial of the muscles of mastication.

A

Masseter

60
Q

This muscle originates on the lateral, inferior and medial surfaces of the zygomatic arch, coursing down to insert primarily into the _____ __ __ _____ , but with some deeper fibres terminating on the ____ ____.

A
  1. ramus of the mandible

2. coronoid process

61
Q

Which nerve innervates the masseter?

A

CN V3 Mandibular branch of the trigeminal

62
Q

This muscle is deep to the masseter, arising from the temporal fossa.

A

Temporalis muscle

63
Q

The terminal tendon of this muscle passes deep to the zygomatic arch and inserts into the coronoid process and ramus.

A

The temporalis muscle

64
Q

Due to this muscles forward course and insertion into the coronoid process and ramus, it not only elevates the mandible, but also draws it back if protruded.

A

Temporalis muscle

65
Q

This muscle is innervated by the temporal branches arising from which nerve?

A

The mandibular branch (V3) of the Trigeminal nerve

66
Q

Where does the medial pterygoid muscle originate?

A

The medial pterygoid plate and the fossa lateral to it.

67
Q

Where does the medial pterygoid muscle insert?

A

The mandibular ramus.

68
Q

What does the medial pterygoid muscle do?

A

Elevates the mandible.

69
Q

Which nerve innervates the medial pterygoid?

A

CN V3 mandibular branch of Trigeminal

70
Q

This muscle has 2 heads - one attached to the lateral (outside) surface of the lateral pterygoid plate, one attached to the greater wing of the sphenoid bone (the bit seen on the outside of the skull).

A

Lateral pterygoid muscle.

71
Q

What does contraction of the lateral pterygoid muscle do?

A
  • Protrudes the mandible

* Grinding action at molars (deviation)

72
Q

Where does the lateral pterygoid muscle insert?

A

Pterygoid fovea of the mandible (depression on the anterior surface near the top of the condyle process)

73
Q

Which nerve innervates the lateral pterygoid?

A

CN V3 mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve.

74
Q

Where does the anterior belly of the digastric muscle originate?

A

The inner surface of the mandible, near the midline (and the digastricus fossa)

75
Q

This muscle originates at the inner mandible near the mid-line and courses medially and down to the hyoid.

A

Anterior belly of the digastric muscle

76
Q

This muscle is innervated by CN V3 mandibular branch of the trigeminal, but its 2nd part is inervated by a branch of CN VII Facial nerve.

A

Anterior belly of the digastric muscle

posterior belly is the 2nd part referred to

77
Q

This fanlike muscle forms the floor of the mouth.

A

Mylohyoid muscle

78
Q

The Mylohoid muscle is innervated by the mandibular branch of CN ___ _____ ____ but the Geniohyoid muscle is intervated by CN ___ _____ ___.

A
  1. CN V Trigeminal nerve (CN V3 mandibular branch)

2. CN XII Hypoglossal nerve

79
Q

This muscle originates at the inner mandible and courses back and down to instert at the median fibrous raphe and inferior to hyoid bone.

A

Mylohyoid muscle.

80
Q

This muscle originates at the mental spines on the inside front of the mandible and courses medially to the body of the hyoid bone.

A

Geniohyoid muscle

81
Q

During most speaking time and swallowing, the soft palate is actively _____.

A

Elevated

82
Q

What is the velum made of?

A
  • Muscle
  • aponeurosis
  • nerves
  • blood supply
  • covered by mucous membrane.
83
Q

What make up the mid-front portion of the soft palate?

A

Palatal aponeurosis

84
Q

This fibrous structure serves as the point of insertion for some muscles of the soft palate:

A

Palatal Aponeurosis (extension of aponeurosis arising from tensor veli palatini)

85
Q

This muscle originates at the apex o f petrous portion of temporal bone and the medial wall of eustachian tube cartilage, courses down and forwards to insert in the palatal aponeurosis lateral to the uvula muscle.

A

Levator veli palatini

86
Q

This muscle is the primary elevator of the soft palate:

A

Levator veli palatini

87
Q

The Levator veli palatini is innervated via the _____ ____ from CN __ _____ and CN ____ ____.

A
  1. Pharyngeal plexus
  2. XI Accessory
  3. X Vagus
88
Q

Contraction of this muscle shortens the soft palate, effectively bunching it up.

A

Musculus Uvulae (uvula muscle)

89
Q

This paired muscle arises from the posterior nasal spines of the palatine bones and from the palatal aponeurosis, coursing the length of the soft palate on either side of the midline.

A

Musculus uvulae

90
Q

The musculus uvulae is innervated by the pharyngeal plexus (which nerves?)

A
  • CN XI Accessory

* CN X Vagus

91
Q

This ligament helps stabilise the hyoid bone.

A

Stylohyoid ligament

92
Q

Function of the tensor veli palatini

A

Dilator of the Eustachian tube.

