Central Nervous System - Topic 7 Flashcards
The Axon carries information _____ the cell body.
away from
Dendrites only carry nerve impulses ____ the cell body.
into
Axons can be extremely long, ie from brain to leg. True or false?
True
The commuication/relay centre of the neuron is called the ____ ___.
cell body
What colour is nervous tissue consisting of axons and some dendrites?
White
What colour is nervous tissue consisting of neuron cell bodies?
Grey
In the brain, grey matter consisting of cell bodies is found where?
superficially
In the brain, white matter consisting of axons is found where?
deep
In the spinal cord, grey matter consisting of cell bodies is found where?
deep in the spinal cord
In the spinal cord, white matter consisting of axons, is found where?
superficially in the spinal cord
How are the components of the CNS separated from peripheral nerves?
They are encased in the bony structures of the skull and vertebral column.
What is the purpose of the CNS?
To integrate and coordinate sensory and motor information coming in and going out, respectively, via the PNS.
homeostasis
The normal balance of all conditions in the body that are optimised for most efficient function.
The bulk of the brain is comprised of what?
Cerebrum
Where is the cerebellum located?
posterio-inferiorly, behind the brainstem, under the cerebrum.
What does the brainstem do?
To provide lots of nerve fibres running to and from the brain and spinal cord - it is a major point of communication.
Each tissue fold on the cerebrum is called what?
A Gyrus (pl. gyri)
What are the indentations between each gyrus called?
Sulci or Fissures.
Sulcus if shallow, Fissure if deep.
Deep indentation dividing brain into L and R hemispheres is called…?
The longitudinal fissure
Deep within the longitudinal fissure is a mass of white tissue called… what?
Corpus callosum
What is the corpus callosum?
Large mass of nerve axons (white matter) that runs between the brain hemispheres, allowing them to communicate with one another.
The cerebrum is organised into masses of tissue called…_____.
lobes
What is the cerebral cortex?
The outer layer of grey matter found in the cerebrum.
Posterior to the frontal lobe is the ______ lobe.
Parietal
The frontal and parietal lobes of the cerebrum are separated by what?
The central sulcus
This separates the temporal lobe from the parietal and frontal lobes.
the lateral sulcus
The occipital lobe is separated from the parietal lobe by what?
Parieto-occipital sulcus
What is the primary motor cortex?
The specialised area in the frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex where all of the neurons involved in initiating voluntary movement are found.
What is the primary sensory cortex?
Area of the cerebral cortex where all of the general sensory data (ie. touch, pressure, pain etc) is ultimately received.
Why is white matter important?
It contains the nerve axons which communicate between specialised areas of the brain as well as betwen brain and body areas.
Where is Broca’s area found?
Lower lateral part of the frontal lobe.
What is Broca’s area?
Speech motor planning area found in the lower lateral part of the frontal lobe.
Broca’s area is only found fully developed on the dominant side of the brain. So if you are right handed your Broca’s area is on which side?
LHS
What are the problems for people with Broca’s Aphasia?
No problems understanding but extremely reduced length and complexity of speech.
What is non-fluent aphasia?
Broca’s Aphasia - speech production problem - reduced length and complexity of speech.
What is another name for the Primary Motor Cortex?
Pre-central gyrus (because located just anterior to the central sulcus)
Which area of the cerebral cortex controls voluntary motor function for the whole body?
primary motor cortex (pre-central gyrus)
What kind of areas does the pre-central gyrus communicate with (among others…)
planning areas such as Broca’s area and the pre-motor area.
Which area of your brain is involved when you do learned and repetitive actions ie typing, playing a musical instrument?
Pre-motor area
where is the pre-motor cortex?
Anterior to the primary motor cortex
What does the pre-motor cortex do?
works closely with the primary motor cortex by controlling actions involving a number of muscle groups either simultaneously or in sequence.
Where is the Primary sensory cortex located?
immediately posterior to the central sulcus.
The primary sensory cortex can also be called…what?
post-central gyrus
What is the area of the brain that ultimately receives all general (somatic) sensory information.
Primary sensory cortex
Neurons are clustered and organised within the primary motor cortex and primary sensory cortex according to what?
The areas of the body that they innervate.
Where is the vestibular area of the brain?
Deep in the temporal lobe with the primary auditory area.
What is Wernicke’s area?
Area found mostly in the temporal lobe. Involved in formulating and comprehending spoken language.
