Cranial Nerves - Topic 8 Flashcards
1
Q
What are somatic nerve fibres and what kinds of information do they carry?
A
General sensory.
* pressure, touch, pain, temperature, body position and movement.
2
Q
Specialisations at the end of somatic nerve dentrites are called…?
A
receptors
3
Q
How many special senses do special sensory nerves carry information about?
A
5
4
Q
Special sensory nerves carry information from highly specialised and complex organs dedicated to sensing the special senses. In contrast General sensory nerves carry information from…?
A
Simple specialisations at the end of the nerve dendrites, called receptors.
5
Q
How many sensory nerve fibre types do we have? What are they?
A
3
- Somatic (general) sensory
- Special sensory
- Visceral sensory
6
Q
What kind of information do visceral sensory nerve fibres carry?
A
Carry information about deep changes to body tissues and organs, that we are often not even conscious of.
7
Q
What kind of sensory fibres carry information from the carotid artery about changes in blood pressure?
A
Visceral sensory fibres
8
Q
There are two types of motor nerve fibres, based on the level of conscious control we have over them. What are they?
A
- Voluntary (skeletal muscle) - can be controlled consciously
- Autonomic (cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands) - Cannot be controlled consciously - Parasympathetic and Sympathetic subtypes.
9
Q
What are the two sub-types of autonomic motor nerve fibres?
A
- Parasympathetic - resting activities - rest and digest
* Sympathetic - during stressful situations ie increase cardiac muscle contraction etc
10
Q
Many tissues have both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibres controlling increase/decrease in activity. True or false?
A
True. ie parasympathetic fibres in digestive system increase activity, but sympathetic fibres decrease activity of digestive system during stressful situations.
11
Q
What is a cluster of nerve cell bodies found outside the CNS called?
A
Ganglion (pl. ganglia)
12
Q
What are the ‘relay stations’ in the PNS two neurons meet and communicate?
A
Ganglion
13
Q
Where are ganglia found?
A
In the PNS in relation to sensory pathways (afferent) and autonomic nerve pathways (efferent)
14
Q
Where are ganglia found in the autonomic nerve pathways?
A
- sympathetic motor pathways (found near CNS)
* Parasympathetic motor pathways (near target organ)
15
Q
What important structures pass through the foramen magnum to enter the skull?
A
- Spinal cord
- Vertebral arteries
- part of CN XI Accessory Nerve
16
Q
Which smaller foramen is anterior to the Jugular foramen, on the base of the temporal bone?
A
Carotid canal
17
Q
Foramen posterior to the carotid canal, on the border of the temporal and occipital bone at the base of the skull?
A
Jugular foramen
18
Q
Foramen at the anterio-lateral part of the lateral pterygoid process?
A
Foramen ovale
19
Q
Foramen found lateral to the occipital condyles?
A
Jugular foramen
20
Q
What exits the skull through the jugular foramen?
A
- Internal Jugular vein
- CN IX Glossopharyngeal
- CN X Vagus
- PART OF CN XI Accessory Nerve
21
Q
What passed into the skull via the Carotid Canal?
A
Internal carotid artery
22
Q
Which nerve exits the skull through the stylomastoid foramen?
A
CN VII Facial nerve (after it’s passed through it divides into 5 branches)
23
Q
Name the oval shaped foramen in the Sphenoid bone.
A
Foramen ovale
24
Q
What exits the skull through the foramen ovale?
A
CN V3 Mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve.
25
Foramina on either lateral side of the foramen magnum in the occipital bone.
Hypoglossal canal
26
What exits the skull via the hypoglossal canal?
CN XII Hypoglossal Nerve
27
Viewed from the Internal base of the skull, the foramen in the thick, bony (petrous) part of the temporal bone, anterior to the jugular foramen, is....?
the Internal auditory meatus (Internal acoustic meatus)
28
What passes via the internal auditory meatus?
CN VII Facial Nerve and CN VIII Vestibulocochlear Nerve.
29
What exits the skull via Foramen Rotundum?
CN V2 Maxillary nerve (branch of trigeminal nerve)
30
Where is the foramen rotundum?