93
Q

This muscle arises from the scaphoid fossa (depression above pterygoid fossa) on the sphenoid and the lateral Eustachian tube wall.

A

Tensor veli palatini

94
Q

Which nerve innervates the tensor veli palatini?

A

CN V Trigeminal

95
Q

This muscle originates at the anterolateral palatal aponeurosis, coursing down to insert into the sides of the tongue.

A

Palatoglossus muscle

96
Q

The palatoglossus muscle helps to either:

A
  • Elevate the tongue

* Depress the soft palate

97
Q

Even though the soft palate is depressed in its relaxed state, we also actively depress it during speech. True or false?

A

True

98
Q

The palatoglossus muscle is innervated by the _____ ____ arising from CN XI Accessory and CN X Vagus.

A

Pharyngeal plexus

99
Q

The palatopharyngeus is innervated by the pharyngeal plexus. True or false?

A

True.

100
Q

This muscle orginates from the anterior hard palate and midline of the soft palate, running laterally and down to the posterior margin of the thyroid cartilage.

A

Palatopharyngeus

101
Q

What doe contraction of the palatopharyngeus muscle do?

A
  • Narrows the pharynx
  • lowers the soft palate
  • Maybe help elevate the larynx
102
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

A musculotendinous tube approximately 12cm long.

103
Q

The pharynx extends from the base of the _____ to the inferior border of the _____ _____, about level of 6th cervical vertebra.

A
  1. Cranium

2. Cricoid cartilage

104
Q

Extending from the pharyngeal end of the pharyngotympanic tube is a vertical fold of tissue called the ______ ___.

A

Salpingopharyngic fold.

105
Q

This extends from the superior border of the epiglottis to the oesophagus at the level of the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage.

A

Laryngopharynx

106
Q

The laryngopharynx is located posterior to the larynx and communicates with it via the ____.

A

Aditus

107
Q

The small depression on either side of the aditus is called…?

A

The piriform recess

108
Q

What seperates the piriform recess from the aditus?

A

The aryepiglottic fold

109
Q

The muscles of the pharynx are suspended from a mucular _____ and covered in mucous membrane.

A

aponeurosis

110
Q

This muscle wraps around upper posterior pharynx and attaches anteriorly to the sphenoid bone and mandible.

A

Superior constrictor

111
Q

This muscle originates at the pterygomandibular raphe (pt. of attachment of buccinator) and projects back from this on both sides to the median pharyngeal raphe.

A

Superior pharyngeal constrictor

112
Q

What is the median pharyngeal raphe?

A

Midline tendinous component of the pharyngeal aponeurosis

113
Q

Where does the pharyngeal aponeurosis arise?

A

Immediately anterior to the foramen magnum.

114
Q

This muscle forms the sides and back wall of the nasopharynx and part of the back wall of the oropharynx.

A

Superior pharyngeal constrictor

115
Q

What does contraction of the superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle do?

A

pulls the pharyngeal wall forward and constricts the pharyngeal diameter, an especially prominent movement during swallowing. It assists in effecting the velopharyngeal seal, preventing the bolus from entering the nasopharynx.

116
Q

What innervates the Superior pharyngeal constrictor?

A

CN XI Accessory and CN X Vagus via the pharyngeal plexus

117
Q

Which ligament runs from the styloid process to the lesser horn of the hyoid?

A

Stylohyoid Ligament

118
Q

This muscle originates from the horns of the hyoid bone and the stylohyoid ligament, coursing up and back to insert in the median pharyngeal raphe.

A

Middle pharyngeal constrictor

119
Q

What innervates the middle pharyngeal constrictor?

A

CN XI Accessory and CN X vagus via the pharyngeal plexus

120
Q

What is the cricopharyngeal muscle (cricopharyngeus)?

A

Part of the Inferior Pharyngeal Constrictor muscle that arises from the sides of the cricoid cartilage. Also called cricopharyngeal portion of the inferior pharyngeal constrictor.

121
Q

What is the Thyropharyngeus muscle?

A

Another name for the Upper Thyropharyngeal Portion of the Inferior Pharyngeal Constrictor

122
Q

Where does the Inferior Pharyngeal Constrictor muscle attach anteriorly?

A

The thyroid cartilage (thyropharyngeus/upper thyropharyngeal portion attaches here)
and
cricoid cartilage (cricopharyngeus/cricopharyngeal portion attaches here)

123
Q

Is the Inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle also innervated by CN XI Accessory and CN X Vagus via the pharyngeal plexus?

A

Yes. Plus the recurrent laryngeal nerve for the Cricopharyngeus

124
Q

This muscle originates from the lower margin of the Eustachian tube and descends the lateral pharynx to join the palatopharyngeus muscle.

A

Salpingopharyngeus

BMS 224 - Head and Neck Anatomy (14 decks)

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