What is fluent aphasia?
Also known as Wernicke’s aphasia. Speak fluently but may substitute words and have difficulty understanding what others are saying.
Which other brain area (besides Broca’s) is involved in speech motor planning, and where is it located?
Supramarginal gyrus, found superiorly to the angular gyrus, in the parietal lobe.
Which area of the brain controls our ability to understand written material? Where is it located?
Angular gyrus, found inferiorly to the supramarginal gyrus in the parietal lobe.
Which area of the brain receives and processes visual information? Where is it located?
Primary visual cortex. Located in the occipital lobe.
What does the cerebellum do?
- co-ordinates motor movements
- learning motor skills
- extent of intentional movement
What is the cauliflower looking part inferior to the occipital lobe, posterior to the brain stem.
Cerebellum
The cerebellum works very closely with the visual area (they are located close to one another) to coordinate which of its jobs?
controlling the extent of intentional movement (ie not over or under reaching for something).
The bands of white tissue extending from the brain stem to the cerebellum are called.. what?
Cerebellar peduncles
Where are the thalomus and hypothalamus located?
Inside the diencephalon
What is the thalamus?
A major relay station in the middle of the brain. It directs traffic from the cerebellum and brain stem to the correct area of the cerebrum, and vice versa.
What is the region in the centre of the brain that contains the thalamus and hypothalamus called?
Diencephalon
What is the hypothalamus
Small structure in the diencephalon that is part of the endocrine system. Controls essential life functions like temperature, thirst and appetite.
What is the brain stem for?
Forms a link between all parts of the CNS. Communicates with cerebrum superiorly, cerebellum posteriorly and spinal cord inferiorly.
Name the three parts of the brain stem.
- Midbrain
- Pons
- Medulla oblongata
The midbrain connects with the _____ superiorly, and the _____ inferiorly.
- Diencephalon
2. Pons
Most of the midbrain comprises of two large bundles of nerve fibres called…. what?
Cerebral Peduncles
What do the the cerebral peduncles do, and where are they located?
- communicate with the cerebrum
* in the midbrain
The bulbous structure in the middle of the brainstem is called the ____.
Pons
What does the pons do?
Contains the posteriorly located cerebellar peduncles, which communicate with the cerebellum.
Apart from communicating with the cerebellum via the cerebellar peduncles, what is in the pons?
contains a large number of both sensory and motor nerve fibres that are carrying information between the spinal cord and brain.
What is the inferior most part of the brain stem called?
The medulla oblongata
Where does the medulla oblongata become the spinal cord?
As it passes through the foramen magnum.
The true spinal cord is a solid mass of tissue. It runs from the foramen magnum to ____?
1st or 2nd lumbar vertebra.
Where is the conus medullaris found?
at the ending of the true spinal cord, about the 3rd or 4th lumbar vertebra.
A cross section of the spinal cord looks like white matter surrounding grey matter which is in the shape of which letter?
H
The two anterior legs of the letter H shaped grey matter in the spinal cord are called… what?
Anterior horns of grey matter
What do the anterior horns of grey matter contain?
Cell bodies of motor neurons.
What do the posterior horns of grey matter contain?
Cell bodies of sensory neurons.
What is the name of very tiny hole running right down the centre of the the spinal cord for its entire length?
Central canal
What do the bundles of nerve fibres attached to the spinal cord near the posterior horns of grey matter do?
Bring sensory information into the spinal cord.
What is the name of the bundles of nerve fibres attached to the spinal cord near the posterior horns of grey matter?
Dorsal (posterior) roots
What do the bundles of nerve fibres attached to the spinal cord near the anterior horns of grey matter do?
Carry motor information out of the spinal cord to muscles and glands.
What are the bundles of nerve fibres attached to the spinal cord near the anterior horns of grey matter called?
Anterior (ventral) roots
What are the anterior roots made of?
Axons attached the the cell bodies found in the anterior horns of grey matter.
What are the meninges?
Tissue layers that surround, support and protect the brain and spinal cord.
What is the outermost of the meninges called?
Dura mater
Name the two layers of the dura mater
- periosteal layer (outermost layer - adheres to inner skull surface)
- Meningeal layer (innermost layer)
Are the periosteal layer and meningeal layer of the dura mater completely adhered to each other?
No. In places these separate to form spaces filled with venous blood (dural venus sinuses).
