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BMS 224 - Head and Neck Anatomy > Articulation, phonation, deglutition - Lecture 6 > Flashcards

Articulation, phonation, deglutition - Lecture 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What does phonation refer to?

A

Sounds produced by the vocal folds in the larynx ie Voiced

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2
Q

Voiceless sounds do not involve the _____ _____?

A

Vocal folds

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3
Q

What kind of sounds do we produce which use the vocal folds?

A

Voiced sounds.

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4
Q

Which two major anatomical structures are involved in the process of phonation?

A
  • Respiratory system

* Larynx

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5
Q

What are the 3 stages of phonation?

A
  1. Vocal attack
  2. Sustained phonation
  3. termination of phonation
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6
Q

What is Vocal attack?

A

Another term for adducting the vocal folds.

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7
Q

List the vocal fold adductor muscles.

A
  • Lateral cricoarytenoid muscle
  • Transverse arytenoid muscle
  • oblique arytenoid muscle
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8
Q

What do the vocal fold adductor muscles do?

A

Act on the arytenoid cartilages to move the vocal folds towards the midline of the body.

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9
Q

Why is the respiratory cycle modified for an extended exhalation phase while we are speaking?

A

Because phonation is only produced on exhaled air, not on inhalation.

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10
Q

Name the 3 different types of vocal attack.

A
  • Breathy attack
  • glottal attack
  • simultaneous attack
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11
Q

What is breathy attack?

A

Exhalation begins before vocal fold adduction ie fricative initial(?)

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12
Q

What is glottal attack?

A

Vocal folds are adducted before exhalation begins ie OK, I want… initial sound more abrupt/harder/glottalised

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13
Q

What is simultaneous attack?

A

Vocal fold adduction and onset of exhalation occur simultaneously. ie initial voiced fricative(?)

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14
Q

Subglottal pressure is….?

A

Air pressure below the vocal folds.

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15
Q

How long can we sustain phonation for?

A

As long as there is sufficient subglottal pressure and we maintain the vocal folds in an adducted position.

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16
Q

During sustained phonation, we alter sound pitch by stretching and relaxing the vocal folds using which muscles?

A
  • Cricothyroid

* Thyroarytenoid

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17
Q

Which muscle used in altering sound pitch runs parallel to the vocal folds?

A

Thyroarytenoid

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18
Q

Sustained phonation depends on which law describing the behaviour of air or liquids as they travel through a tube?

A

The Bernoulli principal

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19
Q

Explain the Bernoulli Principal.

A

Air will pass through a straight tube at a constant rate. However if the tube is obstructed the air molecules increase their speed as they pass around the obstruction.

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20
Q

Why do air molecules increase their speed as they pass around an obstruction in a tube?

A

The obstruction creates a smaller space for air molecules to pass through, so they increase their rate of contact with each other, creating increased speed.

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21
Q

What is medial compression (of vocal folds)?

A

Once adducted, the Bernoulli effect leads to decreased air pressure between the vocal folds, causing them to be sucked towards one another. This is medial compression.

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22
Q

What reduces the need for constant muscular contraction during sustained phonation?

A

Medial compression.

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23
Q

The actual pattern of vibration of the vocal fold depends on a combination of vocal pitch and the degree of medial compression. Specific patters of vibrations are called ______ _____.

A

Vocal registers

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24
Q

Name 3 common vocal registers.

A
  • modal register
  • glottal fry
  • falsetto
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25
Q

What is glottal fry

A

The creaky low voice you use when pretending to be ill.

26
Q

Which vocal register do we use when speaking normally?

A

Modal register

27
Q

Which vocal register do we use when speaking in a fake ‘high voice’?

A

Falsetto

28
Q

What is the only muscle that abducts the vocal folds?

A

posterior cricoarytenoid muscle

29
Q

Intensity (Volume) is related to the energy used to produce the sound. True or false?

A

True

30
Q

What do we need for higher subglottal pressure, and what effect does this have on intensity (volume) of sounds we can make. Why?

