Larynx - Topic 3 Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 3 funtions of the LARYNX?
A
Respiration: transports air between the pharynx (superior) and trachea (inferior).
Phonation: Houses the vocal folds.
Protection (of the airways): closes during swallowing and coughing.
2
Q
Where is the Larynx located?
A
Between the Hyoid Bone and the Trachea, anterior to the oesophagus.
3
Q
How many cartilages in the Laryngeal Skeleton:
A
9: 3 unpaired, 3 paired.
4
Q
Name the unpaired laryngeal cartilages.
A
- Cricoid Cartilage
- Thyroid Cartilage
- Epiglottis
5
Q
Name the paired cartilages of the Larynx.
A
- Arytenoid Cartilages
- Corniculate Cartilages
- Cunieform Cartilages
(Triticial Cartilages are not present in everybody and have no know function).
6
Q
Where does the Epiglottis attach?
A
Epiglottis attaches to posterior surface of the tongue.
7
Q
What is the most inferior cartilage in the laryngeal skeleton?
A
Cricoid Cartilage
8
Q
What is the main function of the Epiglottis?
A
To cover the opening of the larynx during swallowing, preventing food and drink entering the respiratory system.
9
Q
Laryngeal Prominence
A
Adam’s apple.
10
Q
Anterior point of the Thyroid Cartilage?
A
Laryngeal Prominence.
11
Q
Largest of the Laryngeal cartilages?
A
Thyroid Cartilage
12
Q
Resting position of the Epiglottis:
A
Upright position, pointing superiorly. Larynx remains open allowing respiration.
13
Q
Location of Esophagus?
A
Posterior to Larynx and Trachea.
14
Q
Tongue during swallowing:
A
Muscles of tongue cause its posterior surface to move upwards towards the roof of the mouth.
15
Q
Effect of posterior surface of tongue moving upwards towards roof of mouth during swallowing?
A
- forces bolus into pharynx.
* causes epiglottis to flip posteriorly, covering up the opening of the larynx.
16
Q
Resting on top of the Arytenoid cartilages, and usually completely fused to them, are…?
A
The Corniculate cartilages
17
Q
Highly mobile cartilages of the laryngeal skeleton sitting on top of the posterior cricoid cartilage. Very important in the movement of the vocal folds.
A
Arytenoid cartilages.
18
Q
What does the Cricoid cartilage look like from a posterior view?
A
Cricoid cartilage has a large, flat, posterior portion.
19
Q
Not always present in everyone. Embedded in a fold of membrane which runs from the borders of the epiglottis to the corniculate and arytenoid cartilages.
A
Cunieform Cartilages.
20
Q
The posterior part of the thyroid cartilage has upper and lower extensions known as…?
A
The Superior Horn (extending superiorly towards the Hyoid bone).
The Inferior horn (overlays the cricoid cartilage. Appears to be connected to cricoid cartilage by a ligament).
21
Q
What is the cartilage inferior to the cricoid cartilage?
A
The 1st tracheal cartilage.
22
Q
What curves around the larynx from the front, to provide support and protection?
A
The Thyroid Cartilage
23
Q
Laryngeal ligaments and membranes can be either…?
A
Extrinsic ligaments/membranes
or
Intrinsic ligaments/membranes
24
Q
Generally, what do the Extrinsic ligaments/membranes attach the laryngeal components to?
A
External (non-laryngeal) structures.
25
Which two specific structures do Extrinsic Laryngeal ligaments/membranes attach laryngeal components to?
Hyoid Bone, superiorly.
| Trachea, inferiorly.
26
What kind of ligaments/membranes interconnect parts of the larynx to each other?
Intrinsic ligaments/membranes.
27
Large sheet-like ligament connecting the Thyroid cartilage to the Hyoid bone.
Thyrohyoid ligament. (Intrinsic)
28
Ligament connecting the Cricoid cartilage with the first tracheal cartilage below?
Cricotracheal Ligament (Extrinsic)
29
Ligament continuous with the Thyrohyoid ligament (a lateral thickening of the Thyrohyoid ligament) and connects the Superior horn of the Thyroid cartilage, to the Hyoid bone.
Lateral Thyrohyoid ligament (Intrinsic)
30
What do the Intrinsic laryngeal ligaments/membranes do?
1. Interconnect parts of the larynx.
| 2. Provide support for the vocal folds.
31
What is the Quadrangular Membrane?