Which of the meninges is found beneath the dura mater?
Arachnoid
How many meninges are there?
3:
- Dura mater
- Arachnoid
- Pia mater
What is the name of the spaces between the periosteal layer and the meningeal layer of the dura mater?
dural venous sinuses
The 3 meninges are continuous throughout the brain and spinal cord and their structure does not change throughout the CNS. True or false?
True
The very fine transparent layer of tissue, containing blood vessels, that adheres to the surface of the brain is called…?
Pia mater
Where is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) found?
In the small space between the Arachnoid and Pia mater (sub-arachnoid space).
Name of the fluid that circulates around the brain and spinal cord between the arachnoid and pia mater.
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
What is the function of the ventricular system?
To produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and circulate it around the tissues of the CNS.
What is the ventricular system comprised of?
A series of ventricals and ducts (hollow spaces deep within brain tissue), which are continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord and the sub-arachnoid space.
What are ventricles, and how many are in the brain?
Ventricles are hollow spaces found deep within the brain tissue. There are 4.
Name the ventricles:
- Left lateral ventricle
- Right lateral ventricle
- Third ventricle
- Fourth ventricle
Which ventricles are shaped (roughly) like horseshoes with the open part facing to 7-7.30ish (clockface).
The lateral ventricls.
CSF
Cerebrospinal fluid
Which ventricle looks like a 7.30am birds head in the middle of the lateral ventricles?
Third ventricle
The third ventricle connects to the Fourth ventricle via the…..?
Cerebral aqueduct
Which structure is between the left and right lateral ventricles?
The corpus callosum
This space is found between the tissue of the cerebellum and spinal cord.
Fourth ventricle.
The fourth ventricle connects superiorly via the cerebral aqueduct to the _____ ______ and inferiorly to the ______ ______.
- third ventricle
2. central canal (which runs down the middle of the spinal cord).
What is CSF and what is its function?
A watery fluid that is continuously circulated around the brain and spinal cord. Purpose: to provide a fluid cushion around the delicate tissues, helping protect against jolts and blows.
How is CSF protected against infection?
Constant circulation - circulated once the reabsorbed into the venous blood. If an infection reaches the CNS, the return of CSF to the venous blood means that the immune system can deal with it.
Where is CSF mostly produced?
The lateral ventricles
Direction of CSF flow?
Lateral venticles -> Third ventricle -> through cerebral aqueduct to fourth ventricle -> central canal of spinal cord -> base of spinal cord -> subarachnoid space
OR
as above: fourth ventricle -> subarachnoid space -> flow around brain
All: circulates once then absorbed into venous blood at the dural venous sinuses.
How does CSF in the subarachnoid space get into the bloodstream to be returned to the heart?
CSF in subarachnoid space -> arachnoid granulations -> dural venous sinuses via pressure gradient -> venous blood returned to the heart
What are arachnoid granulations?
Small projections of the arachnoid into the dural venous sinuses.
What are the points at which CSF crosses into the venous blood in the dural venous sinuses?
Arachnoid granulations
What is below the conus medullaris?
the Cauda equina
What is the cauda equina?
Bundle of nerves hanging below the conus medullaris (ending of the true spinal cord). Contains the spinal nerves that come off the spinal cord below the conus medullaris level.
As the dorsal and ventral roots pass across the boundary of the vertebral bone they join to form a single spinal nerve. What does this nerve carry?
Motor information away from the spinal cord and sensory information into the spinal cord.
Soon after leaving the spinal cord, the spinal nerves branch into…?
Anterior and posterior branches.
How many pairs of major arteries supply the brain with arterial blood?
2 sets. 2 arteries on LHS, 2 arteries on RHS
Which arteries supply the anterior part of the brain?
Internal carotid arteries.
What branch of the common carotid arteries in the neck region, then travel through the carotid canal into the skull?
Internal carotid arteries.
Which arteries supply the posterior brain?
Vertebral arteries
What branch off the subclavian arteries on the L and R sides, travel along the cervical vertebrae and enter the skull through the foramen magnum?
Vertebral arteries
At the base of the brain, the anterior and posterior blood supplies to the brain join with one another (anastamose) forming a circle of blood vessels called….?
The circle of Willis (cerebral arterial circle)
What is the Circle of Willis also known as?
Cerebral Arterial Circle
What does anastomose mean?