A

Increased volume of air in lungs (bigger breaths), increases volume due to high subglottal pressure leading to increased speed of air flow through vocal folds.

31
Q

What is the process of joining two vocal elements together to produce running speech called?

A

Articulation

32
Q

Can you alter sounds produced in the larynx without moving the vocal tract?

A

No!

33
Q

What is the Source-Filter Theory?

A

2 stage process involving the generation of a sound source which is then shaped/filtered by the resonant properties of the vocal tract - ie Larynx produces sound then articulators (vocal tract) shape it into recognisable sounds.

34
Q

Combined, all of the articulators make up the ______ ___?

A

Vocal tract

35
Q

Articulators can be separated into which 2 groups?

A
  • Mobile articulators

* Immobile articulators

36
Q

Mobile articulators include:

A
  • tongue
  • mandible
  • velum (soft palate)
  • Pharynx
  • lips
  • cheeks
  • larynx & hyoid bone
37
Q

Immobile articulators include:

A
  • Hard palate

* teeth

38
Q

One of the non-speech functions of the articulators which utilises the pharynx, palate & tongue.

A

Deglutition

39
Q

How many times per day does an adult swallow?

A

over 500 times

40
Q

What is Dysphagia?

A

Difficulty in swallowing.

41
Q

Which of the articulators have coordinated actions in deglutition?

A
  • Pharynx
  • Palate
  • Tongue
42
Q

How many main phases are there in the process of deglutition?

A

4

43
Q

What are the main phases of deglutition?

A
  1. Oral Preparatory Phase
  2. Oral Phase
  3. Pharyngeal Phase
  4. Oesophageal phase
44
Q

Which phase of deglutition is all about mastication?

A

Oral Preparatory Phase

45
Q

What is the mass of food mixed with saliva, produced by the action of mastication called?

A

Bolus

46
Q

Structures used during the Oral Preparatory phase of deglutition?

A
  • TMJ (to move the..)
  • mandible
  • lips
  • teeth
  • tongue
47
Q

Describe the Oral phase of deglutition.

A

Tongue pushes superiorly against the hard palate, forming a chute and moving the bolus to the back of the oral cavity and then into the oropharynx.

48
Q

Highly complex phase of deglutition that takes the bolus from the back of the oral cavity/beginning of oropharynx, through the laryngopharynx and into the oesophagus.

A

Pharyngeal phase.

49
Q

First phase of Deglutition?

A

Oral Preparatory phase

50
Q

Second phase of deglutition?

A

Oral phase

51
Q

Third phase of deglutition?

A

Pharyngeal phase

52
Q

Forth phase of deglutition?

A

Oesophageal phase

53
Q

Which muscles are used during the pharyngeal phase of deglutition to force the bolus down? How are these muscles used?

A

Wavelike and co-ordinated contractions of the superior, middle and inferior constrictors of the pharynx.

54
Q

During which phase of deglutition is the epiglottis pushed posteriorly to cover the opening of the larynx?

A

Pharyngeal phase

55
Q

This phase of deglutition is reflexive, so mostly autonomically controlled.

A

Oesophageal Phase

56
Q

The Oesohageal phase is entirely autonomic (involuntary). True or false?

A

False. There is a very small upper section of the oesophagus in which the muscular contractions can be voluntarily controlled. The rest is autonomic.

57
Q

What kind of muscle do the Oesophageal walls consist of?

A

Smooth muscle (involuntary)

58
Q

What happens in the Oesophageal phase of deglutition?

A

Peristaltic wavelike contractions by the smooth muscle walls of the oesophagus send the bolus inferiorly and into the stomach.

59
Q

Which phases of deglutition are likely to be affected by damage to Hypoglossal nerve (CNXII) ?

A
  • Oral preparatory phase
  • Oral phase
  • early part of Pharyngeal phase
60
Q

What term specifically refers to the pattern of vibration the vocal folds undergo in a single cycle?

A

Register, or Vocal Register.

61
Q

Which vocal register is most likely to use the cricothyroid muscle?

A

Falsetto

BMS 224 - Head and Neck Anatomy (14 decks)

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