Nervous and immune System Flashcards
What makes up the Central Nervous system?
Brain and spinal cord
What makes up the Peripheral Nervous System?
Nervous and support cells throughout the body
What are the three types of neurons?
Sensory- gather information
Interneuron- process information
Motor- responds to stimuli
The frequency of action potential depends on?
The strength of stimulus
What’s a synapse?
The space between the axon terminal of one neuron and the dendrites of the neighbouring neuron.
The site where the electrical impulse becomes chemical.
What’s a neurotransmitter?
A chemical that is real eased by an axon transmitting an impulse across a synapse to another cell.
Autonomic ?
Somatic?
We don’t control
We control
What’s a glial cell?
A nervous system cell that protects, mechanically supports, and assists the neurons.
Does the brain maintain homeostasis?
No! It’s constantly learning new things which is far from staying the same.
What’s dopamine?
Dopamine molecules stimulate other neurons across synapses, producing the feeling of pleasure.
What does the body do in response to higher dopamine levels?
The brain responds by reducing the number of receptors for the neurotransmitters. This causes normal activities to no longe reproduce the feeling of pleasure.
What is the somatic and autonomic Nervous System?
Somatic- voluntary control of body movements.
Autonomic- involuntary control of body movements.
What is the function of the spinal cord?
What is it made out of?
Links brain with the Peripheral Nervous System.
Neurons, glial cells, blood vessels.
Describe a reflex arc
Sensory receptors-sensory neuron-interneuron-motor neuron-effector cell
What is parasympathetic and sympathetic mean?
Sympathetic- prepares body for flight or fight.(intense movement)
Parasympathetic- rests and relaxes the body
Function of hypothalamus?
Monitors internal temperature, hunger, thirst, sleep
Thalamus?
Relaying motor and sensory information, alertness, consciousness.
Pons
Connects the cerebrum wi cerebellum. Regulates breathing, taste, and autonomic functions.
Occipital lobe
Vision and reading ability
Medulla
Controls automatic functions including heart rate and breathing.
Parietal Lobe
Contains important sensory centers, touch, pressure, pain, temperature.
Temporal lobe
Hearing and memory, understanding languages.
Amygdala
Processing emotions and fear learning.
- fight or flight
- reward processing
Cerebellum
Coordination of voluntary movement.
Motor learning, balance, reflex
Function of axon
Carries impulses away form the cell body
Function of dendrite
Receives impulse
What’s a pathogen?
Examples….
A virus or organism that causes an Infectious disease
Influenza virus- influenza
Streptococcus- strept throat
Rhinovirus- common cold
Antibody?
Antigen?
A disease fighting protein in response to a specific pathogen
A toxic or foreign substance that induces an immune response
Effector vs memory cell?
Effector- cells that fight immediately
Memory- cells that store info for a strong secondary response
What does the inflammatory response do?
Starts an internal fire alarm, letting other cells know there’s a problem.
Causes: Redness Heat Pain Swelling
Immunity
The ability of an organism to resist a particular infection or toxin by the action of specific antibodies.
Vaccination?
The introduction of a dead or weakened pathogen in order for the body to build up an immunity.
Describe Alzheimer’s
Causes
Symptoms
Treatment
Causes by the death of brain cells and connections.
Memory loss, confusion
Drugs that provide acetylcholine
Describe arthritis….
Causes
Symptoms
Treatment
Inflammation of one or more joints.
Immune system attacks the lining of the joints.
Pain and stiffness
Painkillers
What occurs in the innate(nonspecific) immune response?
External barriers-skin, mucous.
Inflammatory response.
Phagocytes “eat” pathogens
What occurs in the adaptive(specific) immune response?
Lymphocytes (B and T cells)
Recognize and destroy infected cells.
What occurs in humoral and cell mediated response?
Humoral- B cells move throughout body fluids.
Cell mediated- helper T cells, and Cytotoxic T cells react and kill infected cells.
Describe B cells
- Made in bone marrow
- humoral immunity
- antibodies in them attach to specific antigen.
- clones themselves when activated.(memory and effector clones)
- activated effector B-cells produce antibodies to neutralize more antigens.
Describe T cells
Helper- recognize infected cell, and attach antigens to membrane surface, signalling the relajase of more Killer T cells.
Cytotoxic- finds infected cell, punctures them, releases deadly chemicals to dissolve cell.
Neutrophil
Most abundant white blood cell.
“Eat” The pathogen, and self destruct.
Produce puss
Macrophages
Large, tough white blood cells that are less numerous.
Move out of blood steam when necessary to invade tissues that are infected.
“Eat and digest pathogen”
Do not self destruct
Natural killer cells
Seek out and destroy everything including infected cells
What are the five types of receptors, and what does each respond to?
Chemoreceptors-chemicals Photoreceptors- light Mechanoreceptors- touch Thermoreceptors- temperature changes Pain receptor- pain
Describe a resting neuron
More negative inside than outside
Resting membrane potential is -70 mv
Many Na+ outside, some K- inside.
Describe polarized cell
-when a stimulus occurs, a neuron will respond by allowing ions to pass across the membrane changing the voltage to -55mv(more positive)
Describe a de polarized cell
- moves back to rest
- allows current to flow down neuron