Join up (as in blood vessels)
Where does the spinal cord receive its blood supply?
From the vertebral arteries - branches of these arteries run down the anterior and posterior spinal cord.
Which arteries supply both the posterior brain and the spinal cord?
The vertebral arteries
The vertebral arteries heading down to the spinal cord split into anterior and posterior branches as they pass through, what?
The foramen magnum
The external carotid artery gives off branches that supply…?
- face
- tongue
- temporomandibular joint
- and other external structures.
The internal carotid artery enters the base of the skull at the…?
carotid canal
This artery comes out into the skull case at the base of the middle and anterior brain
Internal carotid artery
At the RHS this artery comes of the brachiocephalic trunk and at the LHS comes directly off the aorta. Then the vertebral artery branches off it.
The subclavian artery
This artery branches off the subclavian artery then travels through the neck region via foramina in the transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae.
The vertebral artery.
This artery enters the skull via the foramen magnum, giving off branches to the spinal cord then supplying the posterior brain and brainstem.
The vertebral artery
As the internal carotid artery reaches the inferior surface of the brain it gives off how many branches? Name them.
3.
- Anterior Cerebral Artery
- Posterior Communicating Artery
- Middle Cerebral Artery
Which artery does the anterior cerebral artery branch off?
Internal carotid artery
Which artery does the posterior communicating artery branch off? Name other arteries that also branch off this vessel at this location.
-Internal carotid artery.
Anterior Cerebral Artery and Middle Cerebral Artery also branch off the internal carotid at this location.
Which of the branches formed by the internal carotid artery at the base of the brain travels between the frontal and temporal lobes?
Middle cerebral artery
The two Vertebral Arteries (L and R) travel along the brainstem as they pass through the foramen magnum. But a short distance later what happens?
They join with each other to form the unpaired BASILAR ARTERY.
The basilar artery is not formed by branching off another artery. Also it is unpaired. Explain.
The Basilar artery is a single artery formed by the joining of two arteries - the Left Vertebral artery and the Right vertebral artery.
The basilar artery travels the length of the brainstem towards the middle of the brain, and then….?
It branches into the left and right Posterior Cerebral Arteries.
- Anterior Cerebral Artery
- Posterior Communicating Artery
- Middle Cerebral Artery
- Posterior cerebral artery
Which is the odd one out? Why?
Posterior cerebral artery
- branches off unpaired basilar artery which comes from a joining of the vertebral arteries.
- others all branch off the Internal Carotid Artery
Which arteries supply the posterior cerebrum?
L and R posterior cerebral arteries.
What do the L and R posterior cerebral arteries do?
- supply the posterior cerebrum
- Connect with the posterior communicating arteries (from internal carotid) to join anterior and posterior blood supplies.
The anastomosis of anterior and posterior blood supplies to the brain results in which structure?
Circle of Willis (Cerebral Arterial Circle)
What are the arteries originating from the Internal carotid arteries that contribute to the circle of Willis?
- Anterior cerebral artery
- Anterior communicating artery (connects the two anterior communication arteries)
- Posterior communicating artery (connects with the Posterior cerebral arteries carrying posterior arterial supply)
Venous blood from the brain is collected in the dural venous sinuses, from where it drains via the..?
Internal Jugular Vein
To take a sample of cerebrospinal fluid, a needle would have to pass through which meninges?
The dura mater and arachnoid
but not the pia mater
Which of the following is not part of the circle of Willis?
* Anterior cerebral artery
* Middle cerebral artery
*
middle cerebral artery
Branches of which artery are most likely to suppy the posterior temporal lobe?
Posterior cerebral artery
Which layer of the dura mater attaches to the inside of the skull?
Periosteal
Name 3 areas the cerebellum communicates with (via nerve tracts), to help produce and control all voluntary movement:
- Basal ganglia
- primary motor cortex
- premotor area
The midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata are the 3 components of what?
The brainstem
Name the most superior part of the brainstem, located directly inferior to the diencephalon:
Midbrain
What does the midbrain have on its anterior surface, which communicate information to the cerebrum (primarily about vision and hearing)?
Cerebral peduncles
Which part of the midbrain (superior component of the brainstem), communicate information about vision and hearing to the cerebrum?
the cerebral peduncles
Located on the posterior pons surface are large nerve tracts communicating between the brainstem and the cerebellum. What are theses large nerve tracts called?
