Respiration and Circulatory System Review Flashcards
List the functions of the respiratory system….
- gas exchange
- cellular respiration
- prepare air to be transported in blood. Oxygen transport in blood, regulates ph.
- expel CO2
What are the organs in the upper respiratory system?
Nasal cavity Pharynx Epiglottis Trachea Larynx
What is the function of mucus?
To trap dust and other unwanted particles, from entering respiratory system.
What is the function of cilia?
Cilia move mucus down the nasal cavity to the pharynx to be swallowed, and destroyed.
What are goblet cells?
Cells that secrete mucus
What is the pathway of air from the environment to the alveoli?
Environment, nose(nasal hairs nasal cavity), pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli.
Approximately how many alveoli are in the lungs? Why so many?
700 million, more alveoli increase surface area for gases to exchange.
How do we make sounds?
By opening, closing, and by varying tensions of the vocal cords, and the flow of air across them.
Internal respiration
Gas exchange between body tissue and blood (capillaries)
External respiration
Gas exchange between blood and air(alveoli)
Describe inhalation
Diaphragm contracts(moves down), intercostal muscles move chest up and put. Chest cavity expands, volume increases. Pressure decreases. Air rushes in.
Describe exhalation
Diaphragm relaxes.(moves up) intercostal muscles relax. Chest cavity becomes smaller, and volume decreases. Pressure increases, air rushes out.
What are the three main parts of the circulatory system?
Heart, vessels, blood
What are the components, and percentage of blood.
Plasma (55%)
Erythrocytes (45%)
Leukocytes (<1%)
Platelets (<1%)
Function of plasma
Regulate body temperature, and helps with clotting.
Function of RBC
Contains hemoglobin to carry oxygen
Function WBC
Fights infection
Function of platelets
Blood clotting
What is the RH factor?
A specific type of antigen found in plasma; humans either have it or don’t.
What’s agglutination?
Clumping thy occurs when an antigen is mixed with it’s corresponding antibody.
Describe Arteries
- Lead blood away from heart.
- Carry oxygen rich blood(except pulmonary.)
- thick, rigid, elastic walls
- high pressure
Describe veins
- Lead blood to the heart
- Carry oxygen poor blood (except pulmonary)
- thinner, more flexible walls
- lower pressure
- valves to prevent backflow
Describe capillaries
- numerous, running along cells of body tissues.
- 1 cell thick walls
- provide gas exchange
- capillary beds
What are the smallest arteries?
Arterioles- connect arteries to capillaries.
What are the smallest veins?
Venules- connect veins to capillaries
Where are the easiest places to find a pulse? Why?
Neck(carotid artery),wrist, inner elbow
Pulse points can be found anywhere where and artery runs next to the surface of skin.
What are varicose veins?
Weakened vein valves unable to fully close. This causes back flow, and pools of blood, leading to the stretching of veins. 😬
Describe the pulmonary circuit
Loop that carries blood from right side of heart to the lungs.
Describe the systemic circuit
Carries oxygen rich blood from the left side of the heart to the rest of the body.
On an EKG describe what P,Q,R,S and T refer to. What portion is what type of contraction?
P=atrial contraction
Q,R,S =ventricle contraction
T=Reset
P-Q is SA node Impulse
R-T is AV node impulse
What is the pace maker?🤔
A bundle of nerves that send electric lessons impulses to the heart.
Uses Na+ and K+ pump for potential.
Describe heart disease
When the flow of blood in coronary arteries is obstructed. Ex:atherosclerosis-fatty deposits(plagues) build up in arteries
Describe a stroke.😨
Blood clot in a brain artery. Sudden death of brain cells due to low supply of oxygen.
Describe high blood pressure.😡
When the force of blood pushing against the artery walls is to high. Causes hardening if walls, or a tear in vessel.
What does the nasal cavity do?
Clean, moisten, warm air.
Trachea
Non collapsible cartilage tube that leads air to lungs.
Bronchi
Two large primary cartilage tubes that separate into smaller bronchioles.
Lungs
Spongy tissue made of millions of air sacs and capillaries, providing surface area for gas exchange.
Alveoli
Tiny air sacs where gases exchange. Surrounded by capillaries.
What is bulk flow?
A lot of particles moving together
What are the functions of the circulatory system?
- transport nutrients, and oxygen to body tissues.
- transport waste products, and CO2out of the body.
Hemostasis?
A process which causes bleeding to stop
How does a blood clot form?
Platelets become sticky, and cluster together when in contact with a broken vessel.
What’s an antigen(agglutinogens)?
Specific protein in RBC that reacts with an antibody to cause agglutination.
What’s an antibody(Agglutinins)?
Specific protein in plasma that attacks specific antigens.
Describe heart beat coordination.❤️
- Atria fill with blood
- SA node sets atrial contraction.
- Blood rushes into ventricles.
- AV node sets ventricular contraction from bottom up.
- Either pulmonary, or systemic circuit is set in motion.
What does CPR stand for? Why will it not save someone?
Cardio pulmonary resuscitation
It keeps the blood circulating, but won’t fix the fibrillation.
What’s fibrillation? What tool
Is used to fix this?
An out of sync heart beat.
Defibrillator stops the heart, and let’s it reset.
(CLEAR!)👨🏻⚕️⚡️
What are the sacs around the lungs called?
Pleural membranes
Who discovered the human blood groups?
Karl Landsteiner 👨🏼⚕️
How is the heart rate controlled?
Heart rate increases according to the need for oxygen. Neurotransmitters released by the nervous system increase heart rate by sending signals to the SA nodes.
What makes up plasma?
90% water, 10%dissolved salts
Where are RBC made, and how often are they made?
In bone marrow, every 120 days. 🔴
How many WBC are there for every 1000 RBC. How long can they live?
1 for every 1000.live for years.⚪️
Where are platelets made?
Made from cytoplasm of certain bone marrow
What muscles are involved in breathing? What are their functions?
Diaphragm: primary muscle used in the process of inhalation get and exhaling.
Intercostal muscles: moves lungs up and out, or relax lungs.
What is the most rigid artery? Why?
Aorta, high pressure because blood was just pumped from left ventricle.
What tool is used to measure blood pressure with a stethoscope?
Sphygmomanometer (inflatable cuff and pressure gauge.)
What is a normal blood pressure reading?🤔
What does each number refer to?
120/80
120= systole:heart contraction
80= dyastole:heart release