A large, flat (and quadrangular shaped!) membrane that runs down the side of the Epiglottis to connect with the Arytenoid and Corniculate cartilages. (Intrinsic) From the Epiglottis, this membrane essetially creates a tube of tissue, through which, air passes into and out of the Larynx.
32
Which intrinsic laryngeal ligaments/membranes run along the inferior edge of the epiglottis to the corniculate cartilages?
The Aryepiglottic Folds
33
Where can we find the Cuneiform Cartilages?
Embedded in the Aryepiglottic Folds, which run along the inferior edge of the epiglottis to the corniculate cartilages. (Some people don't have the cuneiform cartilages)
34
Which intrinsic laryngeal ligaments/membranes are formed by the thickened SUPERIOR border of the Quadrangular Membrane?
Aryepiglottic Folds
35
In a posterior view of the larynx, the large flat membrane between the epiglottis and the arytenoid cartilages is the..?
Quadrangular membrane.
36
The thickened upper border of the quadrangular membrane is called the...?
Aryepiglottic Fold.
37
Which 3 intrinsic ligaments make up the Conus Elasticus?
* Medial Cricothyroid Ligament
* Lateral Cricothyroid Ligament
* Vocal Ligament
38
Where is the Medial Cricothyroid Ligament?
Found near the mid-line and anteriorly between the cricoid and thyroid cartilages.
39
Where is the Lateral Cricothyroid Ligament?
Mostly connected to the vocal ligaments and the cricoid cartilage. It only has a small attachment to the thyroid cartilage.
40
Where are the Vocal Ligaments?
They are formed at the upper border of the lateral crycothyroid ligament, and run from the mid-line of the Thyroid cartilage anteriorly, to the arytenoid cartilages, posteriorly.
41
What are formed at the upper border of the lateral Crycothyroid Ligament and form the core ("skeleton") for the Vocal Folds.
The Vocal Ligaments
42
The vocal folds are comprised of WHICH central ligament, overlayed by layers of muscle and mucous membrane.
The Vocal ligament.
43
From a superior view of the larynx, what is the small ligament found anteriorly, running between the cricoid and thyroid cartilages.
The Medial Criocothyroid Ligament.
44
What attaches anteriorly to the inner surface of the thyroid cartilage, and posteriorly to the arytenoid cartilages. They extend across the larynx in an anterior-posterior direction.
The Vocal Ligaments.
45
What runs downwards and outwards from the vocal ligament to the cricoid cartilage on either side?
The Lateral Cricothyroid Ligament.
46
Name the paired masses of tissue that protrude into the air stream of the larynx.
The Vocal folds.
47
What is the space between the vocal folds called?
The Rima Glottidis.
48
What is the vocal apparatus called?
the Glottis
49
What does the Glottis consist of?
The Vocal Folds + the Rima Glottidis.
50
Shape of the rima glottidis during normal respiration?
Narrow and wedge shaped.
51
Shape of the rima glottidis during forced respiration?
Wide and kite shaped.
52
Shape of the rima glottidis during phonation?
Slit-like.
53
Moving laryngeal cartilages to alter the tension in the vocal folds has what effect?
Alters vocal pitch.
54
Closing the vocal folds to a narrow slit has what effect?
Air passing through the larynx must force its way around the vocal folds, causing them to vibrate and produce sound.
55
How many joints in the larynx form the basis for movement?
2
56
There are two key movements of laryngeal joints related to vocal fold function. Where do they occur?
* The Cricoarytenoid Joints (adduction/abduction of vocal folds)
* The Cricothyroid Joint (Tensing/relaxing vocal folds)
57
Which joints form the basis for the movement of the vocal folds into and out of the air stream (start and stop phonation)?
The Cricoarytenoid Joints. Joints formed between the cricoid cartilage and the two arytenoid cartilages.
58
What are the joints formed between the Cricoid Cartilage and the two Arytenoid Cartilages called?
The Cricoarytenoid Joints.
59
Which joint forms the basis for changing the pitch of our voice?
The Cricothyroid Joint.
60
1. Which joint would be moved to change vocal pitch? 2. What kind of movement occurs here?
1. The Cricothyroid joint.
| 2. Anterior-Posterior rocking of the Thyroid Cartilage.
61
What is the joint formed between the Cricoid and Thyroid cartilage called?
The Cricothyroid Joint.
62
There are several important movements possible at the Cricoarytenoid Joints. What are they?
* Sliding movement, which brings the Arytenoid cartilages (and therefore the vocal folds) closer together, or pushes them (and therefore the vocal folds) further appart.