Just anterior to the foramen ovale, in the sphenoid bone.
31
What gap in bone does the first branch of the trigeminal nerve CN V1 opthalmic nerve, pass through to reach the eye socket.
Superior orbital fissure (in the sphenoid bone in the posterior eye socket)
32
What kind of nerve fibres does CN III Occularmotor carry?
Voluntary motor fibres to some eye muscles, and parasympathetic nerve fibres (to muscles controlling pupil dialation)
33
What kind of fibres does CN I Olfactory Nerve carry?
Special sensory only
34
What kind of fibres does CN II Optic nerve carry?
Special sensory only
35
At the base of the brain, CN V Trigeminal nerve is comprised of two parts. What are they?
A large sensory root
| A small motor root
36
What kind of fibres does CN IV Trochlear nerve carry?
Voluntary motor fibres only (supplying several eye muscles)
37
What are the 3 branches of the sensory component of CN V Trigeminal nerve?
CN V1 Opthalmic (passes through superior orbital fissure in the sphenoid bone)
CN V2 Maxillary (exits skull through foramen rotundum)
CN V3 Mandibular (exits skull through foramen ovale)
38
What path does the motor root of CN V trigeminal follow?
The voluntary motor fibres run alongside sensory fibres of CN V3 Mandibular nerve and supply movement information to TMJ muscles.
39
Which muscles does the Trigeminal nerve provide motor supply for?
* Temporalis
* Masseter
* Both Pterygoid muscles
* Anterior Belly of the Digastric muscle
* Mylohyoid
* Tensor veli palatini
* Tensor tympani
40
Where is the Trigeminal ganglion located?
Just before it splits into 3 branches and emerges through Superior orbital fissure (V1), Foramen rotundum (V2) and foramen ovale (V3)
41
What does CN VI Abducent (Abducens) nerve do?
Provide motor innervation to only one muscle that helps to move the eye.
42
Which of the cranial nerves has the longest pathway through the skull?
CN VII Facial Nerve
43
Which nerve passes into the internal auditory meatus, travelling through the temporal bone?
CN VII Facial Nerve
44
Which nerve gives off branches that provide parasympathetic fibres to the sublingual and submandibular salivary glands, the tear glands and the mucus glands of the nasal cavity?
CN VII Facial nerve
45
The branch of CN VII Facial nerve that gives rise to the 5 branches which provide motor innervation to the facial muscles, exits the skull where?
Stylomastoid foramen
46
What kind of fibres does CN VIII Vestibulocochlear nerve carry?
Special sensory only
47
Which 2 nerves comprise CN VIII Vestibulocochlear Nerve and what are their functions?
1. Vestibular Nerve - Special Sensory Information about our sense of balance.
2. Cochear Nerve - Special Sensory carrying information about hearing.
48
What happens at the vestibular ganglion?
Axons from balance neurons join with the axons from hearing neurons and form the CN VIII Vestibularcochlear nerve carrying information to the brain.
49
CN VIII enters the skull via which opening?
Internal auditory meatus
50
CN IX Glossopharyngeal carries at least 5 different types of nerve fibres. What kind and what do they innervate?
* Special Sensory - posterior tongue taste buds
* General Sensory - Posterior tongue, parts of the ear, pharyngeual mucosa, palatine tonsils
* Visceral sensory fibres - blood pressure receptors in carotid artery
* Parasympathetic fibres - to the Parotid gland (saliva) and posterior tongue glands (mucus)
* Voluntary motor fibres - stylopharyngeus muscle
51
This nerve originates in the medulla oblongata and exits the skull through the jugular foramen. It is the only cranial nerve that also innervates structures not in the head and neck.
CN X Vagus nerve
52
What does CN X Vagus nerve do besides innervate head and neck structures?
Provides parasympathetic, and visceral sensory fibres for organs in the thorax and abdomen.
53
What kinds of fibres does CN X vagus nerve carry to the head and neck region, and to what structures?
* some special sensory fibres (taste) from the root of the tongue and epiglottis
* General and visceral sensory - from the pharynx and inferior larynx
* voluntary motor fibres to muscles of velum (but not tensor veli palatini), pharyngeal muscles, intrinsic laryngeal muscles, and palatoglossus
54
Which cranial nerve is formed from both a cranial root and a spinal root?
