Articulation, phonation, deglutition - Lecture 6 Flashcards
What does phonation refer to?
Sounds produced by the vocal folds in the larynx ie Voiced
Voiceless sounds do not involve the _____ _____?
Vocal folds
What kind of sounds do we produce which use the vocal folds?
Voiced sounds.
Which two major anatomical structures are involved in the process of phonation?
- Respiratory system
* Larynx
What are the 3 stages of phonation?
- Vocal attack
- Sustained phonation
- termination of phonation
What is Vocal attack?
Another term for adducting the vocal folds.
List the vocal fold adductor muscles.
- Lateral cricoarytenoid muscle
- Transverse arytenoid muscle
- oblique arytenoid muscle
What do the vocal fold adductor muscles do?
Act on the arytenoid cartilages to move the vocal folds towards the midline of the body.
Why is the respiratory cycle modified for an extended exhalation phase while we are speaking?
Because phonation is only produced on exhaled air, not on inhalation.
Name the 3 different types of vocal attack.
- Breathy attack
- glottal attack
- simultaneous attack
What is breathy attack?
Exhalation begins before vocal fold adduction ie fricative initial(?)
What is glottal attack?
Vocal folds are adducted before exhalation begins ie OK, I want… initial sound more abrupt/harder/glottalised
What is simultaneous attack?
Vocal fold adduction and onset of exhalation occur simultaneously. ie initial voiced fricative(?)
Subglottal pressure is….?
Air pressure below the vocal folds.
How long can we sustain phonation for?
As long as there is sufficient subglottal pressure and we maintain the vocal folds in an adducted position.
During sustained phonation, we alter sound pitch by stretching and relaxing the vocal folds using which muscles?
- Cricothyroid
* Thyroarytenoid
Which muscle used in altering sound pitch runs parallel to the vocal folds?
Thyroarytenoid
Sustained phonation depends on which law describing the behaviour of air or liquids as they travel through a tube?
The Bernoulli principal
Explain the Bernoulli Principal.
Air will pass through a straight tube at a constant rate. However if the tube is obstructed the air molecules increase their speed as they pass around the obstruction.
Why do air molecules increase their speed as they pass around an obstruction in a tube?
The obstruction creates a smaller space for air molecules to pass through, so they increase their rate of contact with each other, creating increased speed.
What is medial compression (of vocal folds)?
Once adducted, the Bernoulli effect leads to decreased air pressure between the vocal folds, causing them to be sucked towards one another. This is medial compression.
What reduces the need for constant muscular contraction during sustained phonation?
Medial compression.
The actual pattern of vibration of the vocal fold depends on a combination of vocal pitch and the degree of medial compression. Specific patters of vibrations are called ______ _____.
Vocal registers
Name 3 common vocal registers.
- modal register
- glottal fry
- falsetto
What is glottal fry
The creaky low voice you use when pretending to be ill.
Which vocal register do we use when speaking normally?
Modal register
Which vocal register do we use when speaking in a fake ‘high voice’?
Falsetto
What is the only muscle that abducts the vocal folds?
posterior cricoarytenoid muscle
Intensity (Volume) is related to the energy used to produce the sound. True or false?
True
What do we need for higher subglottal pressure, and what effect does this have on intensity (volume) of sounds we can make. Why?
Increased volume of air in lungs (bigger breaths), increases volume due to high subglottal pressure leading to increased speed of air flow through vocal folds.
What is the process of joining two vocal elements together to produce running speech called?
Articulation
Can you alter sounds produced in the larynx without moving the vocal tract?
No!
What is the Source-Filter Theory?
2 stage process involving the generation of a sound source which is then shaped/filtered by the resonant properties of the vocal tract - ie Larynx produces sound then articulators (vocal tract) shape it into recognisable sounds.
Combined, all of the articulators make up the ______ ___?
Vocal tract
Articulators can be separated into which 2 groups?
- Mobile articulators
* Immobile articulators
Mobile articulators include:
- tongue
- mandible
- velum (soft palate)
- Pharynx
- lips
- cheeks
- larynx & hyoid bone
Immobile articulators include:
- Hard palate
* teeth
One of the non-speech functions of the articulators which utilises the pharynx, palate & tongue.
Deglutition
How many times per day does an adult swallow?
over 500 times
What is Dysphagia?
Difficulty in swallowing.
Which of the articulators have coordinated actions in deglutition?
- Pharynx
- Palate
- Tongue
How many main phases are there in the process of deglutition?
4
What are the main phases of deglutition?
- Oral Preparatory Phase
- Oral Phase
- Pharyngeal Phase
- Oesophageal phase
Which phase of deglutition is all about mastication?
Oral Preparatory Phase
What is the mass of food mixed with saliva, produced by the action of mastication called?
Bolus
Structures used during the Oral Preparatory phase of deglutition?
- TMJ (to move the..)
- mandible
- lips
- teeth
- tongue
Describe the Oral phase of deglutition.
Tongue pushes superiorly against the hard palate, forming a chute and moving the bolus to the back of the oral cavity and then into the oropharynx.
Highly complex phase of deglutition that takes the bolus from the back of the oral cavity/beginning of oropharynx, through the laryngopharynx and into the oesophagus.
Pharyngeal phase.
First phase of Deglutition?
Oral Preparatory phase
Second phase of deglutition?
Oral phase
Third phase of deglutition?
Pharyngeal phase
Forth phase of deglutition?
Oesophageal phase
Which muscles are used during the pharyngeal phase of deglutition to force the bolus down? How are these muscles used?
Wavelike and co-ordinated contractions of the superior, middle and inferior constrictors of the pharynx.
During which phase of deglutition is the epiglottis pushed posteriorly to cover the opening of the larynx?
Pharyngeal phase
This phase of deglutition is reflexive, so mostly autonomically controlled.
Oesophageal Phase
The Oesohageal phase is entirely autonomic (involuntary). True or false?
False. There is a very small upper section of the oesophagus in which the muscular contractions can be voluntarily controlled. The rest is autonomic.
What kind of muscle do the Oesophageal walls consist of?
Smooth muscle (involuntary)
What happens in the Oesophageal phase of deglutition?
Peristaltic wavelike contractions by the smooth muscle walls of the oesophagus send the bolus inferiorly and into the stomach.
Which phases of deglutition are likely to be affected by damage to Hypoglossal nerve (CNXII) ?
- Oral preparatory phase
- Oral phase
- early part of Pharyngeal phase
What term specifically refers to the pattern of vibration the vocal folds undergo in a single cycle?
Register, or Vocal Register.
Which vocal register is most likely to use the cricothyroid muscle?
Falsetto
