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Grade 11 Biology > Nervous and immune System > Flashcards

Nervous and immune System Flashcards

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1
Q

What makes up the Central Nervous system?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

What makes up the Peripheral Nervous System?

A

Nervous and support cells throughout the body

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3
Q

What are the three types of neurons?

A

Sensory- gather information
Interneuron- process information
Motor- responds to stimuli

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4
Q

The frequency of action potential depends on?

A

The strength of stimulus

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5
Q

What’s a synapse?

A

The space between the axon terminal of one neuron and the dendrites of the neighbouring neuron.

The site where the electrical impulse becomes chemical.

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6
Q

What’s a neurotransmitter?

A

A chemical that is real eased by an axon transmitting an impulse across a synapse to another cell.

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7
Q

Autonomic ?

Somatic?

A

We don’t control

We control

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8
Q

What’s a glial cell?

A

A nervous system cell that protects, mechanically supports, and assists the neurons.

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9
Q

Does the brain maintain homeostasis?

A

No! It’s constantly learning new things which is far from staying the same.

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10
Q

What’s dopamine?

A

Dopamine molecules stimulate other neurons across synapses, producing the feeling of pleasure.

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11
Q

What does the body do in response to higher dopamine levels?

A

The brain responds by reducing the number of receptors for the neurotransmitters. This causes normal activities to no longe reproduce the feeling of pleasure.

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12
Q

What is the somatic and autonomic Nervous System?

A

Somatic- voluntary control of body movements.

Autonomic- involuntary control of body movements.

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13
Q

What is the function of the spinal cord?

What is it made out of?

A

Links brain with the Peripheral Nervous System.

Neurons, glial cells, blood vessels.

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14
Q

Describe a reflex arc

A

Sensory receptors-sensory neuron-interneuron-motor neuron-effector cell

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15
Q

What is parasympathetic and sympathetic mean?

A

Sympathetic- prepares body for flight or fight.(intense movement)

Parasympathetic- rests and relaxes the body

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16
Q

Function of hypothalamus?

A

Monitors internal temperature, hunger, thirst, sleep

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17
Q

Thalamus?

A

Relaying motor and sensory information, alertness, consciousness.

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18
Q

Pons

A

Connects the cerebrum wi cerebellum. Regulates breathing, taste, and autonomic functions.

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19
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Vision and reading ability

20
Q

Medulla

A

Controls automatic functions including heart rate and breathing.

21
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

Contains important sensory centers, touch, pressure, pain, temperature.

22
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Hearing and memory, understanding languages.

23
Q

Amygdala

A

Processing emotions and fear learning.

  • fight or flight
  • reward processing
24
Q

Cerebellum

A

Coordination of voluntary movement.

Motor learning, balance, reflex

25
Q

Function of axon

A

Carries impulses away form the cell body

26
Q

Function of dendrite

A

Receives impulse

27
Q

What’s a pathogen?

Examples….

A

A virus or organism that causes an Infectious disease

Influenza virus- influenza
Streptococcus- strept throat
Rhinovirus- common cold

28
Q

Antibody?

Antigen?

A

A disease fighting protein in response to a specific pathogen

A toxic or foreign substance that induces an immune response

29
Q

Effector vs memory cell?

A

Effector- cells that fight immediately

Memory- cells that store info for a strong secondary response

30
Q

What does the inflammatory response do?

A

Starts an internal fire alarm, letting other cells know there’s a problem.

Causes:
Redness
Heat
Pain
Swelling
31
Q

Immunity

A

The ability of an organism to resist a particular infection or toxin by the action of specific antibodies.

32
Q

Vaccination?

A

The introduction of a dead or weakened pathogen in order for the body to build up an immunity.

33
Q

Describe Alzheimer’s

Causes
Symptoms
Treatment

A

Causes by the death of brain cells and connections.

Memory loss, confusion

Drugs that provide acetylcholine

34
Q

Describe arthritis….

Causes
Symptoms
Treatment

A

Inflammation of one or more joints.
Immune system attacks the lining of the joints.

Pain and stiffness

Painkillers

35
Q

What occurs in the innate(nonspecific) immune response?

A

External barriers-skin, mucous.
Inflammatory response.
Phagocytes “eat” pathogens

36
Q

What occurs in the adaptive(specific) immune response?

A

Lymphocytes (B and T cells)

Recognize and destroy infected cells.

37
Q

What occurs in humoral and cell mediated response?

A

Humoral- B cells move throughout body fluids.

Cell mediated- helper T cells, and Cytotoxic T cells react and kill infected cells.

38
Q

Describe B cells

A
  • Made in bone marrow
  • humoral immunity
  • antibodies in them attach to specific antigen.
  • clones themselves when activated.(memory and effector clones)
  • activated effector B-cells produce antibodies to neutralize more antigens.
39
Q

Describe T cells

A

Helper- recognize infected cell, and attach antigens to membrane surface, signalling the relajase of more Killer T cells.

Cytotoxic- finds infected cell, punctures them, releases deadly chemicals to dissolve cell.

40
Q

Neutrophil

A

Most abundant white blood cell.
“Eat” The pathogen, and self destruct.
Produce puss

41
Q

Macrophages

A

Large, tough white blood cells that are less numerous.

Move out of blood steam when necessary to invade tissues that are infected.

“Eat and digest pathogen”

Do not self destruct

42
Q

Natural killer cells

A

Seek out and destroy everything including infected cells

43
Q

What are the five types of receptors, and what does each respond to?

A 
Chemoreceptors-chemicals
Photoreceptors- light
Mechanoreceptors- touch
Thermoreceptors- temperature changes
Pain receptor- pain
44
Q

Describe a resting neuron

A

More negative inside than outside
Resting membrane potential is -70 mv
Many Na+ outside, some K- inside.

45
Q

Describe polarized cell

A

-when a stimulus occurs, a neuron will respond by allowing ions to pass across the membrane changing the voltage to -55mv(more positive)

46
Q

Describe a de polarized cell

A
  • moves back to rest

- allows current to flow down neuron

Grade 11 Biology (8 decks)

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