Cerebellar peduncles
This part of the brainstem is located directly inferior to the midbrain and contains a combination of sensory and motor nerve tracts travelling between the spinal cord and various regions of the brain.
Pons
What combine just outside the spinal cord to form mixed spinal nerves?
Dorsal and ventral roots
How many pairs (L and R) of spinal nerves are there?
31
Around the brain this has two layers, but around the spinal cord it has only one layer…?
Dura mater
What is a Sub-Arachnoid space?
Small space between the arachnoid and pia mater, filled with cerebrospinal fluid.
What is the Ventricular system?
A series of hollow spaces within the brain and spinal cord that are filled with Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
Name 6 parts of the Ventricular system:
- Lateral ventricles
- Third ventricle
- Fourth ventricle
- Cerebral aqueduct
- Central canal
- Sub-arachnoid space
Where is Cerebrospinal fluid produced?
In specialised cells in the lateral ventricles.
Paired large, hollow pace deep in the left and right cerebral hemispheres. Part of the ventricular system:
Lateral ventricles
Located in the midline, superior to the diencephalon: Part of the ventricular system:
Third ventricle
Located in the midline, between the brainstem and cerebellum. Part of the ventricular system:
Fourth ventricle
This links the third and fourth ventricles and is a part of the ventricular system:
Cerebral aqueduct
This is part of the ventricular system and runs down the middle of the spinal cord:
Central canal
The space between the arachnoid and pia mater. This is part of the ventricular system:
Sub-arachnoid space
Describe the path of CSF through the ventricular system;
CSF produced in lateral ventricles -> third ventricle -> Fourth ventricle -> Split: Some -> Subarachnoid space and around outer surface of brain OR SOME -> central canal down length of spinal cord -> out and around outside of spinal cord within subarachnoid space
Where does CSF return to the venous blood?
in the Dural venous sinuses
How does CSF enter the bloodstream?
Arachnoid granulations (small projections of the Arachnoid) protrude into the blood space in the dural venous sinuses, which brings the CSF very close to the blood. It easily diffuses across.
How are potentially harmful microorganisms removed from the CSF?
Because CSF is constantly being produced, circulated and absorbed into the venous blood. Microorganisms are also absorbed into the venous blood, where they can be dealt with by the immune system.
anastomose
join up
Which two major arterial blood supplies anastomose at the base of the brain?
- Anterior blood supply (from internal carotid artery)
2. Posterior blood supply (from vertebral arteries)
At what point does the common carotid artery divide into the internal and external carotid arteries?
At about the level of the thyroid cartilage
Where does the internal carotid artery enter the skull?
Carotid Canal
As the internal carotid artery entres the skull and comes into contact with the base of the brain, it branches into which arteries?
- Anterior Cerebral artery (L and R) - supplies anterior frontal lobe
- Middle cerebral artery (L and R) - supplies:
- lateral frontal lobe
- temporal lobe
- parietal lobe
Which tiny blood vessel joins the L and R anterior cerebral arteries?
Anterior Communicating Artery
What are the 3 major components of the brain?
- Cerebrum
- Cerebellum
- Brainstem
What are the support cells of the CNS called?
Glial cells
Name 3 different types of Glial cells:
- Astrocytes (maintain blood/brain barrier)
- Microglia (provide some immune protection)
- Oligodendracytes (form the myelin sheath around nerve axons)
What is the name of the Glial cells which produce the myelin sheath around nerve axons?
Oligodendracytes
Which type of Glial cells are involved in maintaining the blood/brain barrier?
Astrocytes
These Glial cells provide some immune protection:
Microglia
Name 3 nervous tissue structures:
- Nerves
- Receptors
- Ganglia
What are 3 major (and overlapping) functions of the nervous system?
- Sensory Input
- Integration (sensory info. rec’d and consciously perceived by CNS. Appropriate responses planned and initiated. Integration of voluntary movement and normal bodily functions)
- Motor output
This runs down the mid-sagittal plane and seperates the cerebrum into L and R hemispheres:
Longitudinal Fissure
This runs perpendicular to the longitudinal fissure and separates the frontal lobes from the parietal lobes:
Central Sulcus
This separates the parietal and frontal lobes from the temporal lobes:
Lateral Sulcus
This separates the parietal lobes from the occipital lobe:
Parieto-occipital Sulcus
Location where nerve fibres decussate (cross over) in the brain?