* Rotating (swiveling) movement
63
At which joints does the action of muscles cause adduction or abduction of the vocal folds?
The Cricoarytenoid joints.
64
Medial rotation of the Arytenoid Cartilages causes abduction of the vocal folds. True or false?
True.
65
Rotating the Arytenoid Cartilages towards the midline causes the vocal folds to move out of the air stream and the Rima glottidis to become wider. True or false?
True.
66
During forced respiration, are the Arytenoid Cartilages rotated medially or laterally?
Medially
67
Two movements of the Arytenoid Cartilages work together to adduct the vocal folds. What are these movements?
* Lateral rotation of Arytenoid Cartilages.
| * Medial sliding of Arytenoid Cartilages.
68
What happens to the Vocal folds when the Thyroid Cartilage is rocked anteriorly?
They are stretched, increasing tension.
69
If we rock the Thyroid cartilage posteriorly, vocal pitch decreases. True or false?
True.
70
Vocal pitch is altered by anterior or posterior rocking at which joint?
The Cricothyroid joint.
71
What are the two types of laryngeal muscles?
Intrinsic
or
Extrinsic
72
What do the intrinsic laryngeal muscles do?
Alter the positions of the laryngeal cartilages relative to one another, therefore change position and tension of vocal folds.
73
What do the extrinsic laryngeal muscles do?
Act to move the entire larynx and hyoid bone.
74
Put the intrinsic muscles of the larynx into 4 groups:
1. Adductors of vocal folds.
2. Abductors of vocal folds.
3. Tensors of vocal folds.
4. Relaxer of vocal folds.
75
Put the extrinsic laryngeal muscles into 2 groups:
1. Elevators of the larynx and hyoid bone.
| 2. Depressors of the larynx and hyoid bone.
76
Adductors of the vocal folds narrow the rima glottidis. True or false?
True.
77
3 muscles cause adduction of the vocal folds. What are they?
* Lateral Cricoarytenoid muscle.
* Transverse Arytenoid muscle.
* Oblique Arytenoid muscle.
78
These muscles attache to the lateral sides of the Cricoid Cartilage and the Artenoid Cartilages.
Lateral cricoarytenoid.
79
This muscle connects the two Arytenoid Cartilages in transverse orientation.
Transverse Arytenoid.
80
This muscle connects the two Arytenoid Cartilages in oblique orientation.
Oblique arytenoid. Over the top of the posterior surface of the transverse arytenoid muscle.
81
These two muscles work together to pull the two Arytenoid cartilages together by sliding them medially.
Transverse Arytenoid Muscle and Oblique Arytenoid Muscle.
82
This muscle lies over the posterior surface of the Transverse Arytenoid muscle.
The Oblique Arytenoid Muscle.
83
These two muscles contribute to vocal fold adduction by sliding the Arytenoid Cartilages medially.
Transverse Arytenoid Muscle and Oblique Arytenoid Muscle.
84
There is only one muscle that abducts the vocal folds. What is it?
The Posterior Cricoarytenoid muscle.
85
This muscle attaches to the posterior surface of the Cricoid cartilage and arytenoid cartilage.
The Posterior Cricoarytenoid.
86
This muscle pulls on the outer aspects of the Arytenoid cartilages, rotating them medially.
1. Which muscle?
2. What is the effect on the vocal folds?
1. The Posterior Cricoarytenoid muscle.
| 2. The vocal folds are pulled away from each other (vocal fold abduction).
87
All intrinsic laryngeal muscles are either involved in abduction/adduction of the vocal folds OR tensing/relaxing the vocal folds. True or false?
True.
88
Two muscles are involved in the rocking of the Cricothyroid Joint to change vocal pitch. What are their names?
* Cricothyroid Muscle. Causes the Thyroid cartilage to rock forwards, stretching the vocal chords and increasing vocal pitch. This is the major muscle responsible for pitch changes.
89
The major muscle responsible for changing vocal pitch runs between which two cartilages?
The (anteriolateral) Cricoid and the (inferior) Thyroid cartilages.
90
Which muscle causes movement at the Cricothyroid joint?
Cricothyroid muscle
91
Does the Cricothyroid muscle cause anterior or posterior rocking of the thyroid cartilage? What happens when the muscle relaxes?
It causes anterior rocking, pulling the thyroid cartilage anterio-inferiorly. When the muscle relaxes, the Thyroid cartilage returns to its resting position, taking the tension off the vocal folds.
92
Which muscle runs the length of the vocal ligament?
Thyroarytenoid Muscle.
