Nervous and immune System

Question 1

What makes up the Central Nervous system?

Answer 1

Brain and spinal cord

Question 2

What makes up the Peripheral Nervous System?

Answer 2

Nervous and support cells throughout the body

Question 3

What are the three types of neurons?

Answer 3

Sensory- gather information
Interneuron- process information
Motor- responds to stimuli

Question 4

The frequency of action potential depends on?

Answer 4

The strength of stimulus

Question 5

What’s a synapse?

Answer 5

The space between the axon terminal of one neuron and the dendrites of the neighbouring neuron.

The site where the electrical impulse becomes chemical.

Question 6

What’s a neurotransmitter?

Answer 6

A chemical that is real eased by an axon transmitting an impulse across a synapse to another cell.

Question 7

Autonomic ?

Somatic?

Answer 7

We don’t control

We control

Question 8

What’s a glial cell?

Answer 8

A nervous system cell that protects, mechanically supports, and assists the neurons.

Question 9

Does the brain maintain homeostasis?

Answer 9

No! It’s constantly learning new things which is far from staying the same.

Question 10

What’s dopamine?

Answer 10

Dopamine molecules stimulate other neurons across synapses, producing the feeling of pleasure.

Question 11

What does the body do in response to higher dopamine levels?

Answer 11

The brain responds by reducing the number of receptors for the neurotransmitters. This causes normal activities to no longe reproduce the feeling of pleasure.

Question 12

What is the somatic and autonomic Nervous System?

Answer 12

Somatic- voluntary control of body movements.

Autonomic- involuntary control of body movements.

Question 13

What is the function of the spinal cord?

What is it made out of?

Answer 13

Links brain with the Peripheral Nervous System.

Neurons, glial cells, blood vessels.

Question 14

Describe a reflex arc

Answer 14

Sensory receptors-sensory neuron-interneuron-motor neuron-effector cell

Question 15

What is parasympathetic and sympathetic mean?

Answer 15

Sympathetic- prepares body for flight or fight.(intense movement)

Parasympathetic- rests and relaxes the body

Question 16

Function of hypothalamus?

Answer 16

Monitors internal temperature, hunger, thirst, sleep

Question 17

Thalamus?

Answer 17

Relaying motor and sensory information, alertness, consciousness.

Question 18

Pons

Answer 18

Connects the cerebrum wi cerebellum. Regulates breathing, taste, and autonomic functions.

Question 19

Occipital lobe

Answer 19

Vision and reading ability

Question 20

Medulla

Answer 20

Controls automatic functions including heart rate and breathing.

Question 21

Parietal Lobe

Answer 21

Contains important sensory centers, touch, pressure, pain, temperature.

Question 22

Temporal lobe

Answer 22

Hearing and memory, understanding languages.

Question 23

Amygdala

Answer 23

Processing emotions and fear learning.

• fight or flight
• reward processing

Question 24

Cerebellum

Answer 24

Coordination of voluntary movement.

Motor learning, balance, reflex

Question 25

Function of axon

Answer 25

Carries impulses away form the cell body

Question 26

Function of dendrite

Answer 26

Receives impulse

Question 27

What’s a pathogen? Examples....

Answer 27

A virus or organism that causes an Infectious disease Influenza virus- influenza Streptococcus- strept throat Rhinovirus- common cold

Question 28

Antibody? Antigen?

Answer 28

A disease fighting protein in response to a specific pathogen A toxic or foreign substance that induces an immune response

Question 29

Effector vs memory cell?

Answer 29

Effector- cells that fight immediately Memory- cells that store info for a strong secondary response

Question 30

What does the inflammatory response do?

Answer 30

Starts an internal fire alarm, letting other cells know there’s a problem. ``` Causes: Redness Heat Pain Swelling ```

Question 31

Immunity

Answer 31

The ability of an organism to resist a particular infection or toxin by the action of specific antibodies.

Question 32

Vaccination?

Answer 32

The introduction of a dead or weakened pathogen in order for the body to build up an immunity.

Question 33

Describe Alzheimer’s Causes Symptoms Treatment

Answer 33

Causes by the death of brain cells and connections. Memory loss, confusion Drugs that provide acetylcholine

Question 34

Describe arthritis.... Causes Symptoms Treatment

Answer 34

Inflammation of one or more joints. Immune system attacks the lining of the joints. Pain and stiffness Painkillers

Question 35

What occurs in the innate(nonspecific) immune response?

Answer 35

External barriers-skin, mucous. Inflammatory response. Phagocytes “eat” pathogens

Question 36

What occurs in the adaptive(specific) immune response?

Answer 36

Lymphocytes (B and T cells) | Recognize and destroy infected cells.

Question 37

What occurs in humoral and cell mediated response?

Answer 37

Humoral- B cells move throughout body fluids. Cell mediated- helper T cells, and Cytotoxic T cells react and kill infected cells.

Question 38

Describe B cells

Answer 38

- Made in bone marrow - humoral immunity - antibodies in them attach to specific antigen. - clones themselves when activated.(memory and effector clones) - activated effector B-cells produce antibodies to neutralize more antigens.

Question 39

Describe T cells

Answer 39

Helper- recognize infected cell, and attach antigens to membrane surface, signalling the relajase of more Killer T cells. Cytotoxic- finds infected cell, punctures them, releases deadly chemicals to dissolve cell.

Question 40

Neutrophil

Answer 40

Most abundant white blood cell. “Eat” The pathogen, and self destruct. Produce puss

Question 41

Macrophages

Answer 41

Large, tough white blood cells that are less numerous. Move out of blood steam when necessary to invade tissues that are infected. “Eat and digest pathogen” Do not self destruct

Question 42

Natural killer cells

Answer 42

Seek out and destroy everything including infected cells

Question 43

What are the five types of receptors, and what does each respond to?

Answer 43

``` Chemoreceptors-chemicals Photoreceptors- light Mechanoreceptors- touch Thermoreceptors- temperature changes Pain receptor- pain ```

Question 44

Describe a resting neuron

Answer 44

More negative inside than outside Resting membrane potential is -70 mv Many Na+ outside, some K- inside.

Question 45

Describe polarized cell

Answer 45

-when a stimulus occurs, a neuron will respond by allowing ions to pass across the membrane changing the voltage to -55mv(more positive)

Question 46

Describe a de polarized cell

Answer 46

- moves back to rest | - allows current to flow down neuron