CN XI Accessory Nerve
55
Which part of the brain does the cranial root of CN XI Accessory nerve come from?
Medulla of the Brainstem
56
Where does the spinal root of CN XI Accessory nerve originate?
first 5 segments of the spinal cord.
57
Which is the only cranial nerve to both enter and exit the skull? Where?
CN XI Accessory nerve - enters through Foramen magnum, exits through Jugular foramen (with glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves)
58
What is the major function of CN XI Accessory nerve?
Voluntary motor fibres via pharyngeal plexus to the larynx, pharynx and soft palate.
59
Which nerves form the pharyngeal plexus together?
1. CN IX Glossopharyngal
2. CN X Vagus
3. CN XI Accessory
60
What fibres does CN XII Hypoglossal nerve supply and to what?
* Voluntary motor fibres to extrinsic and intrinsic tongue muscles (except palatoglossus - vagus nerve)
* Partly combines with first 2 spinal nerves to supply Motor fibres to Thyrohyoid and geniohyoid muscles.
61
Mnemonic for CN and Foramina?
Orbit Rotundum Ovale
Stylo IAM IAM Jug Jug
Jug Mag Hypo
62
Orbit Rotundum Ovale
Stylo Iam Iam Jug Jug
Jug Mag Hypo
Add the CNs
```
Orbit(V1 Opthalmic) Rotundum(V2 Maxillary) Ovale(V3 Mandibular)
Stylo IAM(VII, VII) IAM(VIII) Jug(IX) Jug(X)
Jug Mag(XI, XI) Hypo(XII)
```
63
3 Cranial nerves pass through one of the foramina at the base of the skull. Which foramen? And which nerves?
1. Jugular foramen
2.
* CN IX Glossopharyngeal
* CN X Vagus
* CN XI Accessory
64
How many cranial nerves pass through the Internal Auditory Meatus. Which ones?
2.
* CN VII Facial Nerve
* CN VIII Vestibulocochlear Nerve
65
The facial nerve passes through 2 foramina. Which ones (in order).
* Internal Auditory Meatus
| * Stylomastoid Foramen
66
CN XI Accessory Nerve passes through 2 foramina. Which ones?
* Jugular Foramen
| * Foramen Magnum
67
One cranial nerve passes through a foramen with the same name as the nerve. Name foramen and Nerve:
* CN XII Hypoglossal Nerve
| * Hypoglossal Canal
68
Orbit Rotundum Ovale - What does this mean?
* Superior Orbital Fissure (V1)
* Foramen Rotundum (V2)
* Foramen Ovale (V3)
69
Stylo IAM IAM Jug Jug
What does this mean?
* Stylomastoid Foramen (VII)
* Internal Auditory Meatus (VII, VIII)
* Jugular Foramen (IX, X) (XI in next line too!)
70
Jug Mag Hypo
What does this mean?
* Jugular foramen (XI) (IX and X in previous line)
* Foramen Magnum (XI)
* Hypoglossal Canal (XII)
71
Which foramen/foramina do the branches of cranial nerve V pass through? (and name the branches)
Superior Orbital Fissure - CN V1 Opthalmic Branch
Foramen Rotundum - CN V2 Maxillary Branch
Foramen Ovale - CN V3 Mandibular Branch
72
Name a nerve that passes through the stylomastoid foramen
CN VII Facial Nerve
73
Which two nerves pass through the internal auditory meatus?
* CN VII Facial Nerve
| * CN VIII Vestibulocochlear Nerve
74
Which foramen does cranial nerve XII pass through?
Hypoglossal Canal
75
Which foramen/foramina does cranial nerve XI pass through?
* Jugular Foramen
| * Foramen Magnum
76
What nerve and branch passes through the foramen ovale?
CN V3 Mandibular Branch of the Trigeminal Nerve
77
Which nerve passes through both the internal auditory meatus and the stylomastoid foramen?
CN VII Facial Nerve
78
Which nerve passes through the foramen magnum?