93
The Thyroarytenoid Muscle has 2 parts. Name them:
1. Thyrovocalis (medial).
| 2. Thyromuscularis (lateral)
94
This part of the Thyroarytenoid muscle runs from the inner surface of the Thyroid cartilage to the arytenoid cartilages.
Thyrovocalis (medial)
95
This part of the Thyroarytenoid muscle acts as a relaxer of the vocal folds.
Thyromuscularis (lateral)
96
A tensor of the vocal folds, but not the Cricothyroid muscle.
Thyrovocalis (medial)
97
This muscle forms a part of the actual vocal fold:
Thyroarytenoid Muscle.
98
An intrinsic laryngeal muscle comprised of 2 muscles that have opposing effects:
The Thyroarytenoid muscle.
99
Major pitch change muscle:
Crycothyroid muscle.
100
Minor pitch change muscle, used for fine-tuning pitch:
Thyroarytenoid muscle.
101
The thyroarytenoid muscle overlays the vocal ligament, and in turn this is overlaid by mucous membrane. This whole structure is referred to as...?
The vocal folds.
102
The Extrinsic Laryngeal muscles move which two structures?
1. The larynx.
| 2. The hyoid bone.
103
Most extrinsic laryngeal muscles attach to the hyoid bone. Which one does not?
The Sternothyroid muscle.
104
Divide the Extrinsic laryngeal muscles into 2 groups:
1. Suprahyoid muscles - elevate the larynx and hyoid bone.
| 2. Infrahyoid muscles - depress the larynx and hyoid bone.
105
All of the suprahyoid muscles are located superiorly to the hyoid bone. True or false?
True.
106
How many suprahyoid muscles are there?
4
107
What are the names of the suprahyoid muscles?
1. digastric
2. mylohyoid
3. stylohyoid
4. geniohyoid
108
These muscles fill the space between the hyoid bone and the mandible, forming most of the floor of the mouth.
The Suprahyoid muscles.
109
This muscle has two bellies, an anterior belly and a posterior belly, separated by a small tendon.
The digastric muscle.
110
The anterior belly of the digastric muscle runs between which two structures?
The mandible and the hyoid bone.
111
The posterior belly of the digastric muscle runs between which two structures?
The hyoid bone and the mastoid process of the skull.
112
This is a large fan shaped muscle located superiorly to the digastric muscle.
The mylohyoid muscle
113
This muscle lies superiorly (interior, towards the tongue) to the mylohyoid.
The geniohyoid muscle
114
This muscle runs superiorly and posteriorly from the hyoid bone to the styloid process of the skull.
The stylohyoid muscle
115
Which muscle fills in much of the space between the hyoid bone and the mandible, making up the floor of the mouth.
The mylohyoid muscle
116
The geniohyoid rests on top of the fan shaped mylohyoid muscle. True or false?
True.
117
The digastric, mylohyoid and geniohyoid muscles layer up on top of each other to form the floor of the mouth, underneath the tongue. Put them in order from the most superior (just below tongue) to most inferior:
Geniohyoid
Mylohyoid
Digastric (most inferior)
118
What are the names of the infrahyoid muscles?
1. Sternohyoid
2. Omohyoid
3. Sternothyroid **
4. Thyrohyoid
119
Infrahyoid muscle that runs between the Sternum and the hyoid bone.
Sternohyoid muscle
120
Infrahyoid muscle that runs between the hyoid bone and the clavicle.
Omohyoid muscle
121
Infrahyoid muscle that runs between the Sternum and the thyroid cartilage.
Sternothyroid muscle
122
Infrahyoid muscle that runs between the thyroid cartilage and the hyoid bone.
Thyrohyoid.
123
This infrahyoid muscle has two bellies.
Omohyoid muscle.
124
What are the two bellies of the omohyoid muscle?
The Superior belly and the Inferior belly.
125
What are the two bellies of the digastric muscle
The Anterior belly and the Posterior belly.
126
A large double headed muscle that runs from the mastoid process behind the ear, to the sternum & clavicle.
The Sternocleidomastoid muscle.
127
A large double headed muscle that runs from the mastoid process behind the ear, to the sternum & clavicle.
The Sternocleidomastoid muscle.
128
The superior belly of the omohyoid muscle attaches to the....?
Hyoid bone.
129
This muscle helps to turn the head to the left & right.
The Sternocleidomastoid muscle.
130
Together, what do the Medial Cricothyroid Ligament,
| Lateral Cricothyroid Ligament and Vocal Ligament make?
The Conus Elasticus