Corpus Callosum
Name 3 areas in the Frontal lobe that are important to the functions of speech and hearing?
- Primary Motor Cortex (pre-central gyrus)
- Premotor area
- Broca’s area
Neurons originating in this area communicate with those in the primary motor cortex that control movements of muscles in the larynx and some of the articulators. Which area?
Broca’s area
Name 2 areas in the temporal lobe that are important to the functions of speech and hearing:
- Primary Auditory area (loc. in a deep gyrus in superior temporal lobe)
- Wernicke’s area (Loc. in a posterio-superior gyrus. The language formulation area used to put words together into cohesive sentences. Comprehension)
Name the 3 areas in the parietal lobes that are important tot he functions of speech and hearing:
- Primary Sensory Cortex (Post-central gyrus)
- Angular gyrus (in most posterior and lateral part, at the junction of the lateral sucus and the parieto-occipital sulcus)
- Supramarginal gyrus (superior to angular gyrus. Close to Wernicke’s area. Contributes to speech motor planning)
What are the Basal Ganglia? What is their function?
- A series of grey matter areas located very deep in the white matter of the cerebral hemispheres.
- Important in activation and co-ordination of voluntary movements and suppression of unnecessary movement.
This part of the brain communicates via nerve tracts with the basal ganglia, primary motor cortex and premotor area to help produce and control all voluntary movement.
Cerebellum
This is located deep in the midline of the brain, inferior to the corpus callosum and superior to the brainstem.
Diencephalon
Name the 2 major components of the diencephalon:
- Thalamus
* Hypothalamus
This area of the brain acts as a major relay centre between the brain and spinal cord, and contributes to control of mood and movement.
Thalamus
This part of the brain has many roles, controlling normal homeostatic parameters such as body temperature. Also an important part of the endocrine system.
Hypothalamus
Large nerve tracts called cerebral peduncles are located on the anterior surface of the…?
Midbrain
This are located on the anterior surface of the midbrain and communicate information (primarily about vision and hearing) to the cerebrum)
Cerebral peduncles
The cerebral peduncles transmit information about _____ and _____ hearing to the cerebrum. The remainder of the midbrain transmits other information.
Vision and hearing
The dorsal and ventral roots combine just outside of the spinal cord to form what?
Mixed spinal nerves.
Arount the spinal cord this forms a single layer, but around the brain it has 2 layers:
Dura mater
This provides a cushion against heavy trauma for the central nervous system:
Cerebrospinal Fluid
This is located in the midline, superior to the diencephalon:
Third ventricle
This is located in the midline between the brainstem and the cerebellum
Fourth Ventricle
This branch off the internal carotid artery supplies the anterior frontal lobe:
Anterior cerebral artery
This branch off the internal carotid artery supplies the lateral frontal lobe, temporal and parietal lobes:
Middle cerebral artery
The L and R Anterior cerebral arteries are joined by a tiny blood vessel called what?
Anterior communicating artery
This large singular vessel travels up the anterior midline of the brainstem, giving off branches that supply the posterior cerebrum, cerebellum and brainstem.
Basilar artery
At the top of the brainstem the basilar artery divides into…?
L and R posterior cerebral arteries
Which blood vessels link the middle cerebral arteries with the posterior cerebral arteries?
Posterior communicating arteries
The spinal cord gets its arterial blood supply from what?
branches off the vertebral arteries
What structure/s does the anterior cerebral artery supply?
Anterior frontal lobe
What structures does the middle cerebral artery supply?
- Lateral frontal lobe
- Temporal lobe
- Parietal lobe
Branches of which arteries supply the spinal cord?
Branches from the Vertebral arteries
The L and R vertebral arteries travel through the foramen magnum, and then….?
Anastomose to form the Basilar artery
What bifurcates at the top of the midbrain? Which two structures are created?
- Basilar artery
2. L and R Posterior Cerebral Artery
Which structures are supplied by branches off the Basilar artery?
- Posterior cerebrum
- Cerebellum
- Brainstem
Which branch/es off the vertebral arteries runs down the anterior spine?
Anterior spinal artery (unpaired)
Which branch/es off the vertebral arteries runs down the posterior spine?
R and L Posterior vertebral arteries
Describe the path deoxygenated blood takes to return from the spinal cord:
Anterior and Posterior spinal veins -> vertebral veins -> subclavian veins -> heart