CN XI Accessory Nerve
79
Which foramen does cranial nerve IX pass through
Jugular Foramen
80
Which cranial nerve (and branch) passes through the foramen rotundum?
CN V2 Maxillary branch of the Trigeminal Nerve
81
Which foramen does cranial nerve VIII pass through?
Internal Auditory Meatus
82
Which cranial nerve passes through both the jugular foramen and the foramen magnum?
CN XI Accessory Nerve
83
Which foramen does the glossopharyngeal nerve pass through?
CN IX passes through the Jugular Foramen
84
Motor TMJ chews Textured Vegetable Protein. ANTS also chew TVP and MYLO so motor mouth gets TENSE VERY POSITIVELY and plays the TYMPANI to relieve stress
V3 motor innervation -
* All TMJ
* ANTerior digastric
* MYLOhyoid
* TENSor Veli Palatini
* tensor TYMPANI
85
Creepy beauty palour:
I am GLAND to meet you. Welcome to my FACIAL parlour. I will MOTOR massage your FACIAL MUSCLES. I salivate, cry and drip snot on you (but not with my parotid). Then I will lick it off and taste it with the anterior 2/3 of my tongue. I can't hear you, but TOUCH my EAR. I freak you out when I chant over you: POS DI STYLOHY STAPEDIUS
CN VII Facial Nerve
Parasympathetic - * Sub mandibular and sublingual salivary glands (via Chorda tympani)
* Lacrimal gland
* Nasal, Palatine, Pharyngeal mucus glands
Motor - muscles of facial expression
* Posterior Digastric
* Stylohyoid
* Stapedius
Special Sensory (taste) - Anterior 2/3 tongue (via Chorda tympani)
General Sensory - part of outer ear around concha
86
What kind of innervation does the CN XIII Vestibulocochlear supply and to what structure?
```
Special Sensory (hearing - cochlear nerve)
(balance - vestibular nerve)
```
87
V1 (trigeminal - opthalmic branch) supplies what kind of innervation to which structures?
General sensory.
* Forehead
* scalp
* frontal sinus
* superior eyelid
* external nose
* eyeball
* some eye tissues
88
V2 (Trigeminal - maxillary branch) supplies what kind of innervation to which structures?
General Sensory
* Zygomatic region of face
* upper lip
* lateral external nose
89
Which structures does V3 (Trigeminal mandibular branch) innervate for general sensory?
* lower lip
* chin
* part of external ear (other part VII Facial)
* lower cheeks
* part of temporal region
90
What does V3 Mandibular branch of trigeminal innervate for motor?
* TMJ muscles
* Tensor Veli Palatini
* Tensor tympani
* Anterior belly of Digastric
* Mylohyoid
91
Cranial nerves are encased in sheaths derived from the meninges. True or false?
True
92
Which cranial nerve/s pass through the Superior orbital fissure?
V1 Opthalmic branch of Trigeminal nerve
93
Which cranial nerve/s pass through the Foramen rotundum?
V2 Maxillary branch of the Trigeminal nerve
94
Which cranial nerve/s pass through the Foramen Ovale?
V3 Mandibular branch of the Trigeminal nerve
95
Which cranial nerve/s pass through the Stylomastoid foramen?
CN VII Facial Nerve
96
Which cranial nerve/s pass through the Internal Auditory Meatus?
VII, VIII
97
Which cranial nerve/s pass through the Jugular foramen?
IX, X, XI
98
Which cranial nerve/s pass through the Foramen Magnum?
XI
99
Which cranial nerve/s pass through the Hypoglossal canal?
XII
100
CN VII Facial Nerve carries which fibres to what structures?
* SS (taste) - Anterior 2/3 tongue
* GS: part of external ear
* VM: Facial expression muscles, Posterior belly of digastric, stylohyoid, stapedius
* Parasymp.: Submandibular and Sublingual glands, lacrimal glands, glands of nasal cavity and palate
101
VIII Vestibulocochlear carries what kinds of fibres?
SS (hearing, balance) only
102
CN IX Glossopharyngeal carries what kinds of fibres to which structures?
* SS (taste) posterior 1/3 tongue
* GS Mucosa of pharynx, palatine tonsils, posterior 1/3 tongue, auditory tube, middle ear
* VS: Blood pressure regulation in Carotid arteries
* VM Stylopharyngeus only
* Parasymp. Parotid gland, posterior tongue glands.
103
CN X Vagus nerve carries what kinds of fibres to which structures?
* SS (taste) root of tongue and epiglottis
* GS and VS Inferior larynx, pharynx, thoracic and abdominal organs
* VM soft palate (not TVP), pharynx, intrinsic laryngeal muscles, palatoglossus
* Parasymp. Abdom. and thoracic viscera
104
CN XI Accessory nerve carries what kinds of fibres to which structures?
VM pharynx and soft palate
105
CN XII Hypoglossal nerve carries what kinds of fibres to which structures?
* VM all tongue muscles EXCEPT palatoglossus (hangs with the X rated crew)
* ** Thyrohyoid and Geniohyoid when joined with some spinal nerve fibres from C1 C2
106
List the 7 CNs most relevant to speech and hearing:
* CN V Trigeminal
* CN VII Facial
* CN VIII Vestibulocochlear
* CN IX Glossopharyngeal
* CN X Vagus
* CN XI Accessory
* CN XII Hypoglossal
107
Which cranial nerve is the principal sensory nerve for the head?
CN V Trigeminal nerve
108
CN V1 Opthalmic branch:
passes through Superior Orbital Fissure -> GS Orbit, nasal mucosa, frontal sinus, external nose, forehead, scalp
109
CN V2 Maxillary branch of trigeminal:
Passes through Foramen rotundum -> GS Maxillary region, lower eyelids, zygomaticotemporal region, upper lip, upper teeth
110
CN V3 Mandibular branch of trigeminal:
Passes through foramen ovale -> GS mandible, auriculotemporal region, lower buccal region, lower lip, lower teeth.
* VM TMJ muscles, TVP, Mylohyoid, Ant. belly of digastric, Tensor tympani
111
CN VII Facial nerve emerges from the junction of the pons and medulla as 2 divisions. what are they?
* Motor root (large)
| * Intermediate nerve (sensory root)
112
What does the intermediate nerve (sensory division of CN VII)?
* SS (taste) Anterior 2/3 tongue, via chorda tympani
| * GS small area of skin around external auditory meatus
113
This nerve travels along the medial wall of the tympanic cavity, giving off a branch to the stapedius muscle.
CN VII Facial nerve
114
CN VII Facial nerve gives off 2 branches just before it emerges from the skull at the stylomastoid foramen. What are they?
* One branch to lacrimal glands and nasal mucosa
| * Chorda tympani (SS taste Ant. 2/3 tongue)
115
This nerve emerges from the stylomastoid foramen and forms 5 branches as it passes through the parotid gland. What are they?
* Temporal
* Zygomatic
* Buccal
* Marginal Mandibular
* Cervical
116
This is the only muscle that CN IX innervates:
* Stylopharyngeus
117
This nerve emerges from the lateral medulla and exits through the Jugular foramen. It follows the stylopharyngeus and passes between the superior and middle pharyngeal constricutors to reach the oropharynx and tongue:
CN IX Glossopharyngeal Nerve
118
CN IX Glossopharyngeal nerve senses blood pressure and chemistry changes in the _____ ____.
Carotid sinus
119
CN IX Glossopharyngeal nerve has a sensory branch called the tympanic nerve. What does this do?
Carries General Sensory information from the Tympanic Membrane.
120
This cranial nerve carries parasympathetic motor fibres to the abdominal and thoracic viscera, controlling smooth muscle contraction in respiratory and digestive systems, and resting heart rate in cardiac muscle:
CN X Vagus nerve
121
This nerve has both cranial and spinal roots (arising from the first 5 cervical segments of the spinal cord):
CN XI Accessory Nerve
122
Cranial and spinal roots of this nerve form a single nerve just after passing through the jugular foramen. They then split up and the cranial part joins with CN X and follows its distibution.
CN XI Accessory Nerve
123
This nerve can be damaged during tonsillectomy resulting in paralysis of the ipsilateral half of the tongue.
CN XII Hypoglossal nerve
